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UNIT 2

THE FIRST TYPE OF SYLLABLE

I. Lead-in

1.Do you know the Russian equivalents of the following terms and phrases?

Check them out in the dictionary:

syllable;consonant;vowel;

mute letter;

silent consonant;full stop;

comma;colon;

semicolon;

exclamation mark;capital letter;

heading;

to indent a new paragraph;to draw a margin;

to omit a word.

2.Do you know how many types of syllables there are in English?

3.What does the first type of syllable consist of? Why do you think this type of syllable is also called “open syllable”? What do the letters stand for in the following table? Fill in the last column with the examples.

The First Type of Syllable

1.	C+V	Examples:
2.	C+V+C (except r)+silent e	Examples:

II. Practice

1. Read the following extract from Dan Brown’s novel “The Da Vinci Code”

and find the examples of the words with the 1st type of syllable.

…Grabbing the gilded frame, the seventy-six-year-old man heaved the masterpiece toward himself until it tore from the wall and Sauniere collapsed backward in a heap beneath the canvas.

As he had anticipated, a thundering iron gate fell nearby, barricading the entrance to the suite. <…>

The curator lay a moment, gasping for breath, taking stock. I am still alive. He crawled out from under the canvas and scanned the cavernous space for somewhere to hide.

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A voice spoke, chillingly close. “Do not move.”

On his hands and knees, the curator froze, turning his head slowly.

Only fifteen feet away, outside the sealed gate, the mountainous silhouette

of his attacker stared through the iron bars. <…> The albino drew a pistol from his coat <…>. “You should not have run.” His accent was not easy to place.

“Now tell me where it is.” <…>

“I have no idea what you are talking about!”

(Abridged from: Dan Brown “The Da Vinci Code”. P. 17)

2. In an open syllable the pronunciation of vowel letters coincides with their alphabetical definition: a [ei], e [i:] etc. But the same sounds may be represented by other combination of letters and in different position. What do we call the words that are pronounced in the same way, but spelled in a different way?

Spell the following words in two ways each.

[weist], [weit], [pi:s], [breik], [səU], [səU], [plein], [peil], [si:].

Which of the words contain the first type of syllable?

Think of more examples of the homophones that contain the first type of syllable.

3. Group work.

Running Dictation

Student A puts this book open in one corner of the classroom. Student B sits in another corner. Student A reads one sentence below, memorizes it, goes to Student B, dictates it to him/her and let him/her write it down. Then Student A does the same with the rest of the sentences. After sentence 5, students swap roles.

Student A:

1.English people often eat toast with butter and marmalade for breakfast.

2.Your hands are still dirty; wash them again with soap.

3.The boy looked hungrily at the loaf of brown bread in the shop-window.

4.The boy fell downstairs and the next day he was covered with bruises.

5.There were drops of dew on all the leaves.

Student B:

1.The tourists were taken to the beach in a coach.

2.Roast beef is an English national dish.

3.A hot coal dropped from the fire and burnt a hole in a new Spanish carpet.

4.The boys stood close together, shoulder to shoulder and didn’t let anybody go through.

5.After due consideration he decided to accept the preposition.

After the dictation look at the sentences in this book again and check your spelling. Find the words that contain the 1st type of syllable.

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III. On Your Own

Work in small groups. Make up a list of 10 words with the 1st type of syllable. Exchange the lists of words with the other groups. Choose a genre (humour, horror, love, adventure) and make up a short story using as many words from another group’s list as possible.

Listen to each other’s stories. Note down all the words with the 1st type of syllable that were used in the story. Can you identify the genre of your group mates’ story?

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UNIT 3

THE SECOND TYPE OF SYLLABLE

I. Lead-in

1.What is the second type of syllable called?

2.Say what the second type of syllable consists of using the following scheme:

C+V+1-2 C/rr

3. Read the examples of the words with the second type of syllable and say how the letters in bold are pronounced in this type of syllable:

1)apple, cat, map, battle, barracks;

2)letter, tell, red, get;

3)sit, pit, slip, list, fit;

4)system, mystery, symmetry, symbol, myth, rhythm;

5)not, hot, bottle, sorrow;

6)nut, summer, hurry, butter.

II. Practice

1.Close the book and listen to your teacher (partner) dictating the following words with the 2nd type of syllable very fast, write them down. Then, open the book and check your spelling.

Man, men, cup, cap, hand, hen, map, tub, than, then, ran, rub, stand, stem, ten, tan, slip, list, still, live, fit, rich, fist, pit, fill, trip, hill, silly, dip, sit, whip, nut, hut, summer, hurry, worry, stomach, head, bread, pencil.

2.Spell the following pairs of words:

[sli:p]-[slip], [fi:t]-[fit], [ri:tƪ]-[ritƪ], [fi:l]-[fil], [hi:l]-[hil], [di:p]-[dip], [wi:p]-[wip].

3. In the following sentences fill in the gaps with the words containing the sec-

ond type of syllable.

1) He was so … he could … sleep. 2) He slipped out of … and … up to the window. 3) Be careful, you may … here. 4) He … his hand into the bag and brought out a handful of wheat. 5) Here is a … , Mary. Fill it with water, will you?

6) … waters run deep. 7) He thought how cruel it was to … such a little boy.

8) I’m so tired that I’m not … for anything. 9) His feet are like ice. Give him something … to drink and put him to … . 10) The path led to a distant … . 11) The boy looked up and suddenly a pleased … appeared on his face. 12) After a thorough examination the patient was … to hospital. 13) Don’t forget that the child is … very weak. You must give her only light and nourishing food. 14) Treasure Island is one of the … books for children. 15) Don’t worry, your

… is going to be all right in a couple of weeks. 16) The kitchen was clean and

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bright, with an electric oven and lots of shining … and … . A delicious … of on- ion soup hung in the air.

III. On Your Own

1. Read the following story. Memorize it as close to the original text as possible. Close the book and write down the story. Then open the book and check your writing. Is it close to the original text?

Dictation by Memory

Jim arrived home and discovered that he had forgotten his door key. Ha rang the bell, but nobody came to open the door. He rang again, and waited, but still there was no answer. He walked round the house to see if he could find an open window, but they were all locked. It was beginning to rain and he didn’t know what to do. Dorothy, his wife, had obviously gone out, and he didn’t know where she had gone to, or when she would return. He waited for half an hour. Still nobody came. Finally, feeling wet and cold and angry, he picked up a big stone and threw it through the kitchen window. Just as he had unlocked the window and was climbing it he heard the front door open. His wife had come back!

Have you ever been in a similar situation?

What would you have done in this situation?

2. Write out from the text the words with the 1st and 2nd types of syllable and arrange them into two columns. Make sure you know how to pronounce them correctly. Compare your table with a partner.

1st type of syllable	2nd type of syllable

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UNIT 4

THE THIRD TYPE OF SYLLABLE

I. Lead-in

1. Say what the third type of syllable consists of using the following scheme:

C+V:+r

2. Read the examples of the words with the third type of syllable and say how the letters in bold are pronounced in this type of syllable:

1)tar, bar, target, farther, large, park;

2)nor, sword, forth, corn, torn, lord, cord, born;

3)oar, board, roar, boar, coarse, hoarse;

4)your, four, pour, court, source;

5)term, berth, perfect, certain, concern, mercy, serpent, German, serve, nerve, prefer, emerge, serf, refer;

6)fir, dirty, first, sir, birth, confirm, affirm, girl, firm, bird, stir, skirt, birch, thirsty, third, shirt;

7)hurt, surf, fur, curve, furnish, curse, furniture, surgeon, purse, turn, burn, return, surface, curtain, occur, curl, surname, disturb, burst, turnip, urgent.

II. Practice

1. Work with a partner. Choose any 7 words from the list below, give the definitions of them, let your partner guess them and write them down. Check his words afterwards. Then swap roles.

term	skirt
berth	sermon
fur	pearl
shirt	curse
surname	mirth
birch	concern
surface	search
firm	earl
nerve	girl
curtain	sir
purse	curve
mercy

2. Make up words with the 3d type of syllable from the following scrambled ones:

ordsw, erclk, rnea, gentur, rdiht, gettar, krap, boaingrd, wardawk, monser, egreme, renrut, tyrdi, farerth, drol, roa, orar, puor, earlp, niptur, urbtsid, tureniruf, rthim.

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3. In the following sentences fill in the gaps with the words containing the third

type of syllable.

1) Don’t laugh at the boy, you will … his feeling. 2) A draught through the cracks in the window-frame … his night-… . 3) The boy caught at the … and his friends pulled him into the boat. 4) Why are you speaking in such a … voice?

I caught cold yesterday at the skating-rink. 5) His appearance on the stage called forth a … of applause. 6) Will you draw the …, please? 7) It usually begins to thaw at the end of … . 8) He spends all his time in his little …, from dawn till dusk. 9) This is really an … situation. 10) I’m awfully … but I can’t find …

shawl anywhere.

III. On Your Own

Read the story below. Find all the words in it that contain the 1st, 2nd and 3d types of syllable and write them out in three columns. Compare your table with the partner’s.

Then write the end of the story. Compare your ideas with the group mates’.

The Start of the Career

One day an English writer told his friends about the first book he had written:

‘I was 22 years old when I wrote this book. The whole edition was sold out and I felt very happy. In two months the editor rang me up and asked me to come and have a word with him’.

‘Do you feel happy?’ my grandfather asked me.

‘Oh, yes,’ I answered. ‘Now I know that if I work very much, I can write really good books.’

The next day I came to the editor’s office and we made arrangements about the second edition. Then he said, ‘By the way, I’ve noticed that though the first edition of your book was sold out there was nothing in newspapers about it. I can’t understand it.’

Very soon I forgot all about it. I worked very much, indeed, and I wrote some books and they were sold out and all the newspapers wrote about them.

Then my grandfather died and my mother asked me to attend to his letters.

I started going through his books and among them I found…

(Abridged from: К

. P. 33)

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UNIT 5

THE FOURTH TYPE OF SYLLABLE

I. Lead-in

1. Say what the fourth type of syllable consists of using the following scheme:

C/V+V:+r/V

2. Read the examples of the words with the third type of syllable and say how the letters in bold are pronounced in this type of syllable:

1)stare, dare, fare, bare, declare, rare, spare, square, mare, prepare, compare, hare, ware, aware;

2)here, mere, sphere, atmosphere, severe, sincere;

3)fire, admire, require, inspire, hire, desire, expire, tyre;

4)cure, during, pure, curious, secure, furious, endure, obscure, fury.

II. Practice

1. Fill in the missing letters in the words with the 4th type of syllable.

F…ry, p…re, h…re, c…re, requ…re, w…re, d…re, nightm…re, d…iry, squ…re, decl…re, r…re, aw…re, sev…re, sinc…re, insp…re, exp…re, t…re.

Find the examples of sentences with any 5 words from the list above in the dictionaries. Dictate them to your partner, let him/her write them down. Check his/her spelling.

2. Have you read the novel “Theatre” by W.S. Maugham? Read the extract from this novel, supply the missing letters and say which type of syllable each missing letter is used in.

They h…d been rehe…rsing for a f…rtnight when Roger arrived from Austria. He had been spending a few weeks on a Carinthian l…ke, and after a day or two in London was to g… and stay with friends in Scotland. Since Mi- chael had to d…ne early to go to the theatre, Julia went to meet him by h…rself. When she was dressing, Evie, sn…ffing as usual, told her that she was taking as much pains to m…ke herself look nice as if she w..re going to meet a young m…n. She wanted Roger to be proud of her, and c…rtainly she looked very

young and pretty in her summer frock as she strolled up and down the platf…rm. You would have thought, but wrongly, that she was p…rfectly un-

conscious of the attention she attr...cted. Roger, after a month in the sun, was very brown, but he was st…ll rather sp…tty and he seemed th…nner that when he had left London at the New Year. She h…gged him with exuberant affection.

He smiled slightly.

(From: W.S. Maugham “Theatre”. P. 263)

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3. Read the phrases in the box below. Find the words with the 3d and 4th types of syllable. Write a story entitled “Some More, Please” using all the phrases from the list. Then compare it with the original story given below the phrases. Is your story similar to the original?

a Frenchman, to go on business, Germany, German firms, to visit an exhibition, not very large, to go sightseeing there, an overnight train, to travel first class, compartment, no buffet-car, by the end of the journey, to be hungry, to look forward to, Hamburg, to find a restaurant, a table near the window, to understand, one word on the menu, to order beef-steak, not far from, to have chicken, to say it in German, “Some more, please”, another plate.

Some More, Please

Once a Frenchman went on business to Germany. He was to visit an exhibition there. His firm was interested in developing trade contacts with German firms. Though the exhibition was not very large he hoped that he would be able to find something interesting for his firm as they always exhibited the latest models at such exhibitions. As the Frenchman had never been to Germany before he hoped that he would have time to go sightseeing there and would enjoy his stay in that country.

He went there by an overnight train and hoped that it would not take him much time to get there. He enjoyed his trip by train. As he was travelling first class, there were only two passengers in his compartment and he was satisfied with his fellow travelers.

But there was one thing which he didn’t like. The fact was there was no buffet-car on the train and by the end of the journey he was very hungry. So he looked forward to having a good dinner at the station restaurant.

What he wanted to do first when he arrived in Hamburg was to find a restaurant. It took him some 15 minutes to get to the nearest restaurant. He left his coat in the cloak-room and went upstairs.

The head-waiter showed him to a little table near the window. In a few minutes a waiter came up to his table and put the menu on the table. The Frenchman made his choice very quickly because there was only one word on the menu he could understand, it was “beef-steak”. So he had to order beefsteak; but it was so bad the Frenchman couldn’t eat it.

At a table not far from him a man was eating chicken. The Frenchman wanted to have chicken too, but he didn’t know how to say it in German. Soon the man finished his chicken and said to the waiter: “Some more, please.” The waiter went out and a minute later came back with another plate of chicken.

“Well,” thought the Frenchman, “now I know how to say ‘chicken’ in German.” So he called the waiter and said in German: “Some more, please.”

The waiter went out and ten minutes later brought him another beef-steak.

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III. On Your Own

Written Brainstorming

Look at the ideas below about smoking. Find in these sentences the words with the 3d and the 4th types of syllables. Which of the ideas do you share?

Smoking is harmful for your health.

Selling cigarettes is a good source of money for the government.

Nobody should smoke near children.

It’s unfair to non-smokers.

Smoking is a curse.

Divide a piece of paper into two columns. In one column write down 1 idea about why smoking must be banned, in the other column write down 1 idea about why smoking should not be banned. Then pass over your paper to a partner clock wise and get one from another partner. On a paper you have got from your partner write down one more idea into each column. Don’t repeat the ideas! Continue in this way.

Once you get your own paper read through all the ideas and rank them according to how plausible (convincing) they are. Get together into groups of 4–5, present the strongest arguments from your papers, together decide which arguments “for” or “against” smoking are stronger.

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