Учебное пособие 1583

… . 11. The difficulty is … . 12. I‘m not quite sure … . 13. It hasn‘t yet been decided … . 14. He is unlikely … . 15. Nobody will ever make … . 16. You are too inexperienced … . 17. She appeared … . 18. She is old enough … . 19. It‘s too late, he can‘t … . 20. Judging from the shadows under his eyes, he must … .

Exercise 3. Use the Gerund or the Infinitive of the verbs in brackets. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. He was so young, so gay, he laughed so merrily at other people‘s jokes that no one could help (like) him. 2. Yalta is a nice town (live) … . 3. He was on the point … (quarrel) with her. 4. I want you (help) me (pack) this suitcase. 5. I should love (go) to the party with you; I hate (go) out alone. 6. Don‘t forget (put) the book in the right place. 7. I forgot (put) the book on the top shelf and spent half an hour or so … (look) for it. 8. She told me how (make) clothes (last) longer. 9. Mother says she often has occasion

(complain) … (he, come) late. 10. … (do) the exercise you should carefully study the examples. 11. You must encourage him (start) (take) more exercises. 12. Bob was greatly ashamed … (beat) in class by a smaller boy. 13. I looked around me, but there was no chair (sit) … . 14. We heard … (he, come) back today. 15. She could not bear the thought … (he, stay) alone. 16. Are you going (keep) me (wait) all day? 17. He pushed the door with his toe …

(put) his suitcase down. 18. I should have gone (fetch) the doctor instead … (remain) where I was. 19. Oh, Robert, dearest, it‘s not a thing (joke) about. I‘ve so loved (be) with you. I‘ll miss you more than anyone. 20. His first impulse was (turn) back, but he suppressed it and walked in boldly. 21. ―I‘m sorry Margaret,‖ he said, ―I‘m too old (start) (play) hide-and-seek with school girls.‖

Exercise 4. State whether the –ing-form is a participle, a gerund or a verbal noun.

1. To my mind the setting of the scene was beautiful. 2. As to his stooping, it was natural when dancing with a small person like

myself, so much shorter than he. 3. I found him in exactly the position I had left him, staring still at the foot of the bed. 4. If possible, give up smoking, at least for a time. 5. There you can see the Fire of London with the flames coming out of the windows of the houses. 6. Having finished the work, he seemed more pleased with himself than usual. 7. Pausing in his story, Burton turned to me. 8. I admired the grounds and trees surrounding the house. 9. Father said that we were not to let the fact of his not having had a real holiday for three years stand in our way. 10. I saw there wooden cabins with beds, electric light, running water. 11. Most Englishmen are not overfond of soup, remarking that it fills them without leaving sufficient room for the more important meat course.

12. The evening meal goes under various names: tea, ―high tea,‖ dinner or supper depending upon its size and also social standing of those eating it. 13. Colleges give a specialized training. 14. I want you to give my hair a good brushing. 15. The boys could not go without asking permission. 16. I am much pleased with my surroundings.

Exercise 5. Point out the verbals and comment on them.

1. She often took care of my little sister Polly giving me a possibility to play with other boys in the neighbourhood. 2. Having bathed her face in cold water, she came up to the window and burst it open. 3. Renton Heath is a charming village, situated in the loveliest part of the West of England. 4. ―I‘m leaving for South

America and have come to say good-bye,‖ Jim said staring into her eyes. 5. She seemed to be asking not him but herself. 6. I seated myself at the table and was on the point of filling my cup from the teapot when the sound of the door opening made me look up. 7. After spending the night in the farm, the weather remaining fine, they set out again on their journey in the same way. 8. He had to stand aside for the maid to carry in the luncheon. 9. I‘m afraid I never seem to get any time for reading. 10. He began moving away down the drive, keeping his eyes on Dixon. 11. It‘s no use trying to argue with me. 12. Looking in Ferrand‘s face he saw to his dismay

tear rolling down his cheeks. 13. He said it bending forward to be out of hearing of the girl. 14. Douglas sat down again, having evidently change his mind about going. 15. When we had lain on the bank for some time without speaking I saw a man approaching from the far end of the field. 16. I know why I make you laugh. It‘s because you‘re so far above me in every way that I am somehow ridiculous. 17. It was past two o‘clock when she heard the car return. There were steps on the gravel, the opening and shutting of the door, a brief murmur of voices – then silence. 18. From room to room he went and, though each gave signs of having recently been occupied, it was clear that its inhabitants had departed. 19. Were it not for his having asked me to spend a week with him in the country, I should certainly be very glad to go with you to Madrid. 20. Get a blanket spread and make them hold it tight. 21.

The darkness found him occupied with these thoughts. 22. ―Three years ago it was,‖ she broke off and stood still, her mouth set in a rigid grimace of pain. 23. He felt anger against the gipsy for having given them such a fright.

Exercise 6. Correct the mistakes.

1.You would better stay in bed.

2.Mum has stopped to drink fuzzy drinks. She is on a diet.

3.This bag is too expensive for me to buy it.

4.Smoking it is dangerous for your health.

5.Would you mind to open the window.

6.I‘d love eating a pizza tonight.

7.I stopped at the bakery for to buy some bread.

8.They made me to pay for the broken window.

9.I heard the Taylors to argue.

10.I‘d better to ask someone for help.

11.I forgot calling you last night. I‘m sorry.

12.He left the shop without to pay for the shirt.

13.You shouldn‘t to be rude to your parents.

14.He is enough old to drive a car.

Exercise 7. Cross out the unnecessary word.

1.He went to the florist‘s for to buy a bouquet of flowers.

2.Emily is not so talented enough to enter the competition.

3.I don‘t go for camping very often.

4.Mrs Keaton made her daughter to stay at home during the holidays.

5.I hope that to hear from you soon.

6.We saw Helen to get into her car and drive away at top

speed.

7.Bungee jumping it is a dangerous activity.

8.She will always remember about cruising the Caribbean.

9.The tickets were too expensive for me too buy them.

10.He dislikes to being alone at the weekends.

11.You had better not to leave without your passport.

12.The house needs being painting.

13.Children would love being given toys.

14.To spending a lot of money on clothes is foolish.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using an infinitive or an –ing form.

M o d e l: They delayed …taking… the decision until they had read the report.

1.He refused ………………… the book back to the shop.

2.We‘d rather not ………………….. with you. We‘ll stay at

home.

3.It‘s not worth …………………….. John to the party. He won‘t come.

4.I‘m really looking forward to …………………….. to the theatre on Saturday.

5.Mark was kind …………………………….. you home after the party.

6.They were happy …………………………..the good news.

7.You can all ………………………….. now if you want.

8.She walked out of the office without

……………………….. goodbye.

9.They made her …………………………… the letter again.

10.She has gone to the post office …………………………

some stamps.

11.You must …………………………. hard for your exams.

12.You had better …………………………. or you‘ll miss the train.

13.She spends most of her spare time …………………… the piano.

14.You‘re too young ……………………… at home by yourself.

15.He opened the door only …………………… that the room was empty.

PART III

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect. In both cases we deal with peculiar types of composite sentences.

In direct speech we repeat the original speaker‘s exact words.

She said, ―I have lost my umbrella.‖ Hamlet said, ―I must be cruel, only to be kind.‖

Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas (quotation marks), and a comma or colon is placed immediately before the remark.

Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays, and quotations.

In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or speech, without necessarily using the speaker‘s exact words.

She said that she had lost her umbrella. Hamlet said that he had to be cruel in order to be kind.

In other words, when using indirect speech we report in our own words what another person has said; therefore indirect speech is commonly called reported speech.

Indirect speech is normally used in conversation, though direct speech is sometimes employed here to give a more dramatic effect.

Direct speech can be described as a syntactical unit with two centres of predication. It consists of the introductory part and the quotation. The introductory part of direct speech may precede the quotation, follow it, or be inserted in it. The quotation may contain more than one sentence.

She said, ―Oh, that‘s you again.‖ ―Here I am,‖ he said.

―I‘ve just called,‖ he said, ―to see you. I miss you so.‖

What is known as reported speech does not differ grammatically from the conventional types of sentences.

He said he missed her. (a complex sentence with an object clause) What he said was that he refused to stay. (a complex sentence with subject and predicative clauses) She told me to stay. (a simple sentence)

When we turn direct speech into indirect some changes are usually necessary, such as the back-shifting of tenses, the change of persons, adverbs and, sometimes, word-order.

To study all changes brought about by turning direct speech into indirect, we should consider statements, questions, commands, suggestions and greetings separately.

REPORTED STATEMENTS

When the introductory verb is in the past tense, which it usually is, the verbs in the subordinate clauses change according to the rules of the sequence of tenses. These rules have been previously dealt with in Tense and Aspect.

He said, ―I am French.‖ — He said that he was French.

He said, ―Mother is working in the garden.‖ — He said that (his) mother was working in the garden.

He said, ―I was there.‖ — He said that he had been there.

He said, ―The dog has eaten it all.‖ — He said that the dog had eaten it all.

He said, ―She will be there.‖— He said that she would be there.

He said, ―I shall meet her.‖— He said that he would meet

her.

―In theory the past tense changes to the Past Perfect, but in spoken English it is often left unchanged, provided this can be done without causing confusion about the relative times of the actions.‖ ―He said, ‗I loved her‘‖ must become: ―He said he had loved her‖ as otherwise there would be a change of meaning. B u t: ―He said, ‗Ann arrived on Monday‘‖ could be reported: ―He said Ann arrived (or had arrived) on Monday.‖

In written English past tenses usually do change to Past Perfect but there are a few exceptions:

(1) Past tenses used in time clauses do not normally change.

He said, ―When we were living/lived in Paris we often saw Paul.‖ — He said that when they were living/lived in Paris they often saw Paul/had often seen Paul.

(2) A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged.

She said, ―I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.‖ — She said she haddecided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.

(3) The Past Continuous usually remains unchanged except when it refers to a completed action.

She said, ―We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to.‖ — She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but had decided not to. В u t :

He said, ―When I saw them last they were playing tennis.‖

— He said that when he saw them last they were playing tennis.

It would also be possible to say:

He said that when he had seen them last they had been play-

ing tennis.

(4) No sequence of tenses is used when verbs in reported statements are in the Subjunctive.

She said, ―I would help him if I could.‖ — She said she would help him if she could.

He said, ― I wish I knew.‖ — He said that he wished he

knew.

(5) Must in direct speech normally becomes had to in indirect speech, when the introductory verb is in the past tense.

He said, ―I must go.‖ —He said that he had to go.

But must remains unchanged:

(a) When it expresses a permanent general obligation.

He said, ―Every man must obey laws.‖ — He said that every man must obey laws.

(b) When it expresses deduction.

He said, ―It must be cold outside.‖ - He said that it must be cold outside.

Some other changes are necessary when we turn direct statements into indirect statements:

(1) Personal and possessive pronouns normally change from first to third person.

He said, ―I can‘t find my hat.‖ — He said (that) he couldn‘t find his hat.‖

But, of course, when someone is reporting his own words, pronouns do not change.

I said, ―I like my new house.‖ — I said (that) I liked my new house.

(2) This change of pronouns will affect the verb also when it is in the future tense.

He says ―I shall come.‖ — He says (that) he will come. He said, ―I shall come.‖ — He said (that) he would come.

(3) Demonstrative adjectives also change: this changes to that, these changes to those.

He said, ―I want this one.‖ —He said (that) he wanted that

one.

(4) The adverb here, and adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:

here — there today — that day

yesterday — the day before

tomorrow — the next day, the following day

next week, year, etc.— the following week, year, etc. last week, year, etc.—the previous week, year, etc., the year before

But if the place is unchanged, here can be used in the indirect speech; and if the speech is made and reported on the same day, these time changes are not necessary either.

She said, ―It is very peaceful here.‖ — She said that it was very peaceful. (There may not be necessary to the sense and would probably be omitted.)

On Monday he said, ―My son is coming today.‖ — On Monday he said that his son was coming that day.