Vnutrennyaya_politika_Turtsii_2002-2018

B Typeu;KOH Pecrry6mrne, KaK, HarrpHMep, H BO <l>paHQHH, repMaHHH, 3a ornoBy B3HTa .n;pyrM KOHu;erru;HH: cy:ru;ecTByeT .n;Be OTPaCJIH rrpaBa: rp(l)K-

.n;aHcKoe rrpaBO, KOTOpoe pery1rnpyeT BCe HMy:ru;eCTBeHHbie OTHOIIIeHHH, KpoMe ToproBhIX, H ToproBoe rrpaBo. CooTBeTCTBeHHO, cy:ru;eCTByeT H .n;Ba 6a30BbIX CBO,ll;a 3aKOHOB: rpa)l{,ll;aHCKHH KO,ll;eKC 2002 r. (Medeni Kanun1) H ToproBhIH Ko.n;eKc 2011 r. (Tiirk Ticaret Kanunu)2.

Bee cl>opMbI KOMMepqecKHX IDpH.n;HqecKHX JIHu; YKa3aHbI HMeHHO B ToproBOM KO,ll;eKce. B rpa»<.n;aHCKOM »<e co.n;ep»<HTCH HHcl>opMau;HH TOJibKO 0 HeKOMMepqecKHX opraHH3aQHHX, a HMeHHO 0 BaKcl>ax 11 .n;epHeKax.

HoBbIH ToproBhIH Ko.n;eKc Typu;1111 rrp11HHT B 2011 r., a B cHJiy OH BCTyIIHJI

1 11FOHH 2012 r. 11 Bbl,ll;eJIHJI IIHTb OCHOBHbIX BH,ll;OB KOMMepqeCK11X IDpH,ll;11-

qecK11X JIHQ.

1.AKu;110HepHoe o6iu;ecTBo -Anonim ~irket (A.$.).

2.06iu;ecTBo c orpaH11qeHHOH oTBeTCTBeHHOCThID - Limited ~irket

(Ltd.	$ti.).
3.	KoMaH,ll;11THoe TOBap11iu;ecTBO - Komandit ~irket.
4.	IlOJIHOe TOBapttiu;ecTBO - Kollektif ~irket.
5.	KoorrepaTHB - Kooperatif ~irket.

PaccM0Tp11M B rrepByID oqepe.n;h .n;Ba rrepBbIX BH.n;a, a HMeHHO aKu;ttoHepHhie o6iu;eCTBa 11 o6iu;ecTBa c orpaHHqeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbFO, IIOCKOJibKy 11MeHHO OHH 11CIIOJib3yIDTCH Ha1160Jiee qacTO rrpH BbI6ope opraH113aQ110HHOrrpaBOBOH cl>opMbl KOMIIaHH11.

AKu;ttoHepHoe o6iu;ecTBO (AO) BrrpaBe ocyiu;ecTBJIHTb JIID6yID .n;eHTeJibHOCTh, KOTOpaH He 3arrpeiu;eHa 3aKOHOM, 0 qeM IIOBeCTByeT CT. 331.

CorJiacHo HOBOBBe,n;eHHID B TOprOBhIH Ko.n;eKc OT 2011 r., yqpe.n;11TeJieM AO MO»<eT 6hITb O,ll;HH qeJIOBeK, a MHH11MaJibHaH cyMMa yCTaBHOro Karr11TaJia ,ll;OJI»<Ha paBHHTbCH 50 000 JI11p, qTo COOTBeTCTByeT eBporreHCK11M CTaH,ll;apTaM (B fepMaH1111 H ¢paHQ1111 M11HHMaJibHbIH ycTaBHbIH KaIIHTaJI yCTaHOBJieH Ha ypOBHe 50 000 eBpo).

qTO KacaeTrn o6ru;ecTBa c orpaH11qeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbFO, TO yqpe- ,ll;11Tb ero TaK»<e MO»<eT O,ll;11H qeJIOBeK, O,ll;HaKO, KaK 11 pocc11:HcKoe 3aKOHO-

.n;aTeJibCTBO, TYPeu;Koe .n;eJiaeT orOBOpKy B OTHOIIIeH1111 o6iu;ero KOJI11qecTBa qJieHOB o6iu;ecTBa c orpaH11qeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbFO (000), KOTOpoe He ,ll;OJI)KHO rrpeBbIIIIaTb 50 qeJI. M11H11MaJibHblH ycTaBHblH Karr11TaJI 000 H11»<e, qeM y AO, 11cocTaBMeT10 000 JIHP (CT. 580).

Pe<t>opMa KopnopantBHoro npaea

KoprropaT11BHOe rrpaBO peryJittpyeT OTHOIIIeH11H, B03H11KaFOIQ11e B CBH311 c yrrpaBJieH11eM KOMIIaH11e:H. Borrpocbr KoprropaT11BHoro rrpaBa B Typu;11tt yperyJIHpOBaHbl B TOproBOM KO,ll;eKce, KOTOpbIH BCTYIIHJI B C11JIY B 2011 r.

1 rpaJKp;aHCKHH KO,ll;eKC TypeQKOH Pecrry6JIHKH. 2002 r. URL: http://www.mevzuat.gov. tr/MevzuatMetin/l.5.4721.pdf.

2 ToproBbIH Ko,n;eKC TypeQKOH Pecrry6JIHKH. 2011 r. URL: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2011/02/20110214-1-1.htm.

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H, BHeC.H cyrn;eCTBeHHhie H3MeHeHHFI B KoprropaTHBHOe rrpaBO 1'ypQHH,

BhIBeJI ero Ha ypoBeHh cTpaH EBporrhI.

HOBbIH TOprOBbIH KO,ll;eKC 2011 r. BHec ~eCTBeHHbie H3MeHeHHR B KOprropaTHBHOe rrpaBo. Heo6xo,n;HMO OTMeTHTb, 'ITOBrrepBbie B HCTOpHH TypeQKOH Pecrry6JIHKH 6hIJIO Ha 3aKoHo,n;aTeJihHOM ypoBHe yperyJIHpoBaHo rrpaBoBoe ITOJIO)KeHHe XOJl,ll;HHrOB, COCTaBJIRIOIIJ;HX OCHOBY TYPeQKOH 3KOHOMHKH. Cpe,n;H HOBOBBe,D;eHHH Heo6xo,n;HMO OTMeTHTb CJie,n;yIOIIJ;He 1:

•,n;aHhl 'leTKHeorrpe,n;e.n:eHHR MaTepHHCKOH H ,n;oqepHeH KOMITaHHH;

•B QeJIRX co6JIIO,ll;eHHFI rrpHHQHITa rrpo3pa'IHOCTHH MaTepHHCKHe, H ,n;oqepHHe KOMITaHHH o6R3aJIH pacKpbIBaTb HHcpOpMaQHIO 06 HX IOpH,n;H- qecKOM cTaryce;

•COBeT ,n;HpeKTOpOB H MaTepHHCKHX, H ,n;oqepHHX opraHH3aQHH o6R3aH e)Kero,n;HO rro,n;roTaBJIHBaTb OT'leT06 OTHOIIIeHHFIX Me)K,ll;y KOMITaHHRMH;

•HOBbIH KO,ll;eKC ,n;orrycKaeT rrepeKpeCTHOe yqacTHe B aKQHOHepHOM KarrHTaJie KOMITaHHH.

Cpe,n;H ,n;pyrHx HOBOBBe,n;eHHH Heo6xo,n;HMO OTMeTHTb paCIIIHpeHHe rrpaB MHHOpHTapHbIX aKQHOHepoB (aKQHOHepOB, KOJIHqecTBO aKQHH KOTOpbIX He Il03BOJIReT BJIHF!Tb Ha yrrpasJieHHe aKQHOHepHbIM o6rn;eCTBOM)'pa3peIIIeHHe C03,ll;aHHFI aKQHOHepHbIX o6rn;eCTB H o6rn;ecTB c orpaHHqeHHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTblO c O,ll;HHM yqacTHHKOM. TaK)Ke BCe rry6JIHqHbie KOMrraHHH (KOMITaHHH, aKQHH KOTOpbIX o6parn;aIOTCFI Ha 6Hp)Ke) o6R3aJIH HMeTb co6cTBeHHhIH Be6-caHT.

CeMeMHoe npaso

3a BCIO HCTOPHIO cyrn;ecTBOBaHHR TypeQKorr Pecrry6JIHKH B Herr ,n;errcTBoBaJio ,n;Ba rpa)K,ll;aHCKHX KO,n;eKca, Ka)K,ll;blll H3 KOTOpbIX peryJIHpOBaJI CeMerrHhie OTHOIIIeHHFI. flepBblll BCTYITHJI B CHJIY 4 OKrn6pR 1926 r. 2 B rrepHO,ll; HaXO)K,ll;eHHR y BJiaCTH ATaTIOpKa, a BTOporr - 1 OKrn6pR 2002 r., ~e rrpH PYKOBO,ll;CTBe napTHH crrpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH H pa3BHTHFI.

QqeBH,ll;HO, qTo Me)K,n;y 3THMH ,ll;BYMR ,n;oKyMeHTaMH HMeeTCFI 60Jih11IaF1 pa3HHQa. B 3aKoHe 1926 r. ceMettHhie OTHoIIIeHHR peryJIHpoBaJIHCh Ha OCHOBe Tpa,n;HQHOHHO OCMaHCKHX rrpe,n;cTaBJieHHH 0 ceMeHHOH )KH3HH, cpe,n;H KOTOpbIX HerrpepeKaeMoe ITOJIO)KeHHe rnaBbl ceMeHCTBa, CHJlbHaR 3aBHCHMOCTb )KeHbl OT M~a BO BCex Borrpocax H rrp. 3a,n;aqeif )Ke 3aKOHa

2002 r. CTaJIO rrpeo,n;oJieHHe HaCJie,D;HFI xx B. H rrpHBe,n;eHHe 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJibCTBa B COOTBeTCTBHe c Me)K,ll;yttapo,D;HbIMH CTatt,n;apTaMH, B rrepBYJO oqepe,n;h B o6JiaCTH OTHOIIIeHHH Me)K,n;y M~qHHOH H )KeHIIJ;HHOH• .aaJiee rrpHBe,n;eHbl OCHOBHbie pa3JIHqHf1 Me)K,ll;y KO,n;eKCaMH 1926 H 2002 rr.3

1New Turkish Commercial Code. A blueprint for the future, PWC. URL: http://www.pwc. com.tr/en/publications/ttk-assets/pages/ttk-a_blueprint_for_the_future.pdf.

2fpIDK,l\aHCKIIii: Ko;i;eKc fypeu;Koii: Pecrry6;mKII. 1926 r. URL: https://tr.wikisource.org/ wiki/743_Sayih_Ti.irk_Kanunu_Medenisi.

3Ti.irk Medeni Kanunu'nun Evliligin Genel Hi.iki.imleri Bak1mmdan Getirdigi Yenilikler, Murat Dogan, Ankara Oniversitesi Hukuk Faki.iltesi Dergisi Cilt 2003, Cilt 52, Say1 4, pp. 93-130.

22

NQ 1990/30-31.

1.0,n;Ho 113 BIDKHeih1rnx H3MeHeHHH KOCHYJIOCh BOIIpOCOB ynpaBJiemrn ceMheif. 3aKOH 1926 r. ycTaHaBJIHBaJI, qTO «OTeu; HBJIHeTOI rJiaBOH ceMbH (Koca, birligin reisidir)». Ha rrporn)l{eHHH Bcero XX B. HMeHHO 3TO rro110- )l{eH11e cqHTaJIOCh Ha116011ee ,ll;HCKpHMHHau;110HHhIM no OTHOIIleHmO K )l{eHlll;HHaM. B HOBOM 3aKOHe OHO 6bIJIO 3aMeHeHO CT. 186, KOTOpaH rJiaCHT, qTo «Cynpyr11 COBMeCTHO ocyru;ecTBJIHIOT ynpaBJieHHe ceMheif (Birligi e§ler beraberce yonetirler)».

B TO )Ke BpeMH OTMeTHM, qTo p;a)l{e rrpep;hI,ll;yru;aH pe,n;aKD;HH 3aKOHa He ,n;aBaJia M~Y 6e3rpaHHqHoii BJiaCTH Hap; )l{eHOH. TaK, B COOTBeTCTBHH c ,n;oKTp11ttoif (MHett11eM tta116011ee BH,ll;HhIX 10p11cTOB Typu;1111), 3TO rro110- )l{eH11e He ,n;aBaJIO cynpyry rrpaBa pe111aTh BCe BOIIpOChl caMOCTOHTeJibHO 11 orrpe,n;eJIHTh o6pa3 )l{H3HH cynpyr11.

2.BTopoii no Ba)l{HOCTH Borrpoc KacaeTcH Bh16opa MecTa )l{HTeJihCTBa. no CTapOMY 3aKOtty, OH ocyru;eCTBJI5IJIOI cynpyrOM C COrJiaCHH )l{eHbl. fpa)l{- p;aHCKHH Ko,n;eKc 2002 r. Ha,n;eJIHJI M~a 11 )Ketty paBHhIMH rrpaBaMH, YKa3aB B CT. 186, qTO «CynpyrH BMeCTe Bb1611paIOT MeCTO )l{HTeJihCTBa» (E§ler oturacaklan konutu birlikte se<;erler). ,ll;orroJIHHTeJihHhie rapaHTHH 6hm11 rrpe- ,n;ocTaBJieHhI )l{eHlll;HHaM CT. 194, KOTOpM 3aKperrHJia Heo6xo,n;HMOCTh IIOJIYqeHHH COrJiaCHJI BTOporo cynpyra Ha 3aKJIIOqeHHe C,ll;eJIOK c o6ru;HM )l{HJllfIQeM.

3.TpeThe Ba)l{HOe H3MeHeHHe KacaeTcH B03MO)l{HOCTH cyrrpyr11 caMoCTOHTeJihHO BhI611paTb pop; CBOHX 3aHHTHH. no rpa)l{,ll;aHCKOMY KO,ll;eKcy

1926 r. eii Tpe6oBaJIOCh Ha 3TO cor11ac11e M~a. B c11yqae ttecornac11H )l{eHa HMeJia rrpaBo ,n;o6HThCH pa3pe111eHHH qepe3 cy,n;, HO B TaKOM CJiyqae cynpyr He Hee OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh ITO ,ll;OJiraM cynpyrtt H Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH p;a)l{e MOr B036y,n;HTh 6paKopa3BO,ll;HhIH rrpou;ecc.

3TO IIOJIO)l{eH:He 6bIJIO OTMeHeHO eru;e B 1990 r. pe111eHHeM KoHCTHTYll;HOHHOrO cy,n;a Typ_u;HH fpa)l{p;aHCKHH KOp;eKC 2002 r. B CT. 192 ycTaHOBHJI IIOJIHYIO He3aBHCHMOCTh cyrrpyroB rrptt BhI6ope rrpocpeCCHH (E§lerden her biri, meslek veya i§ se<;iminde digerinin iznini almak zorunda degildir).

4. nocJie,ll;HHH Ba)l{HhIH MOMeHT KacaeTCH CMeHhl cpaMHJIHH cyrrpyrtt IIOCJie 3aKJIIOqeHHH 6paKa. no CTapoMy 3aKOHO,IJ;aTeJihCTBY )l{eHa 6hIJia 06H3aHa 6paTh ce6e cpaMHJIHIO M~a. 3aKoH 1997 r. NQ 4248 HeMHoro pacnrnp1111 rrpaBa cyrrpyr11, rrpep;OCTaBHB eif B03MO)l{HOCTh 6paTb ce6e ,ll;BOHHYIO cpaMHJIHIO. B TaKOH )Ke cpopMe 3TH IIOJIO)l{eHHH 6hIJIH 3aKpeIIJieHhl H B rpa)l{- ,n;aHCKOM KOp;eKce 2002 r. CT. 187 orrpe,n;eJIHeT, qTo «)l{eHa IIOCJie 3aKJIIOqeHHH 6paKa 6epeT cpaMHJIHIO My)l{a, O,ll;HaKO eCJIH OHa rrpe)l{p;eBpeMeHHO rro,n;acT IIHCbMeHHOe 3MBJiemi:e q:HHOBHHKY, perHCTpttpYIOru;eMy 6paK, HJIH B opraH perttcTpau;HH aKTOB rpa)l{,ll;aHCKOrO COCTOHHHH, OHa MO)l{eT IIOCTaBHTh rrepe,n; cpaMHJIHeif M~a CBOIO rrpe,ll;hl,ll;ylll;YIQ cpaMHJIHIO».

YronoeHoe npaeo

YroJIOBHoe rrpaBo Typu;tttt TaK)l{e 0611a,n;aeT CBOHMH oco6eHHOCTHMH. EoJiee Toro, ToqHoe IIOHHMaH:He IIOJIO)l{eHHH yroJIOBHOro KO,ll;eKca IIOMOraeT

23

B 1991

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Pa3YMHhIM 6y,n;eT c,n;e.naTb oco6b1H: aKu;eHT Ha IIOJIHTH'IeCKHXrrpeczyIIJieHIDIX, KOTOpble c MOMeHTa H36paHIDI B aBryCTe 2014 r. rrpe3~eHTOM

P. T. 3p,n;oraHa HaqaJIH HrpaTh oco6yro po11b B )f(H3HH rocy,n;apcTBa.

KaK Y*e OTMeqaJiocb, coBpeMeHHaJr rrpaBRID;aJr 3JIHTa CTPeMHTOI K rro11HoH: u;eHTpaJIH3aD;HH BJiaCTH, II03TOMY Ha npOTR)f(eHHH Y*e HeCKOJibKHX JieT 3TOMY crroco6cTByeT npaBOBaJi CHCTeMa rocy,n;apCTBa H yroJIOBHblll KO,ZJ;eKC B qacTHOCTH.

TaK, CT. 299 rrpe~cMaTpHBaeT HaKa3aHHe OT o,n;Horo ro,n;a ,n;o qeTbipex JieT 3a OCKop611emfe rrpe3~eHTa. Cy,ZJ;hl B Typu;mf ,ZJ;OBOJibHO qacTO HCIIOJib-

3YIQT ,n;aHHyro CTaTblO: 3a BpeM.H rrpe6bIBaHH.H 3p,n;oraHa Ha IIOCTy rrpe3H- ,n;eHTa Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH 6hmo B036~eHO 6011ee 1300 ,n;e.n.

Oco6eHHOCThlO TYPeu;Koro yroJIOBHoro rrpaBa RBJI.HeTOI TaK*e TOT <PaKT, qTo OCKop611eHHe rrpe3~eHTa HHOCTpaHHOrO rocy,n;apCTBa TaK*e .HBJI.HeTOI

yroJIOBHblM rrpecTyIIJieHHeM (CT. 337 yrOJIOBHOro KO,ZJ;eKca). 3TO o6'bRCIDieT, rroqeMy TYPeD;KaJr o6ID;eCTBeHHOCTh TaK )l(eCTKO oTpearHpoBaJia Ha ocKop611eHHe HeMeD;KHM )f(ypHaJIHCTOM Typeu;Koro rrpe3H,ZJ;eHTa. HarroMHHM, qTQ rrpe3~eHT Typu;HH TaH:Hrr 3p,n;oraH o6paTHJIC.H B cy,n; c HCKOM rrpOTHB HeMeu;Koro TeJieBe,n;y1D;ero .HHa EeMepMaHHa, BhICTYIJHBIIIero B 3<P11pe Te.ne-

KaHaJia ZDF co CTHXOTBopeHHeM rrpo TYPeu;Koro JI~epa1 .

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113yqeHHH yroJIOBHoro Ko,n;eKca Typu;1111: ,ZJ;JIR TYPKa HeT pa31111q11.H Me~y OCKop6JieHHeM CBOero co6cTBeHHOro rrpe3~eHTa, H JI~epa HHOCTpaHHOro

rocy,n;apcTBa. Tio3TOMY 11 3p,n;oraH, 11 rrpe,n;cTaBHTeJIH TYPeu;Koro o6ID;eCTBa HCKpeHHe He IIOHHMaJIH, rroqeMy HeMeD;KHe BJiaCTH He TOpOIIHJIHCb c OCY*-

,n;eHHeM EeMepMaHHa.

EID;e O,ZJ;HOH HHTepeCHOH CTaTbeH yroJIOBHOro KO,ZJ;eKca RBJI.HeTOI CT. 301,

KOTopa.H 3arrpeID;aeT ocKop6JIRTh Typeu;Kyro Pecrry611Hey, TYPeD;KHH Hapo,n;, rocy,n;apCTBeHHbie yqpe)f(,ZJ;eHH.H CTpaHbl H rrpe,n;ycMaTpHBaeT TIOpeMHOe 3aKJIIOqeHHe OT llleCTH MeOiu;eB ,n;o Tpex JieT. .ll;aHHaR CTaTb.H OCTpo KpHTHKyeTOI KaK HapylllaIOID;aR IIOJIHTHqecKHe rrpaBa H CB060,ZJ;bl rpa)f(,ZJ;aH, IIOCKOJibKy OHa qacTO HCIIOJib3YeTOI B KaqecTBe HHCTpYMeHTa rro,n;aBJieHHR OIIII03Hll;HH. B qaCTHOCTH, HMeHHO OHa HCIIOJib30BaJiaCb B ,n;e.nax rrpOTHB TaKHX H3BeCTHhIX JIHqHocTeH:, KaK XpaHT .ll;HHK 11 OpxaH TiaMYK2.

Teppop11cT11qecKaR ,n;eRTeJibHOCTh 11 HaKa3aHHR, rrpe,n;ycMaTpHBaeMbie 3a TaKoro po,n;a rrpaBOHapYIIIeHH.H B Typeu;KoH: Pecrry6JIHKe, Tpe6yroT

OT,ZJ;eJibHoro paccMoTpeHHR. r. B Typu;1111 6hm rrpHH.HT aHTHTeppo-

13p,11oraH 110,11a;r B cy,11 Ha HeMe~Koro lf<YPHaJI11cTa 3a ocKop6JieH11e B TeJ1errepe,11aqe. URL: http://vz.ru/news/2016/4/12/804840.html.

2Madde 301 ve Davalar. URL: http://bianet.org/biamag/insan-haklari/71792-madde- 301-ve-davalar.

24

pHCTHqecKHH 3aKOH, KOTOpbIH aHHy;mpoBaJI CTaTbH yroJIOBHOro KO,ZJ;eKca, ycTaHaBJIHBaBIIIHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a «H,ZJ;eOJIOrHqecKHe npecT}'TIJieHIDI». 0,ZJ;HaKO BMeCTO Hero B TOM :>Ke ro,ZJ;y B CHJiy BCTYTIHJI 3aKOH 0 6oph6e c TeppopH3MOM1.

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qHT HHTepecaM npaBR~HX 3JIHT.

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BepORTHO, rrpe:>K,ZJ;e TIO,ZJ;06Hble npeCTyrrJieHHR MOrJIH KapaTbOI CMepTHOH Ka3HhIO, O,ZJ;HaKo oHa OTMeHeHa B Typu;HH c 2002 r. CooTBeTCTBYJOIQee perneHHe 6bIJIO npHHRTO Typeu;KHM rrapJiaMeHTOM ,Zl;JIR ycKopeHHR rrpo- u;ecca BCT}'TIJieHHRTypu;HH B EBporreticKHH coI03. lloJio:>KeHHR, KacaIO~Heoi: cMepTHOH Ka3HH, ocTaJIHCh TOJihKO B BoeHHOM yroJIOBHOM KO,ZJ;eKce Typu;HH,

HO H HX npHMeHeHHe Ha ,ZJ;aHHblH MOMeHT HeB03MO:>KHO, IlOCKOJibKY 3TO rrpoTHBOpeqHJio 6b1 ,ZJ;eHCTBYJO~eti KoHCTHTYQHH Typu;HH.

***

llpaBOBaR CHCTeMa Typeu;KOH Pecny6JIHKH, KOTOpaR 3apO,ll;HJiaCb e~e

BO BpeMeHa OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH, RBAAeTCR ,Zl;OCTaToqHo CJIO:>KHOH H MHOroypOBHeBOH. Ha COBpeMeHHOM 3Tarre OHa OTHOCHTOI K poMaHo-repMaH- CKOH npaBOBOH ceMhe. HecMoTpR Ha To, qTo 3a 2011-2016 rr. 6brno rrpHHRTO onpe,ZJ;eJieHHOe KOJIHqecTBO HOpMaTHBHO-npaBOBbIX aKTOB, KOTOpbie

BBeJIH OT,ZJ;eJibHbie 3JieMeHTbl HCJiaMCKoro rrpaBa, ,ZJ;aHHaR TeH,ZJ;eHQHR IlOKa He RBAAeTOI BCeo6heMJIIO~eti H He OKa3aJia 6oJibIIIOro BJIHRHHR Ha rrpaBO-

BYJO CHCTeMy CTpaHbl.

B HaCTOR~ee BpeMR Kap,ZJ;HHaJibHbie H3MeHeHHR B rrpaBOBOH CHCTeMe rocy,ZJ;apCTBa MOfYT rrpOH30HTH c npHHRTHeM HOBOH KOHCTHTYQHH, a ToqHee - MaCIIITa6HbIX norrpaBOK K HeH, npHHRTHR KOTOpbIX Tpe6YJOT HTOrH pecpepeH,ZJ;yMa, cocTORBrnerooi: B anpeJie 2017 r. YKa3aHHbie rronpaBKH Hau;eJieHbI Ha yKperrJieHHe BJiacTH rrpe3H,ZJ;eHTa H cpaKTHqecKH Ha rrepeopHeHTaQHIO cpopMbl rocy,ZJ;apCTBeHHOro rrpaBJieHHR c pecrry6JIHKaHCKOH Ha npe3H,ZJ;eHTCKYJO.

HecMOTpR Ha TO, qTo KOHCTHTYI.J;llil RBAAeTOI OCHOBOTIOJiaraIO~HM 3aKOHOM JII06oro rocy,ZJ;apCTBa, KOHQeHTpHpOBaTbCR HCKJIIQqHTeJibHO Ha KOHCTHTYQHOHHbIX H3MeHeHHRX npH H3yqeHHH Typu;HH BCe :>Ke He peKOMeH-

1 0 6opb6e c Teppoptt3MOM: 3aKOH Typel\KOH Pecrry611ttKtt. URL: http://www.mevzuat. gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.3713.pdf.

25

~yeTc.R. ,lVIR no1rnoQeHHoro attamrna tteo6xo~H:MO TaIOKe H:CCJie~oBaHH:e ~pyrH:x O'rpaCJieH:npaBa, a H:MeHHO - rp(l)f{,ll;attcKoro, ToproBoro, yro110Bttoro, KOTOphle TaIOKe nepe)KJfBaJOT nepH:o~ TµattccpopMaQH:H. Eo11ee Toro, B HHX co~ep)KaTC.R Ba)Kffbie acneKTbI 11 oco6eHHOCTH Tex OTµaCJieH: npaBa, KOTOpbie OKa3bIBalOT Ha1160JibII1ee BJIH.flHHe Ha )KH3Hb PMOBbIX rpa~aH TypQH:H H IlOMoraJOT npH 113yqeHHH pa3JIH'IHbIXnpaBOBblX H BffYTPHilOJIHTH'ieCKHXnpo611eM.

rnasa 2

OPrAHbl rOCYAAPCTBEHHOM BnACTM

TYPUMM

Typeu;KCUI Pecny61111Ka 6hma o6pa3oBaHa B 1923 r., a 29 OKTR6pR - ,n;eHh,

Kor,n;a oHa 6hma npoBo3rnarneHa, FIBJUieTCR rocy,n;apcTBeHHhIM npa3,ZJ;HHKOM H e:>Kero,n;Ho ofrhe,n;HHFieT 6oJihrnoe KOJIU'leCTBOTYPOK, npe,n;aHHhIX po,n;HHe.

IlepBhIM pecrry6JIHKaHCKYJO Typu;HJO B03rJiaBHJI Mycrncpa KeMaJih ArnTIOpK, KOTOphIH no npaBy C'IHTaeTCJfOCHOBaTeJieM rocy,n;apCTBa H KOToporo Hepe,n;Ko Ha3hIBaJOT «OTD;OM TYPOK». Ero poJih B HCTOpHH ,n;eifcTBHTeJihHO BeJIHKa: 6Jiaro,n;apFI eMy nocJie pacna,n;a OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH H HaD;HOHaJih- HO-OCB06o,n;HTeJihHOH BOHHhI, KOTOpCUI TaK:>Ke npoxo,n;HJia no,n; ero KOMaH,ZJ;O- BaHHeM, Typu;HR OTCTOJfJia CBOe npaBO Ha He3aBHCHMOCTh H noJiyqHJia B03MO:>KHOCTh :>KHTh H pa3BHBaThCJf no co6cTBeHHhIM npaBHJiaM, He onHpCUICh npH 3TOM Ha noJIHTHKY MHpOBhIX rereMOHOB Toro BpeMeHH.

IlepBoe, 'ITOTpe6oBaJIOCh HOBoo6pa30BaHHOMY rocy,n;apCTBy, - 'IeTKCUI H CJia:>KeHHCUI CHCTeMa rocy,n;apCTBeHHoro yrrpaBJieHHJf. Typu;HR 6hIJia o6'hJfBJieHa CMelliaHHOH (npe3H,ZJ;eHTCKO-napJiaMeHTCKOH) pecny6JIHKOH, H H3HaqaJihHO Hatt6oJihllICUI BJiaCTh npHHa,n;Jie:>KaJia BeJIHKOMY Hau;ttoHaJihHOMY co6paHHJO Typu;HH (BHCT), KOTopoe RBJIReTCR 3aKoHo,n;aTeJihHhIM opraHoM H noCJie pecpopMbI KOHCTHTYD;HH 2017 r. o6Jia,n;aeT MeHhllIHMH, 'IeMpaHee, nOJIHOMO'IHJfMH.

I1cnOJIHHTeJihHYIO BJiaCTh, B CBOIO oqepe,n;h, ocyID;eCTBJIJflOT H36HpaeMhIH npe3H,ZJ;eHT H CoBeT MHHHCTpOB. qTO KacaeTCJf cy,n;e6HOH BeTBH BJiaCTH Typeu;Koif Pecny6JIHKH, To ee Bh1cwei1: HHCTaHu;Heif ocTaeTCFI KoHCTHTYD;H- OHHhIH cy,n;.

B o6ID;HX qeprnx opraHhI rocy,n;apcTBeHHOH BJiaCTH Typu;HH MOryT 6bITh onHcaHbl HMeHHO TaK, o,n;HaKO ,ll;JIJf nOHHMaHHR acneKTOB, OTJIH'IHTeJihHhIX npH3HaKOB H oco6eHHOCTeH cpyHKl.l;HOHHpOBaHHJf annapaTa yrrpaBJieHHJf rocy,n;apcTBa tteo6xo,n;HMO paccMaTpHBaTh Ka:>K,n;YJO ero qacTh - 3aKotto,n;a- TeJihHYJO, HCITOJIHHTeJihHYJO H cy,n;e6HYJO BJiaCTh no OT,ZJ;eJihHOCTH.

3aKOHOAaTenbHaR Bnacrb: BenMKOe Ha.._MoHanbHOe co6paHMe Typ.._MM

BeJIHKoe ttau;ttottaJihHOe co6paHHe Typu;HH FIBJIFieTCR BhICIDHM 3aKOHO- ,n;aTeJihHhIM opraHOM CTpaHhI, KOTOpbIH Ha'IaJICBOIO pa6ory eID;e ,n;o o6pa-

27

30BaHIDI pecrryfomKH. IlepBoe B HCTOpHH 3acep;aHHe COCTOIDIOCb BO BpeM51 ttau;HoHaJibHO-OCBo6op;HTeJibHOH BOHHbI B AttKape 23 anpe.JUI 1920 r. nop; npep;cep;aTeJibCTBOM M. K. ATanopKa. TeM He Mettee oqrnu;HaJibHhIH CTazyc

6y~HH napJiaMeHT Typu;HH IIpHo6peJI TOJibKO 24 HIOJI.H 1923 r. c IIOtJ;IIHcaHHeM Jlo3aHHCKoro MHpttoro p;oroBopa, B KOTOpOM TaIOKe oroBapHBaJIHCb rpaHHI.J;bI Typeu;Koro rocyp;apcrna.

OcttoBbI <l>YHKQHOHHpoBaHIDI BHCT 6bIJIH 3aKpeIIJieHhI B Typeu;Ko:H KottCTHTYI.J;HH 1924 r., rp;e YTBep)K,ZJ;aJIOCh, 'ITO3aKottop;aTeJihHhle IIOJIHOMO'IIDI, a TaIOKe KOHTpOJib 3a HCIIOJIHHTeJibHOH H cyp;e6HOH BJiaCTblO IIpHHap;Jie- )KaJIH co6paHHID, H36HpaeMoMy Ha tieTbipe rop;a. Cpep;H p;pyrHx IIOJIHOMO- 'IHHBHCT ttaxop;HJIHCb Bonp0Cb1 Bep;eHIDI BOHHbI, paTHcl>HKau;IDI Me:>Kp;ytta-

pop;HbIX p;oroBOpOB, ct>opMHpOBaHHe 610p;:>KeTa, o6'h.HBJieHHeaMHHCTHH. ,Z:Vrn npep;oTBpa~eHIDI pocrrycKa napJiaMeHTa co6paHHIO 3anpe~aJIOCb npHOCTaHaBJIHBaTh p;e.HTeJibHOCTb 6oJiee tieM Ha IIOJirop;a.

KaK H3BeCTHo, Ha nepBbie rop;b1 cy~ecTBOBaHH.H pecny6JIHKH TaIOKe npm1mach 3noxa nepeMeH H pecl>opMau;H:H. B 1930 r. :>Kemn;HHbI noJiyqHJIH

npaBO yqacTBOBaTb B BbI6opax, B 1937 r. B KOHCTHTYI.J;HIO 6hIJia BHecetta CTaTb.H , ocl>Hu;HaJibHO 3aKpeIIJI.HID~a.H CBeTCKOCTb Typeu;Ko:H Pecny6JIHKH. EbIJI npHH.HT HOBbIH aJicl>aBHT, Janpe~eHbl peJIHrH03Hbie IIIKOJibl H 111apHaTCKHe cyp;bI.

l13MetteHH.H B CTPYKType caMoro BHCT npoH30IIIJIH B 1950 r., Korp;a K BJiaCTH B CTpatte npHIIIJia p;eMOKpaTH'leCKa.HnapTH.H, 'ITOcl>aKTH'leCKH 03HatiaJIO OTXOp; OT Tpap;HI.J;HOHHOH p;o Toro BpeMeHH OtJ;HOIIapTHHHOH

cHcTeMhI ttapop;tto-pecny6JIHKaHcKo:H napTHH. Op;ttaKo B 1950-x rr. p;eMoKpaTaMH 6hIJI npHH.HT PM Mep, orpaHH'IHBaID~Hx npaBa H cB06op;b1 rpa:>K- p;att Typeu;Ko:H Pecny6JIHKH.

B 1954 r. BCTYIIHJI B CHJIY 3aKOH,_ no KOTOpOMY :>KypttaJIHCTbl IIOp;BepraJIHCb ocy:>Kp;eHHIO 3a aHTHIIpaBHTeJibCTBeHHbie coo6~eHH.H; B 1956 r. 6hIJIH 3anpe~eHbl JII06hie 3aKpbITbie H OTKpbITbie o6~eCTBeHHbie co6paHIDI, p;eMOHCTPaI.J;HH; B 1957 r. B npep;p;BepHH BbI6opoB 6hIJI npHH.HT 3aKOH, 3anpe~alO~HH OIIII03HI.J;HOHHbIM napTIDIM Bblp;BHraTb ep;HHbIH CIIHCOK KaH- p;Hp;aTOB. K 3TOMY p;o6aBHJiacb 3KOHOMH'leCKa.HttecTa6HJihHOCTh, II03TOMY Y:>Ke K 1960 r. II03HI.J;HH p;eMOKpaTH'leCKOHnapTHH Ha IIOJIHTH'leCKOHapeHe 3Ha'IHTeJibHOOCJia6JIH.

Bceo6~ee Hep;oBOJibCTBO p;e:HcTBH.HMH p;eMoKpaTOB cTaJio npH'IHHo:H BOeHHOro nepeBopOTa 1960 r., KOTOpbIH 3aBepIIIHJIC.H B 1961 r. IIpHH.HTHeM HOBOH KOHCTHTYI.J;HH (9 HIOJI.H)'pa3pa60TaHHOH cneu;HaJibHO cct>opMHpoBaHHbIM Yqpeti;HTeJibHhIM co6paHHeM. 11MeHHO oHa BnepBbie 3aKpenHJia IIpHHI.J;HII pa3p;eJieHH.H BJiaCTe:H (He C'IHTa.HIIOIIbITOK oct>opMHTb ero B KoHCTHTYI.J;HH 1876 r.).

fJiaBHbIM HOBOBBep;eHHeM CTaJia CTaTb.H 06 o6pa30BaHHH p;ByxnaJiaTHOro napJiaMeHTa, cocTO.H~ero H3 Hau;HOHaJihHo:H naJiaThI H Pecny6JIHKaHcKoro ceHaTa. B ceHaT, COCTO.HBillHH l'.13 150 'IJieHOB,IIO:>KH3HeHHO BXOtJ;HJIH Bee npep;bip;~He npe3Hti;eHTbI Typu;HH, a TaIOKe 15 p;enYTaToB, Ha3HatiaeMbIX npe3Hp;eHTOM. Ka)K,ZJ;hie p;Ba rop;a cettaT p;OJI:>KeH 6bIJI o6HOBJI.HTbC.H Ha TpeTb, ceHaTOpbl :>Ke H36HpaJIHCb CpOKOM Ha IIIeCTb JieT. y ceHaTa TaIOKe 6bIJIO

28

rrpaBo BeTo, rrpHMeHHMoe ,n;;rn mo6oro 3aKOHa Hau;110HaJihHOtt rraJiaThI. I1pe3H,n;eHT, B CBOIO oqepe,n;h, H36HpaJICH 2/3 roJIOCOB 06e11x IlaJiaT.

CJie,n;y10iu;11e Ha1160Jiee 3HaqHMhie pecpopMbI B cTpaHe rrpoH30IIIJIH

B 1980 r., TaIOKe rroCJie rocy,n;apcTBeHHoro rrepeBopoTa. Tor,n;a CoBeT Hau;110HaJibHOtt 6e3orracHOCTH, ocyiu;ecTBHBIIIHH rrepeBopoT, rrpHH.HJI peIIIeHHe o pocrryCKe BHCT. HapH,n;y c 3THM 6bIJIH 3arrpeiu;eHb1 Bee rroJIHT11qecK11e rrapTHH H BBe,n;eH pe)l(HM qpe3BbiqaH:Horo IlOJIO)l(eHHR:.

CoBeT Hau;110HaJihHoH: 6e3orracHocT11 rrp11CTYfiHJI K pa3pa6oTKe HOBoro rrpoeKTa KOHCTl1TYQHl1, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI rrpHHHT B 1982 r. HOBbIH rJiaBHbIH 3aKOH CTpaHbl BHOBb peopraHl130BaJI CTPyKTYPY Typeu;Koro rrapJiaMeHTa, OTMeHHB ,n;ByxrraJiaTHYIO rrapJiaMeHTCKYIO c11cTeMy. BHCT c Tex rrop cTaJI COCTOHTb 113 O,ll;HOH IlaJiaThl - 400 ,n;erryraTOB, KOTOpbIX 113611paJI11 Ha IlHTb JieT.

l1HTepecHO, qTo c MOMeHTa o6peTeHl1H KOHCTl1Tyu;11eH: 10p11,n;11qecKOH CHJibl OHa MHOro pa3 6hIJia 113MeHeHa rrocpe,n;CTBOM BHeceHl1H rrorrpaBOK, o,n;HaKO, HeCMOTpH Ha 3TO, 11MeHHO OHa ,n;o Cl1X rrop OCTaeTCH rJiaBHbIM 3aKOHOM CTpaHhI, ,n;ettCTByIOI.Ql1M Ha Tepp11Top1111 Typu;1111.

TioCJie orr11caHHhIX co6h1T11H: CTPyKTYPa Hau;110HaJihHoro co6paH11H Typ- u;1111 rro,n;Bepr.TiaCb H3MeHeHHHM peIIIeHHeM pecpepeH,n;YMa 2007 r. fJiaBHbIM HOBOBBe,n;eHl1eM CTaJI11 rrpHMhie BhI60pbI rrpe311,n;eHTa BMeCTO BhI6opoB ,n;erryraTaM11 BHCT, o,n;HaKo 11 caMo co6paHHe rrpeTeprreJio 3Haq11TeJihHhie rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH.

,aerryraTOB CTaJil1 113611paTh Ha qeTbipe ro,n;a rrocpe,n;CTBOM rrpHMbIX, BCe06iu;11x 11 paBHhIX Bb16opoB. K TOMY )l(e oco6o oroBap11BaJiach HeCOBMecT11MocTh IlOCTOB Ml1Hl1CTpa 11 ,n;erryraTa. CTaTbH 77 H 78 orrpe,n;eJIHJil1 H 3aKpeIlJIHJil1 rropH,ll;OK rrpoBe,n;eHl1H BhI6opoB: OHl1 MOrJil1 6bITb ,n;ocpoqHbIMl1, o,n;HaKO rrpaBo OTJI0)1(11Tb 11X rrpoBe,n;eH.He MOrJIO 6hITb 11CI10Jlb30BaHO TOJibKO B cJiyqae BOttHhI. I1o,n;o6HaH c11zyau;11H rrpe,n;rroJiaraJia 11x rrepeHoc Ha ro,n;, a ,n;aHHaH rrpou;e,n;ypa MOrJia IlOBTOpHTbCH HeorpaH11qeHHOe KOJ111qecTBO pa3 BilJIOTb ,n;o 3aBepIIIeHl1H BOeHHbIX ,n;ettCTBl1H.

l13MeHHJIOCb H Ml1Hl1MaJihHOe KOJI11qecTBO ,n;erryraTOB, Heo6xo,n;11Moe

,ll;JIH rrpoBe,n;eH11H 3ace,n;aH11H - KBOPYM rroCJie rrorrpaBOK 2007 r. cocTaBHJI

184 ,n;erryraTa - 1/3 OT 11X o6iu;ero q11CJia. Tio HOBOH KOHCTHTYQHH peII1eHl1H ,ll;OJI)l(Hbl rrpHHl1MaTbCH 60JibllIHHCTBOM roJIOCOB rrp11cyTCTBYIOI.Ql1X Ha 3ace,n;aH1111 ,n;erryraTOB. TioHBHJiach B03MO)l(HOCTh rrpoBe,n;eH11H 3aKphIToro 3ace,n;aHl1H rrapJiaMeHTa, ,ll;JIH qero Tpe6yeTCH I111ChMeHHOe 3aHBJieHHe O,ll;HOH 113 CTOpoH: rrpeMbep-MHHl1CTpa, qJieHa Ka611HeTa Ml1Hl1CTpOB, 20 ,n;erryraTOB HJil1 KaKOtt-J11160 rrapJiaMeHTCKOH cppaKu;1111.

Cero,n;HH BHCT HBJIHeTCH o,n;HHM 113 OCHOBHhIX opraHOB rocy,n;apcTBeHHOtt BJiaCTl1 Typeu;Ko:i1 Pecrry6J111K11. TiapJiaMeHT rocy,n;apcTBa Ha,n;eJieH 6oJihIIIl1M KOJIHqeCTBOM Ba)l(HbIX IlOJIHOMOq11:i1, cpe,n;11 KOTOpbIX MO)l(HO OTMeTl1Tb KOHTPOJib 3a COBeTOM MHHl1CTpOB, pa3pa60TKY 6IO,n;)l(eTa, rrp11HHTl1e, 113MeHeHHe HJil1 OTMeHy 3aKOHOB, 06'bHBJieH11eBOttHhI. B KOMrreTeHu;1110 co6paH11H sxo,n;HT TaIOKe 1136paH11e rrpe,n;ce,n;aTeJIH CqeTHOtt rraJiaThI, qJieHoB BhICIIIero COBeTa pa,n;110 11 TeJieBH,n;eHl1H, 06'bHBJieH11eHMrr11qMeHTa rrpe3H,n;eHry B CJIYqae rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH 113MeHhl c ero CTOpOHbI.

29

,l(eHTeJibHOCTb HaQHOHaJlbHOro co6paHHH ocym;eCTBJUleTCH rrocpe,n;CTBOM 19 KOMHTeTOB, ,z:i;eikTByIO~HX B paMKax rrapJiaMeHTa. IlpH 3TOM pa6oTa B KOMHTeTe o6H3aTeJibHa AMI JI106oro ,z:i;erryTaTa BHCT. Cero,z:i;HH B paMKax co6paHHH ,z:i;eikTBYIOT KOMHTeTbI no HaQHOHaJibHOH 6e3orracHOCTH, Me:>K,ll;y- Hapo,ll;HbIM ,z:i;eJiaM, BorrpocaM rrpaB 'IeJIOBeKa,o6ecrre'IeHHIOpaBHOrrpaBHH M)')K'IHH :>KeH~HH H T. ,ll;.

IlopH,ll;OK rrpoBe,ll;eHHH BbI60pOB B 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJibHbie opraHbI peryJIH-

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TeJibHbIH yqaCTOK rpa:>K,ll;aHHH o6H3aH BbIITJiaTHTb IIITpacp. l·fa611paTeJibHbIM rrpaBOM o6Jia,z:i;aIOT ,ll;OCTHrIIIHe 18-JieTHero B03pacTa rpa:>K,ll;aHe, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM COJI,ll;aT H yttTep-ocpHQepoB ,z:i;eHCTBHTeJibHOH CJIY:>K6bI, KypCaHTOB, a TaK:>Ke JIHQ, HaxO,ll;H~HXCH B 3aKJIIO'IeHHH.

IlpOXO,ll;HOH 6apbep ,ll;JIH rrapJiaMeHTCKHX rrapTHH COCTaBJIHeT 10 %. IlpH 3TOM cym;ecTByeT H orpaHH'IeHHeHa MeCTHOM ypoBHe, KOTOpoe pac- C'IHTbIBaeTCH,ll;eJieHHeM 'IHCJiaBcex rro,z:i;aHHbIX rOJIOCOB Ha KOJIH'IeCTBOMaH- ,z:i;aTOB OT ,z:i;aHHoro oKpyra. C'Iv.:TaeTCH,'ITOrro,z:i;o6Hbie 6aphepbI rro3BOJIHIOT ccpopMHpOBaTb HaH6oJiee CTa6HJibHYIO rrpaBHTeJibCTBeHHYIO CHCTeMy.

Ha'IHHaHc 2002 r. B rrapJiaMeHTe ,z:i;oMHHHpyeT rrapTHH crrpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH H pa3BHTHH (IlCP). Ha BbI6opax 2002 r. OHa rroJiyqHJia 363 MeCTa, Hapo,z:i;Hopecrry6JIHKaHCKaH rrapTHH (HPn) - 178 MaH,z:i;aTOB. E~e 9 KpeceJI ITOJiyqHJIH 6ecrrapTHHHbie Bbl,ll;BH:>KeHQbI.

B 2007 r. IICP rroJiyqHJia 341 MecTO, HPII - 112, rrapTHH HaQHOHaJIHCTH'IeCKoro,z:i;BH:>KeHHH (IIH,l(, YJibTparrpaBaH rroJIHTH'IeCKaHrrapTHH) rroJiy-

'IHJia71 MaH,ll;aT, e~e 23 MeCTa IIOJiyqHJia rrpOKyp,ll;CKaH rrapTHH ,z:i;eMOKpaTHqecKoro o6~ecTBa. Ha Bb16opax 2011 r. Ha1160JibIIIee KOJIH'IeCTBOrOJIOCOB IIO-rrpe:>KHeMy OCTaBaJIOCb y rrpaBH~eH IlCP H HPil (327 H 135 COOTBeT-

CTBeHHO). IlH,l( 3aHHJia 53 KpeCJia. OJIOK Tpy,z:i;a, ,z:i;eMOKpaTHH H CB06o,z:i;hI, B KOTOpOM CBOH CHJibI o6'be,ll;HHHJIHrrpOKyp,ll;CKHe rrapTHH ,ll;JIH rrpeo,z:i;oJieHHH

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(317 H 134 COOTBeTCTBeHHO); ,z:i;eMOKpaTH'IeCKaHrrapTHH HapO,ll;OB (rrpHIIIJia Ha CMeHy Kyp,ll;CKOMY 6Jioey) - 59; nH,l( - 40. CrrHKepoM BHCT HBJIHeTCH 'IJieHrrpaBH~e:H rrapTHH I1cMaHJI KaxpaMaH.

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McrroJIHHTeJibHaH BJiaCTb B cTpaHe rrpe,z:i;CTaBJieHa rrpe3H,ll;eHTOM 11 coBeTOM MHHHCTPOB BO rJiaBe c rrpeMbepoM. I1CTOpHH rrpe3H,ll;eHTCTBa B CTpaHe, KaK 11 HCTOpHH BHCT, Ha'IHHaeTCHc MOMeHTa o6pa3oBaHHH TypeQKOH Pecrry6JIHKH. nepBbIM ee rrpe3H,ll;eHTOM, KaK Y:>Ke OTMe'IaJIOCb,CTaJI ee OCHO-

30