Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation-17
.pdf3274
Port-guided globe valve, 2086 Position algorithm, defined, 2399 Positive displacement pump, 697 Positive feedback, 2424, 2445, 2447 Positive filtering (spectroscopy), 1833 Postel, Jon, 1078
Potential energy, 80, 278, 292
Potential transformer (PT), 738, 1903, 1949 Potential transformer (PT) safety, 1968 Pound per square inch, pressure unit, 171 Poundal, 1713
Power, 75
Power Line Carrier (PLC) communications, 1906 Power line carrier telemetry, 978
Power line charging current, 2016 Power reflection factor, 1482 Powers and roots, 2069
ppb, 1856
ppm, 283, 1308, 1849, 1856, 1862, 1866, 1868 Pre-act control action, 2299, 2303 Preamplifier, pH probe, 1782
Precipitate, 229
Precision potentiometer, 1293, 1561 Predictive maintenance, 1264 Pressure, 170, 171, 1402
Pressure gauge mechanism, typical, 1320 Pressure recovery, 219
Pressure recovery factor, 2214
Pressure Relief Valve (PRV), 2125, 2663 Pressure Safety Valve (PSV), 2125, 2663 Pressure snubber, 1372
Pressure switch, 670 Pressure, absolute, 186 Pressure, di erential, 186 Pressure, gauge, 186 Pressure, hydrostatic, 178 Pressure, negative, 189 Pressure, within solids, 189
Pressure-based flowmeters, 1587
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), 163, 2703 Preventive maintenance, 2647
Primary Coated Optical Fiber, 639
Primary injection test, current transformer, 1982 Primary sensing element, 499
Prism, 1816 Probability, 2617
INDEX
Probability and Boolean values, 2619 Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD), 2620,
2644, 2690
Probe Node (PN) token, Fieldbus, 1161 Problem-solving technique: applying numerical
values, 2210
Problem-solving technique: divide and conquer, 1077
Problem-solving technique: limiting cases, 412, 962, 2631, 2802, 2804
Problem-solving technique: thought experiment, 508, 951, 1424, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1467, 1480, 1535, 1638, 1739, 1823, 1827, 2208, 2210, 2289, 2331, 2402, 2417, 2476, 2546, 2576, 2580, 2590, 2683, 2771, 2803, 2804, 2806
Procedure, energy control, 86 Process, 498, 2270
Process alarm, 2390
Process and Instrument Diagram (P&ID), 535 Process Flow Diagram (PFD), 533
Process load, 2526 Process switch, 521, 656 Process variable, 498, 2271
Product, chemical reaction, 265 Profibus, 788, 1098
Profibus PA, 1030, 1137
Profile factor, multipath ultrasonic flowmeter, 1697
Programmable Logic Controller, 750, 760, 763, 767, 880, 1109
Programming, chromatograph, 1804 Projectile physics, 89
Proof of closure switch (safety valve), 2695 Proof testing, 2655
Proportional band, 2286, 2301 Proportional control, 2280 Proportional control action, 2301 Proportional weir, 1659
Proportional-only o set, 2290, 2296, 2414 Protection zone, power system, 2014, 2031 Protective Instrument System (PIS), 2674 Protective relay, 464, 737, 1907, 1931, 1989, 2675 Protective relay codes, 1996
Proton, 228
Prover, flow, 1305, 1670
INDEX
Proximitor, Bently-Nevada, 1888 Proximity switch, 665
Prussian blue, 2089 PRV, 2125, 2663 Pseudocode, 36, 46, 2392 PSI, 171
PSV, 2125, 2663 PT, 738
PT, potential transformer, 1903, 1949 PTFE (Teflon) valve stem packing, 2108 Puget Sound Energy, 1914
Pull string, 606 Pulldown resistor, 1564 Pulley, 101
Pullup resistor, 1564 Pulse test, 2656
Pulse width modulation, 2244 Pump curve, 2200
Purge cycle, 2695
Purge flow rate, 1388, 1428 Purge flow regulator, 1390 Purged impulse line, 1388 PWM, 2244
PWR, 163, 2703
QCL, 1841
Quadrant-edge orifice plate, 1620 Quadrature pulse, 827
Quality factor, RLC filter circuit, 436 Quantization error, 995
Quantum cascade laser (QCL), 1841 Quantum theory of light, 251 Quarter-active bridge circuit, 334 Quarter-wave antenna, 492, 1210 Quarter-wave damping, 2463
QUB, Fieldbus, 1163
Quick-opening valve characterization, 2203 QUU, Fieldbus, 1163
R-value, 129
R-X diagram, 2036
Racking out, circuit breaker, 1931
Radar detection of liquid interfaces, 1482 Radar level instrument, 483, 1477 Radial damper, 2100
Radiation, heat, 1514
3275
Radiation, heat transfer, 127 Radiation, nuclear, 1501
Radio Frequency (RF), 1148, 1224
Radio frequency interference from motor drive circuits, 2248, 2254
Radio wave, 488 Radioactivity, 237 Radiotelegraph, 1026
Raised well manometer, 1314 Raised-Face (RF) flange, 567 Ramp-and-soak setpoints, 2504 Range wheel, 955 Rangeability, 1664, 1780, 2169
Rangeability, optical flowmeter, 1702 Rangeability, pressure-based flowmeter, 1646 Rangedown, 1285
Ranging, 1255
Rankine, 123 Ransomware, 2725 Rate control, 2299
Rate control action, 2299, 2303 Rate limit function, 2569 Ratio control strategy, 2514 Ratio station, 2518
Ratio, gear, 106
RC phase-shift oscillator circuit, 2444 Reactance, 360
Reactance versus resistance, 386 Reactant, chemical reaction, 265 Reaction rate, 2467
Reaction, enthalpy of, 274 Reaction, heat of, 274 Reactor, power line, 2264 Reading, active, 2760 Real Gas Law, 198
Real number, 371
Real number (floating-point), 984
Receiver gauge, 918, 924, 929, 1609, 1611, 2063 Reclosing relay, 1990
Recorder, 514, 2460
Rectangular form, complex number, 375 Rectangular weir, 1657
Rectifier, SCR controlled, 2245 Recursion, computer programming, 2397
Red Lion Controls panel-mounted indicator, 513 Red-line editing, 756
3276
Reduced-port control valve trim, 2188 Reducing union, tube, 585 Redundancy, 2377, 2650
Redundant sensors, 2681 Redundant transmitters, 2575 Reference electrode, 1771
Reference junction compensation, 1544 Reference junction, thermocouple, 1535 Reference probe, radar level instrument, 1485 Reference pulse, radar, 1486
Reflection factor, 1482 Reflection grating, 1817 Refractive index, 637
Regenerative braking, AC motor, 2254, 2258 Regulator, purge gas flow, 1390
Relation control strategy, 2522 Relative flow capacity, 2191 Relative gas density, 180 Relative permittivity, 1479
Relative permittivity, influence on radar level measurement accuracy, 1484
Relay, 499
Relay Ladder Logic programming, 759, 804 Relay, ice cube, 753
Reliability, 2615, 2628, 2641 Relief valve, 2125, 2663 Remanence, CT, 1981
Remote backup, protective relay, 2050 Remote PLC I/O, 778
Remote seal, 1376
Remote setpoint, 2387, 2504, 2506 Remote telemetry system, 978, 2376 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), 978, 2372 Repose, angle of, 1476, 2076
Request timed out, error message, 1081 Required Safety Availability (RSA), 2690 Reseat pressure, safety valve, 2663, 2670 Reset coil, PLC programming, 820
Reset control action, 2295, 2302 Reset deadband, 2298, 2454 Reset windup, 2298, 2389, 2415 Reset windup, limit controls, 2572
Reset windup, override controls, 2588 Residence time, see Retention time, 2531 Resistance, 313, 360
Resistance versus reactance, 386
INDEX
Resonance, 423, 485 Resonance, mechanical, 2719
Resonant wire pressure sensor, 1339 Resource block, Fieldbus, 1178
Response factor, chromatograph detector, 1797 Restrained di erential relay, 2011
Restraint coil, protective relay, 2011 Restricted-capacity control valve trim, 2188 Retention time, 1788, 1791, 1807, 2530, 2531,
2699
Retentive instruction, PLC programming, 820, 830
Reverse indication, controller output, 890, 2137 Reverse valve actuator, 2132
Reverse valve body, 2133
Reverse-acting controller, 508, 2282, 2589 Reverse-acting pneumatic relay, 935 Reverse-acting transmitter, 539 Reverse-acting valve body, 2084 Reynolds number, 201
Reynolds number, for laminar versus turbulent flow regimes, 204
RF, 1148, 1224 RF flange, 567 RFI, 2248, 2254 Richter scale, 1780 Riemann sum, 19
Riemann, Bernhard, 19 Right-hand rule, 93, 304, 343 Ring terminal, 600
Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) flange, 567 Rising stem valve actuator, 2130 RLL, 759, 804
RMS quantities, 356 Robertshaw Vibraswitch, 1895
Rockwell ControlLogix 5000 PLC, 773 Rockwell PLC-5, 770
Rockwell SLC 500 PLC, 771 Root privilege, computer, 2750 Root, polynomial, 429
Root-mean-square (RMS) quantities, 356 Roots and powers, 2069
Rosemount Analytical X-STREAM X2 gas analyzer, 1832
Rosemount field-mounted indicator, 513
INDEX
Rosemount Micro-Motion Coriolis mass flowmeter, 1723
Rosemount model 1151 di erential pressure transmitter, 968, 1332, 1346, 1423, 1625 Rosemount model 1151 gauge pressure
transmitter, 1381
Rosemount model 268 HART communicator, 1097
Rosemount model 3051 di erential pressure transmitter, 906, 1335, 1346, 1430, 1646 Rosemount model 3051S di erential pressure
transmitter, 1337
Rosemount model 3095MV multi-variable transmitter, 1178, 1647
Rosemount model 3301 guided-wave radar transmitter, 2075
Rosemount model 3301 level transmitter, 1486 Rosemount model 5708 3D Solids Scanner, 2076 Rosemount model 648 WirelessHART temperature transmitter, 1248
Rosemount model 8700 magnetic flowmeter, 1687 Rosemount model 8800C vortex flow transmitter,
1678
Rosemount model CT5400 stack gas analyzer, 1840
Rotabolt self-indicating bolt, 568 Rotameter, 1388, 1428, 1654, 2112 Rotating magnetic field, 721, 2249, 2829 Rotating paddle level switch, 679 Rotork electric valve actuator, 2128 Router, 1075
RS-232 serial communication, 1052, 1068, 1076, 1091, 1108, 2746
RS-422 serial communication, 1056, 2746 RS-485 serial communication, 1056, 1068, 1108,
2746 RSA, 2690
RSView HMI software, Rockwell, 856 RTD, 1293, 1521
RTD table, 1523 RTJ flange, 567 RTU, 978, 2372, 2734
RTU Modbus frames, 1113 Run tee fitting, 586 Runaway process, 2423
Rung, PLC programming, 806
3277
Rupture disk, 2662
Rupture disk, graphite, 2663
Rupture disk, metal, 2662
RVDT, 2129, 2150
SAE straight thread pipe fittings, 574 Safety barrier circuit, intrinsic, 2611 Safety Instrumented Function (SIF), 2674 Safety Instrumented System (SIS), 2674 Safety PLC, 2685
Safety relief valve, 2670 Safety valve, 2125, 2663
Safety, instrument transformer, 1968
Sage “Prime” model thermal mass flowmeter, 1731
Salt, 288
SAMA diagram, 540 Sample rate, 998 Sample time, 998
Sample-and-hold PID algorithm, 2450 Sand bath temperature calibrator, 1297 Saturated steam, 165
SCADA, 978, 1906, 1925, 2372 SCFM, 1708
Scheduled communication, Fieldbus, 1157, 1161 Schr¨odinger, Erwin, 252
Schweitzer “Best-Choice Ground Directional Element” protective relay logic, 2029
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories model SEL387L di erential current relay, 2016
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories model SEL551 overcurrent relay, 1995, 2007
Scintillation optical flowmeter, 1701 SCOF, 639
Scram, 2705
Screwless terminal block, 596
Seal pot, used on wet leg of level measurement system, 1439
Seal-in contact, 741, 796, 2003 Seat load, control valve, 2142, 2149
Seating profile, electronic valve positioner diagnostic, 2161
Seattle City Light, 1914 Secant line, 34
Second derivative, calculus, 12 Second Law of Motion, 74, 97, 192
3278
Second-order lag, 2440
Secondary Coated Optical Fiber, 639 Secondary emission, electrons, 1847 Security, 2615, 2616
Security, versus dependability, 2675 Segmental orifice plate, 1617 Segmental wedge, 1635
Segmented ball valve, 2097 Segway personal transport, 2424 Selective permeability, 1768 Selectivity, protective relay, 2014 Self-balancing bridge, 329 Self-balancing system, 928, 1342 Self-diagnostics, 2658 Self-induction, 362
Self-powered transmitter, 891 Self-purged impulse line, 1394 Self-regulating process, 2413
Sense wires, 4-wire RTD circuit, 1525 Sensible heat, 144
Sensing line, 579, 1353 Sensing tube, 579, 1353
Sensitivity, radio receiver, 1228 Sequenced control valves, 2163
Sequencer Compare instruction, Allen-Bradley PLC programming, 849
Sequencer Load instruction, Allen-Bradley PLC programming, 849
Sequencer Output instruction, Allen-Bradley PLC programming, 845
Serial digital data, 994
Serial versus parallel digital data, 1025 Series PID equation, 2321, 2352 Server, 2743
Servo motor control, 2512
Set coil, PLC programming, 820 Setpoint, 499, 2273
Setpoint tracking, 543, 2362, 2389 Setpoint, remote, 2387, 2504, 2506 Shaded-pole AC induction motor, 728 Shading coil, 728
Sheave, 117
Shelf life, pH electrode, 1774 Shelf life, span gas, 1863 Shell, electron, 242
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger, 132
INDEX
Shielded cables, 620 Shielding, magnetic, 623 Shift register, FIFO, 1271
Shift register, used to implement dead time, 2556 Shinskey, Francis Greg, 3
Short, electrical fault, 324 Shunt resistor, 903
Shutter, radioactive source lock-out, 1503 Siemens 505 PLC, 769
Siemens APACS control system, 2686
Siemens model 353 digital controller, 2360, 2363 Siemens Procidia controller GUI software, 2364 Siemens Quadlog safety PLC, 2685
Siemens S7-300 PLC, 773, 2751 SIF, 2674
Sightfeed bubbler, 1428 Sightglass, 1408 Signal, elevated, 1013 Signal, floating, 1012
Signal, ground-referenced, 1011 Signature, control valve diagnostics, 2160 Signed integer, 981
Silicon resonator pressure sensor, 1339 Silicon strain gauge element, 1326
Simple apparatus (intrinsically safe), 2613 Simple machine, 99
Simplex, 1042
Simultaneous systems of linear equations, 268 Single-ended analog input, 1015
Single-ended signaling, 1052 Single-helical gear, 107 Single-mode optical fiber, 640
Single-phase AC induction motor, 725 Single-phasing a three-phase AC induction
motor, 729
Single-precision floating-point number, 985, 1128 Sinking current, 304, 780, 783
Sinking output switch, 666 SIP, 575, 1375
SIS, 2674
Skydrol hydraulic fluid, 700 Slack diaphragm, 1319 Slack-tube manometer, 1304 Slide rule, 1628, 2184
Slip speed, 725, 2249, 2250 Slip-stick cycle, 2453
INDEX |
|
|
|
3279 |
Slope, pH instrument, 1784 |
Spectroscope, 252 |
|
|
|
Slurry, 2228 |
Spectroscopic notation, 244 |
|
||
SMA style connector, 642 |
Spectroscopy, absorption, 256 |
|
||
Smart instrument, 1273 |
Spectroscopy, emission, 253 |
|
||
Smart transmitter, 907 |
Speed of light, 637 |
|
|
|
SMTP, 1092 |
Speed |
of sound measurement, transit-time |
||
Snell’s Law, 637 |
|
ultrasonic flowmeter, 1695 |
|
|
Snubber, pressure, 1372 |
Speed of sound through a fluid, 1693 |
|
||
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 574 |
Spiral bourdon tube, 1319 |
|
||
Socket, 1090 |
Split-range control valves, 2163 |
|
||
Socrates, 3201 |
SPLT Fieldbus function block, 2175 |
|
||
Sodium error, pH measurement, 1770 |
Spool valve illustration, 2-way, 699 |
|
||
Soft alarm, 2390 |
Spool valve illustration, 4-way, 713–715 |
|
||
Soft constraint, 2588 |
Spool, pipe, 566 |
|
|
|
Soft override, 2587 |
Spread-spectrum radio, 1239, 1241, 2745 |
|
||
Software compensation, thermocouple, 1552 |
Spring adjuster, valve actuator, 2139 |
|
||
Sol, 229 |
Spring-loaded pressure regulator, 2123 |
|
||
Solenoid, 341 |
Sprocket, 120 |
|
|
|
Solenoid valve, 342, 704 |
SPST switch contacts, 751, 1970 |
|
||
Solid, 170 |
Spur, 1064, 1143 |
|
|
|
Solute, 229 |
Spur gear, 106, 2128 |
|
|
|
Solution, 229 |
Spurious trip, 2675 |
|
|
|
Solvent, 229 |
SQC |
instruction, |
Allen-Bradley |
PLC |
Solver, logic, 2685 |
|
programming, 849 |
|
|
Solving for variables in an equation, 2777 |
SQL |
instruction, |
Allen-Bradley |
PLC |
Sonic flow, 2224 |
|
programming, 849 |
|
|
Sonic level instrument, 1472 |
SQO |
instruction, |
Allen-Bradley |
PLC |
Source versus load, 306 |
|
programming, 845 |
|
|
Sourcing current, 304, 780, 783 |
Square root characterizer, 1605, 2066, |
3175, |
||
Sourcing output switch, 666 |
|
3177, 3180 |
|
|
Soxhlet, degrees, 181 |
Square root extractor, 1606 |
|
||
Space, 1029, 1031 |
Square root scale, 1609, 2063 |
|
||
Span, 499 |
Square-D Motor Logic Plus control, 746 |
|
||
Span adjustment, 1258 |
Square-edged concentric orifice plate, 1614 |
|
||
Span gas, 1308, 1839, 1849, 1859, 1862 |
Squirrel-cage AC induction motor, 724 |
|
||
Span shift, 1260 |
SSH, 1092, 2740, 2751 |
|
|
|
SPDT switch contact, 752 |
ST style connector, 630, 639, 642 |
|
||
SPEC 200 analog electronic control system, 2356, |
Stagnation pressure, 1590 |
|
||
2380, 2391, 2646 |
Standard cell, 1291, 1561 |
|
|
|
Species, chemical, 1788 |
Standard conditions, chemistry, 278 |
|
||
Species, chemical composition, 284, 1770, 1792, |
Standard cubic feet per minute, 1708 |
|
||
1820, 1822 |
Standard enthalpy of formation, 278 |
|
||
Specific gravity, 180, 192, 1384, 1422 |
Standard heat of formation, 278 |
|
||
Specific heat, 1733 |
Standard temperature and pressure (STP), 278 |
|||
Specific volume, 180 |
Starter, motor, 733 |
|
|
|
Spectacle blind, pipe, 569 |
Static contact, PLC programming, 822 |
|
3280
Static friction, 2208
Static pressure e ect, pressure transmitter, 1349 Stationary phase, 1788
Stator, 721, 2249 Stator winding, 439
Status propagation, Fieldbus, 1180 Steady-state gain, 2429
Steam cut, valve trim, 2229 Steam jacket, 507
Steam table, 148, 163, 165 Steam tracing, 1391 Steam trap, 1391
Steam, industrial uses of, 164 Steam-hydrocarbon reforming process, 2518 Steam-In-Place, 575, 1375 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, 2077 Stefan-Boltzmann Law, 127, 1565
Stem connector, control valve, 2139 Stem packing lubricator, 2107, 2211 Stem valve, 938
Stem-guided globe valve, 2085
Step 7 PLC software, Siemens, 2723 Step-index, 641
Stiction, 2209
Stilling well, 1506, 1663
Stinger, pressure test accessory, 1371 Stoichiometry, 265
Stokes, 200
Store and forward, 1047
STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure, 278 Strain gauge, 331, 1325
Strapping table, 2074 Stress, 171
Strip chart recorder, 516 Strobe light, 382, 999 Stroboscope, 382, 999 Strong acid, 286
Strong base, 287
Strong nuclear force, 230 Strouhal number, 1675 Strouhal, Vincenc, 1675 Structural chemical formula, 233 Stub, 1064, 1143
Stuxnet computer virus, 2712 Sublimation, phase change, 154, 2719 Subnet mask, 1079
INDEX
Subshell, electron, 242 Substitution, algebraic, 2790
Subtractive transformer windings, 1963 Superconductivity, 313
Superfluidity, 313 Superheat, 166, 2523
Superheated steam, 166, 2523 Superheated vapor, 149 Superheater, 2523 Supernatant, 229
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, 978, 1906, 1925, 2372
Surge impedance, 476 Susceptance, 360 Suspension, 229 Sutro weir, 1659
Swagelok instrument tube fittings, 581 Swamping, 177, 337, 1058, 1524, 1650, 2443, 3180 Switch, 655
Switch, dry contact, 665 Switch, process, 521, 656 Switch, wet contact, 665 Switching hub, Ethernet, 1071 Symbol, 804
Symbolic addressing, 804
Symmetrical components, three-phase power system, 458, 2027
Synchronization lamp, 1918 Synchronization, generator, 1918 Synchronous data transfer, 1028, 1034 Synchronous motor, 2249 Synchronous speed, 725, 2249 Synchrophasor, 385
Synergy automobile hybrid electric drivetrain (Toyota), 110
Syst`eme International, 72, 255 Systems of linear equations, 268
Table, RTD values, 1523 Table, strapping, 2074
Table, thermocouple values, 1542 Tag name, 804, 853
Tag name, naming conventions for, 854 Tangent line, 34
Tank circuit, 423, 485 Tank expert system, 1443
INDEX
Tap hole finish, orifice plate, 1623 Tape-and-float level measurement, 1417 Tapered pipe threads, 571
Tare weight, 1494
Target flow element, 1632
Taylor analog electronic controller, 2354 TCP, 1074, 1090, 2740
TCP SYN flood attack, 2741 TDL, 1841
TDMA, 1045 TDR, 627
Tee tube fitting, branch, 586 Tee tube fitting, run, 586 Tee tube fitting, union, 586
Teflon (PTFE) valve stem packing, 2108 Telegraph, 1026
Telemetry system, 978, 2376 TELNET, 1092, 2751
Temperature calibrator, dry-block, 1299 Temperature calibrator, oil bath, 1297 Temperature calibrator, sand bath, 1297 Temperature coe cient of resistance, RTD wire,
1521, 1523
Temperature programming, chromatograph, 1804
Temperature switch, 684 Temperature, defined for a gas, 1513 Terminal block, 594
Terminal strip, 594
Terminal, fork versus ring, 600 Termination resistor, 481, 627 Test diode, 901
Test switch, power instrumentation, 1969 Test Uncertainty Ratio, 1289
Test, computer programming, 2394 Texas Instruments 505 PLC, 769 Thayer ball mill controller, 45
Thermal conductivity detector, GC, 1794 Thermal energy, 1513
Thermal image, circuit breaker, 1577 Thermal image, electric motor, 1575 Thermal image, motor starter, 1576 Thermal imager, 1574
Thermal mass flowmeter, 1730 Thermal overload heater, 732 Thermal siphon, 135, 165
3281
Thermistor, 1521 Thermocouple, 1293, 1534
Thermocouple burnout detection, 1564 Thermocouple compensation, hardware, 1551 Thermocouple compensation, software, 1552 Thermocouple table, 1542
Thermosiphon, 135, 165 Thermowell, 1578
Thin-layer chromatography, 1789 Third Law of Motion, 74
Thought experiment, 508, 951, 1424, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1467, 1480, 1535, 1638, 1739, 1823, 1827, 2208, 2210, 2289, 2331, 2402, 2417, 2476, 2546, 2576, 2580, 2590, 2683, 2771, 2803, 2804, 2806
Thread pitch, 572
Three-element boiler feedwater control, 2533 Three-valve manifold, 1363
Three-way globe valve, 2092, 2165 Three-wire RTD circuit, 1526, 1527 Throttling control valve, 2083
Tieback variable, Allen-Bradley Logix5000 PLC programming, 2574
Tilt switch, mercury, 671, 677 Time constant, 2436, 2550
Time constant, di erentiator circuit, 2347 Time constant, integrator circuit, 2348
Time Distribution (TD) message, Fieldbus, 1161 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), 1045 Time domain, 1884
Time domain reflectometry, 1470 Time overcurrent protection, 2000 Time overcurrent relay, 1990 Time-Domain Reflectometer, 627 Timer circuit, watchdog, 2658 Timer, PLC programming, 829
Tofino industrial network firewall, 2741 Token Ring, 1044
Token-passing channel arbitration, 1044 Top Hat DIN rail, 603
Toroidal conductivity cell, 1763 Torque, 82
Torque tube, 1459 Torr, 188
Torricelli, Evangelista, 218 Toshiba magnetic flowmeter, 1687
3282
Total heat of steam, 148 Total internal reflection, 637 Totalizer, 42
Toyota Prius hybrid electric automobile, 110 Traceability, NIST, 1288
Transducer, 499
Transducer block, Fieldbus, 1178 Transfer function, 437
Transfer function, pole, 411, 413, 419 Transfer function, zero, 411, 413, 419, 424 Transfer functions, 411
Transform function, 1218 Transformer, 364 Transformer impedance, 370 Transformer, AC, 361
Transformer, additive windings, 1963 Transformer, subtractive windings, 1963 Transient fault, power line, 1946 Transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter, 1694 Transition zone, radar, 1488
Transition-sensing contact, PLC programming, 822
Transmation model 1040 loop calibrator, 913 Transmission Control Protocol, 1074, 1090 Transmission line, 476, 487, 626 Transmission power line, 1902
Transmitter, 499
Transport delay, 519, 1804, 2447, 2546 Trap, 1397
Trap, steam, 1391
Trend recorder, 514, 2460
Triaxial vibration probe array, 1890 Triconex TMR safety control system, 2687 Trim, 2083
Trim, in a feedforward control system, 2532 Trip curve, thermal overload, 735
Trip solenoid, 2688
Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) control system, 2687
Triple point, water, 152, 1295 Triple-cascaded loops, 2512
True state, PLC programming, 806 Tube bulkhead fittings, 585
Tube cap, 587
Tube connector, 585 Tube fitting gauge, 581
INDEX
Tube plug, 587
Tube union, 585, 588
Tunable diode laser (TDL), 1841 Tuning fork level switch, 678 TUR, 1289
Turbine flow element, 1666 Turbulent flow, 204
Turck Fieldbus coupling device, 1147 Turndown, 1285
Turndown ratio, flume flowmeter, 1665 Turndown ratio, optical flowmeter, 1702 Turndown ratio, pressure-based flowmeter, 1612,
1646
Turndown ratio, turbine flowmeter, 1669 Turndown ratio, weir flowmeter, 1665 Turns ratio, transformer, 96
Twaddell, degrees, 180 Twin-turbine mass flowmeter, 1714 Twisted, shielded pair cables, 625 Two’s complement, 981
Two-wire RTD circuit, 1524
U-tube manometer, 1314 UDP, 1090, 1091, 2741 UEL, 2606
Ullage, 483, 1414, 1472, 1490 Ultimate gain, 2462, 2463 Ultimate period, 2462 Ultimate sensitivity, 2462 Ultrasonic flowmeter, 1691
Ultrasonic level instrument, 1472 Ultrasonic level switch, 680 Unbalanced signaling, 1052 Undependability, 2616, 2690 Under-damping, 430
Underreaching, protective relay, 2032 Uninterruptible power supply, 1992 Union tee fitting, 586
Union, tube, 585, 588 Unit conversions, 61 Unit reaction rate, 2468 Unity fraction, 61, 271
Universal Serial Bus, 1052, 1057 Universal solvent, 229 Unreliability, 2628
Unrestrained di erential relay, 2011
INDEX
Unscheduled communication, Fieldbus, 1157, 1161
Unsecurity, 2616
Unshielded, twisted pair (UTP) cable, 1067 Unsigned integer, 981
Up-down calibration test, 1282 Upper explosive limit, 2606
Upper range value, 499, 1274, 1304 UPS, 1992
URV, 499, 1274, 1304 USB, 1052, 1057
Useful life of a component or system, 2639 User Datagram Protocol, 1090, 1091
UTP cable, 1067
V-cone flow element, 1634 V-notch weir, 1657
V/F ratio, 2252 V/Hz ratio, 2252
V1 missile development, 2623 Vacuum circuit breaker, 1934 Vacuum tube voltmeter, 337 Vacuum, produced by a venturi, 216 Valence electrons, 246, 248, 298 Valve actuator, 2083
Valve body, 2083
Valve characterization, equal percentage, 2202 Valve characterization, linear, 2202
Valve characterization, quick-opening, 2203 Valve manifold, 1363
Valve packing, 2102
Valve seal overtravel interlock switch, 2695 Valve signature, electronic positioner diagnostics,
2160, 2212
Valve sizing equation, liquid, 2183 Valve stem packing lubricator, 2107 Valve trim, 2083
Valve, solenoid, 342 Valves, 2083
Varec pressure relief valve, 2664 Variable displacement pump, 698 Variable-area flowmeter, 1654
Variable-frequency drive, 84, 605, 889, 983, 1043, 1109, 1139, 1238, 1564, 2240, 2250, 2431, 2585, 2649, 2815
Variable-speed drive, 2244
3283
VCR, Fieldbus, 1163
Vector cross-product, 93, 304, 1717 Vector dot-product, 94
Velocity algorithm, defined, 2399
Velocity factor, multipath ultrasonic flowmeter, 1697
Velocity factor, transmission line, 483, 637 Velocity of approach factor, 1650
Vena contracta, 1613, 2217, 3174 Vent hole, orifice plate, 1618 Vent valve fitting, 1369
Venturi tube, 219, 1592
VFD, 84, 605, 889, 983, 1043, 1109, 1139, 1238, 1564, 2240, 2250, 2431, 2585, 2649, 2815
Vibrating fork level switch, 678 Vibration loop, tubing, 589, 2115
Virtual Communication Relationship (VCR), Fieldbus, 1163
Virtual Private Network, 2744 Viscosity, 199
Viscosity, absolute, 199 Viscosity, kinematic, 199
Viscosity, temperature dependence, 200 Viscous flow, 201
VisSim Realtime computer software, 2499 Volt, 293, 295
Volta, Alessandro, 293 Voltage, 292
Voltage follower circuit, 942 Voltage signal, elevated, 1013 Voltage signal, floating, 1012
Voltage signal, ground-referenced, 1011 Voltage transformer (VT), 1903, 1949 Voltage-to-frequency ratio, 2252 Volume booster, 2144, 2174
Volume, defined, 57
von K´arm´an, Theodore, 1675 Vortex flowmeter, 1676 Vortex street, 1675
Voting system, 2578 VPN, 2744
VSD, 2244
VT, voltage transformer, 1903, 1949 VTVM, 337
Wade Associates, Inc., 2479