- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
3. The Carrier. Common carrier and private carrier. Similarities and differences between them.
The Carrier is a party who agree to carry, on a business basis goods or persons from one place to another. Most shipowners have the legal status of carrier.
Common carriers
Advertise themselves as being ready to carry goods or passengers, within their usual trading area. For those who want to use their services.
-are subject to the common law obligations.
- are strictly liable for any loss or damage to the goods they carry, so that effectively they are the insurer of the good whilst in their care.
(Рекламируйте себя как готовые для перевозки товаров или пассажиров в пределах их обычного торгового района, для тех, кто хочет использовать их услуги.
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подчиняются обязательствам общего права.
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Они несут ответственность за любую потерю или повреждение товаров, так что они фактически являются страховщиком товаров, находящихся на их попечении.
(((They are responsible for any loss or damage to the goods,so that effectively they are the insurer of the goods whilst in their care.)))))
Private carriers
Make a special contract with their customers excluding or restricting their strict liability. Contracting out of the common law obligations by stating their special terms of carriage.
Составляйте специальный контракт со своими клиентами, исключая или ограничивая их строгую ответственность. Выписывая свои обязательства по общему праву, указывая их особые условия перевозки.
Most shipowners make themselves private carrier.
If a court holds that contract terms were unreasonable or unfair, a private carrier may fide himself reverting to the position of a common carrier. And he is only liable for damage or the consequences of delay occurring through his negligence.
((((Большинство судовладельцев становятся частными перевозчиками.
Если суд считает, что условия контракта были необоснованными или несправедливыми, частный перевозчик может покончить с возвращением на должность обычного перевозчика. И он несет ответственность только за ущерб или последствия задержки, вызванной его небрежностью.))))
NVOC- vessel owning carrier or non-vessel operating carrier.
Operates a shipping service( usually in the liner cargo trades) without owning or operating his own vesse, instead buying a volume of cargo space on vessel owned or operated space to individual merchents.
Эксплуатирует службу доставки (как правило, на грузовых перевозках) без владения или эксплуатации собственного судна, вместо этого покупая объем грузового пространства на принадлежащем судне или эксплуатируемом пространстве отдельным мерчентам.
The NVOC issued his own B/L to each shipper whom he contracts.
In relation to the merchant, the NVOC is the contractual carrier, in relation to the owner of the vessel, the NVOC is a shipper.
NVOC выдал свой B / L каждому грузоотправителю, с которым он заключает контракты.
В отношении торговца NVOC является контрактным перевозчиком, по отношению к владельцу судна, NVOC является грузоотправителем.
4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
All carriers of goods or passengers by sea are subject to the three common low obligations, such as:
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The carrier must provide a vessel which is seaworthy for the of the contract at the time it is made.
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The carrier must not deviate from the contract, geographically or otherwise, without justification.
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The carrier must ensure his vessel will be ready to load the cargo and proceed on the voyage with reasonable dispatch ( without undue delay). These obligation are implied conditions and need not, therefore, be expressed in the contract. Even so, they are often expressed in the printed conditions of carriage on B\L.
(((Все перевозчики грузов или пассажиров по морю подлежат трем общим обязательствам в области права, таким как:
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Перевозчик должен предоставить судно, которое является мореходным для договора в момент его изготовления.
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Перевозчик не должен отклоняться от договора, географически или иным образом, без каких-либо обоснований.
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Перевозчик должен обеспечить, чтобы его судно было готово загрузить груз и отправиться в плавание с разумной отправкой (без неоправданной задержки). Эти обязательства являются подразумеваемыми условиями и поэтому не должны быть выражены в контракте. Тем не менее, они часто выражаются в печатных условиях перевозки на B \ L.)))