Числова_английский

fragile ['frжʤ ail] - хрупкий, слабый endure [in'djuə] - длиться

6 b) Answer the following question :

1.What's the birthplace of 'democracy' ? Why ?

2.What do you know about Pericles ?

3. Many aspects of Athenian democracy seem strange today, don't they ?

4.What was the central political institution in Athens?

5.Who were deprived of their rights?

6.How could the Assembly decide any issue?

7.Who conducted the trials ?

8.Why were the leaders of the Assembly chosen by lot?

9.What official institutions were there in Ancient Athens?

10.Whose duty was it to make decisions?

11.Why was Socrates condemned to death?

12.Why is Plato called an anti-democrat?

13.What’s the age of Athenian democracy?

7. The following sentences make up a story. Retell the story in English.

1. 'Разделяй и властвуй' (Divide and rule) - одна из формул (one of the

guiding foreign policy principles), которой руководствовался еще римский сенат.

2. Формула выражает (conveys) реакционный принцип государственной власти,

согласно которому лучший метод управления многонациональным (multinational) государством - разжигание национальной розни (arousing hatred) между народами. 3. Эта формула часто цитируется (is often quoted in) по латыни: divide et impera. 4. Автор формулы в точности неизвестен. 5. Часто эти слова приписываются (are ascribed to) Макиавелли (Machiavelli [,m ki ‘veli]), итальянскому политическому деятелю и историку.

8. Do the following two-way translation:

- Вы, конечно, знаете, кому принадлежат слова 'И ты, Брут?' (Et tu, Brute?) (And

thou too, oh Brutus ['bru:təs ])

= These were the words of the dying Caesar, were they not?

-А Вы можете сказать, почему умирающий Цезарь произнес их?

=I believe Brutus used to be his friend. And it came as a shock to Caesar to see him

among the conspirators [kən 'spirətəz].

-Мне кажется, Брут не всегда был единомышленником (to support) Цезаря. Разве Вы не помните, что Брут выступал против (had fought against)

Цезаря на стороне Помпея?

= Pompey? But I think at one time Pompey sided with Caesar.

- А... Вы имеете в виду триумвират.

= Yes,	something like that. Triumvirate [tria’ʌmvirit]. I think that's	the word. You know,
I never cared much for history. To tell the truth, I had no end of		(масса) trouble with
the	subject when I went to school.

-А я думал, Вы интересуетесь древней историей.

=No, I'm the wrong person for you.… Here's John Cable. He's just what we call historically-minded.

9. Put in the correct article and retell the story.

Caesar's Wife

.... words "Caesar's wife" are used to describe ... person on whom even ... shadow of suspicion must not be allowed to fall.

Julius Caesar divorced his wife on ... strength of ...rumour: her name was often mentioned whenever people talked about one of his men. He did not take ... trouble to enquire into ... matter and establish ... correctness of ... accusation. A Caesar's own reputation in matters of morality was not above reproach, someone asked him why he had divorced his wife on ... mere suspicion. His reply was that it did not matter for Caesar himself, but... woman who got herself talked about was not fit to be Caesar's wife; Caesar's wife must be above all suspicion.

10 a) Test. Read, translate the text and be ready to fulfil the task .

Prisoners of war on Roman Coins.

Prisoners of war are frequently depicted on Roman coins, beginning about 100 B.C.

and continuing into the 5th century A.D.	Coins	served the Romans as an effective
medium for propagandizing, even beyond	the frontiers of the empire, the message of
Roman strength and success in war as	well as	the disastrous consequences to those
who opposed them.
Captives first came to be used on Roman coins		at the beginning of the last century of
the Roman Republic. Together with other	signs,	such as Victory and the trophy, they

represented the enemy soldiers captured during particular military campaigns. This continued to be true until the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. At that time Roman society entered into a period of rapid change, politically, economically and socially. The increased

militarization of government and the rigid stratification of		social ranks	that occurred in
that century are reflected	in the coinage: captives on	the designs	of coins were
frequently used to express	the complete authority of the state over the individual.

The paper concludes with a discussion of the rather fascinating transformation of the prisoner-of-war motif which occurred in the 5th century under the influence of Christianity.

Like other pagan symbols, the prisoner of war was engulfed in the stream of Christian iconography thereby becoming another manifestation of the triumph of Christianity over paganism in the 5th century.

Test

1. Captives on the designs of Roman coins were used a) very often, b) very seldom, c) never.

2. Coin-types with depicted prisoners of war appeared in the Roman Empire

a) in the 5th century B.C.; b) in the 100 A.D.;

c) between 100 B.C. and the 5th century A.D.

3. Coins served the Romans

a) by satisfying the needs of poor people; b) as a propaganda for the Roman might; c) as military ambitions of plebeians.

4.Captives on Roman coins represented

a)scenes of a Roman’s peaceful life;

b)the enemy prisoners caught in certain military campaigns;

c)political pretensions of patricians.

5.In the 3rd century A.D. captives on the designs of coins were used to show

a)might of the state over each person;

b)strict monopoly of trade;

c)financial position.

6.The last century of the Roman Republic means

a)the 5th century A.D.;

b)the 5th century B.C.;

c)the 3rd century A.D.

7.The prisoner-of-war motif in the 5th century was typical for

a)Christianity; b) paganism; c) both religions.

10 b) Read the text once more and answer the questions:

1.What was usually depicted on the Roman coins ?

2.How long did the prisoner-of-war motif last in the Roman Republic?

3. Did the Romans depict prisoners on their coins for one and the same purpose in different periods?

4.What did the transformation of the prisoner-of-war motif occur in the 5th century A.D.

5.What happened to this motif ?

Vocabulary Study

11.Write out all the words from the text characterising

a)the importance of being a historian; b) slave-owning society; c) Caesar.

Speech Practice

12.Choose one of the topics for a short report to be given in class:

1.Popular phrases and proverbs connected with Caesar.

2.The outcome (исход) of the fight between Pompey and Caesar.

3.The origin and the meaning of the notion (понятие) 'democracy'.

4.The Roman Empire as the last and greatest slaveowning states in the 1st century B.C. and the 1st century A.D.

5.The value of Polybius' evidence for the student of the hellenistic world.

13.Have a round table discussion on whether the Roman conquest brought only positive results to the inhabitants of the British Islands.

	Composition
	Pillars of Democracy
* Sovereignty of the people.
*Government based upon consent of the governed.
*Majority rule.
*Minority rights.
*Guarantee of basic human rights.
*Free and fair elections.
*Equality before the law.
*Due process of law.
*Constitutional limits on government.
* Social,	economic and political pluralism.
*Values	of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation and compromise.

14.What 'pillar' could be added or cancelled to the above-mentioned, according to your opinion.

ROLEPLAY

Make the correct list of the questions the reporter asked to get these answers from the political leader.

1.What is the fundamental principle of democracy?

2.What is Thomas Jefferson’s fundamental principle upon which democratic government is founded?

3.What is the most famous definition of democracy?

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men. In these memorable words of the American Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson set forth a fundamental principle upon which democratic government is founded.

1.What is the function of the government in the democratic society?

2.What freedoms can be granted to the people?

3.Why are the governments created?

Governments in a democracy do not grant the fundamental freedoms enumerated by Jefferson; governments are created to protect those freedoms.

1.Do the people know their rights?

2.Is this a complete list of rights?

3.What are the inalienable rights of people?

In their formulation by the Enlightenment philosophers of the 17th and 18th centuries, inalienable rights are God-given natural rights. These rights are not destroyed when civil society is created. They include freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion and conscience, freedom of assembly and the right to equal protection before the law.

1.What’s the essence of freedom of speech and expression?

2.No law can break freedom of speech, can’t it?

3.May individuals be free when their government is not?

Freedom of speech and expression is the lifeblood of any democracy. To debate and vote, to assemble and protest, to worship, to ensure justice for all – these all rely upon the unrestricted flow of speech and information.

1.Is religious faith a profoundly personal matter?

2.People must follow only officially established religions, mustn’t they?

3.What does freedom of religion mean?

Freedom of religion, or more broadly freedom of conscience means that no person should be required to profess any religion or other belief against his or her desires. Additionally, no one should be punished or penalized in any way because he or she chooses one religion over another or, indeed, opts for no religion at all.

1.When do the citizens give the state their loyalty?

2.What’s the main aim of any government’s existence?

3.Does the government demand loyalty and service from its people?

Democracies rest upon the principle that government exists to serve the people; the people do not exist to serve the government. In other words, the people are citizens of the democratic state, not its subjects.

WARMING UP

Read the dialogues and learn them by heart.

UNIT 1

Greetings

-Good afternoon, Miss Smith!

-Good afternoon, Mr. Brown!

-How’s life?

-No complaints. Thank you. How are things with you?

-Nothing to boast of. Thanks.

*

*

*

-Hello, everybody!

-Hello, Mary!

-Excuse my being late. I was delayed by the traffic.-

-Never mind.

*

*

*

-Hi, Helen!

-Hi, Peter!

-It’s a long time since I saw you last. Where have you been all this time?

-I have just returned from Italy.

-Was it a business trip?

-Exactly.

-Was it successful?

-I am afraid not.

-Sorry to hear it.

*

*

*

-Why, if it isn’t Richard!

-Hi, Bob! What a pleasant surprise!

-Never expected to meet you here.

-This is a small world!

-What are you doing in this restaurant?

-You see, we are celebrating my wife’s birthday.

-Many happy returns of the day to her!

-Thank you.

*

*

*

-Hi, Brett!

-Hi, Heathen!

-What are you doing?

-I am translating an article.

-Since when have you been translating it?

-Since 10 a.m.

-Have you done much?

-I’ve just translated half of it.

Parting with people

-Thank you for enjoyable evening!

-Thank you for coming.

-Hope we’ll meet soon.

-Let’s hope for the best.

*

*

*

-It’s half past ten, isn’t it?

-Yes, it is.

-I must be going. I’m very sorry about it.

-It was a pleasure to talk with you.

-The pleasure was mine. Bye for now.

*

*

*

- I am going to the country for the weekend.

-A happy weekend to you.

-The same to you.

-Thank you.

UNIT 2

Weather

-The weather is fine, isn’t it?

-Yes, it is. The temperature is about 20 degrees above zero.

-It’s warm and sunny. No wind.

-Let’s go for a walk.

-Good idea.

*

*

*

-Is it raining?

-Oh, yes. It has been raining since morning.

-Don’t forget to take your umbrella before going out.

-I won’t.

*

*

*

-My favourite season is spring. It becomes warmer and the days are lighter and longer. Do you like spring?

-I do, though it is not my favourite season. I prefer summer. I am fond of summer sports, you know.

** *

-The weather changes very often this winter, am I right?

-I wouldn’t put it like that. This winter is extremely warm. The temperature is unusually high. There is no snow. It often rains. The roads are very wet and muddy.

Introduction

-Who’s the tall girl next to Barbara?

-That’s Mary Anderson. Didn’t you meet her at Steve’s party?

-No, I wasn’t at Steve’s party. Oh! Then let me introduce you to her now…

-Mary, this is my cousin Jim.

-Hi, Jim. I’m glad to meet you.

-I’m glad to meet you too. Can’t we sit down somewhere to talk?

	-	Sure.
*	*	*

-Mr. Wilson, I’d like you to meet Dr. Edward Smith.

-How do you do, Dr. Smith.

-How do you do.

-Dr. Smith is an economist. He’s just finished writing a book on international trade.

-Oh? That’s my field, too.

Time

-Excuse me, what’s the time, please?

-Half past eleven.

-Thanks.

*

*

*

-What time is it?

-It’s a quarter to five.

-Aren’t we supposed to be at Jim’s house by five o’clock?

- Five or five thirty. He said it didn’t make any difference.

UNIT 3

A Telephone Call

-Hello.

-Hello. May I speak to Alice, please?

-Just a minute… Alice, it’s for you.

-Hello.

-Hi, Alice. This is Brett. Would you like to go to a movie tonight?

-Thanks, I’d love to.

-Good. The movie starts at eight.

-Fine, I’ll be ready.

*

*

*

-Hello, can I speak to Jill Murray?

-Mr. Murray isn’t in. Any message?

-My name is Swindler. Frank Swindler.

-Please, spell your name, Sir?

-S-w-i-n-d-l-e-r. Swindler. I’ve just come from California. I’ve brought a letter and a parcel for Mr.Murray. I am staying at the Ritz Hotel, room 406. Please, tell him to call me back.

-O.K. As soon as Mr.Murray comes, he will call you.

-Fine. I am waiting for his call. Good bye.

Asking the Way

-Excuse me, but can you tell me how to get to the Wallace Collection?

-Certainly. Walk straight on and then turn to the left. It’s in Manchester Square.

-Thank you so much.

-Not at all.

*

*

*

-Is Green Street far from here?

-Yes. Turn left and you’ll see a big parking lot. Take the fourth turning on your right and you’ll find yourself in Green Street.

-Thanks a lot.

UNIT 4

Appearance, Character

-Have you seen our new computer programmer?

-Not yet. Why?

-She is a very pretty girl.

-Really?

-She is tall, slim and I’d say she has a very good figure. Her long hair is fair. Her eyes are blue. She has a snub nose and full lips.

-What’s her name?

-Jane Butler. She is about twenty five years old.

-Is she married?

-That’s what I would like to find out.

-What kind of person is she?

-She has been working here for about two weeks. They say she is qualified for the job, has good manners, very reserved and efficient.

-I see.

UNIT 5

Talking art, music politics

-You are fond of art, aren’t you?

-Yes, I am. I am not very good at painting but I try to go to every art exhibition. Besides, I’ve read a lot about Russian painters.

-Do you collect books on painting?

-I wouldn’t say so. I’ve several books on art, but in general I borrow books from our libraries. Are you fond of art?

-Yes, I am. Besides, I like music, or to be more exact classical music.

-Who is your favourite composer?

-I like Chaikovsky, Rakhmaninov, Mussorgsky…

-I appreciate your taste. Modest Mussorgsky depicted the most tragic events of Russian history in his operas. Take his opera “Boris Godunov”…

-Don’t you think that Mussorgsky and Andrey Tarkovsky have very much in common?

-That’s exactly what I mean. Their talents match.

*

*

*

-What are you reading? What’s the title of the book?

-It’s “A Farewell to Arms” by Hemingway.

-What do you think of it?

-As a matter of fact Hemingway is one of my favourite writers. I have read all of his novels and stories in Russian. Now I am reading the book in the original.

-Any language problems?

-Sometimes I’ve got to look up some words in the dictionary. That’s all.

frankly speaking Ernest Hemingway is not among my favourite writers. I prefer detective stories.

-Tastes differ.

UNIT 6

Talking politics

-When I was looking through the paper the other day, I came across a very interesting article dealing with the development of cultural relations

between this country and Great Britain.

-I’d like to read it too. Where was it published?

-Let me think… I believe it was in The Independent of June 3, … I’ll give you a copy of it.

-Do please.

*

*

*

-Will you make a review of the Herald Tribune dated 3rd June and

say a few about the situation in the Middle East?

-By all means. I’ll dwell on it later.

*

*

*

-What does the article deal with?

-It’s devoted to the latest achievements in science and technology.

*

*

*

-Anything new about the negotiations in today’s papers?

-Nothing much. No agreement has been reached so far.

*

*

*

-Does the newspaper comment on the coming election in the USA?

-It carries an article which says that the Democratic/the Republican

candidate addressed a big rally in…
*	*	*

- As is reported from … over ten thousand transport workers went on strike in … last week.

-What were the strikers’ demands?

-Higher wages and better working conditions. There are also some local problems the strikers want to be solved.

* * *

- The topics dominating the front pages of today’s morning papers

are ecology, terrorism, a rise in crime, corruption of politicians, to say nothing of unrest caused by social, political and ethnic problems.

-In short, there’s nothing they left out.

*

*

*

-Did he touch upon the national economy problem?

-Yes. He spoke about it in detail and gave a lot of facts and figures.

UNIT 7

Invitation

-Do you feel like going for a drive in the country this afternoon?

-Yes, I’d love to. It’s a beautiful day.

*

*

*

-Are you doing anything special on Saturday night?

-No, I don’t think so. Why?

-Well’ I’m having a little party and I’d like you to come.

-Thank you. That would be very nice. What time?

-Half past seven.

-Fine. I’ll see you then.

*

*

*

-How about going to the Tate Gallery tomorrow? There’s an interesting new exhibition there.

-I’d like to but I’m afraid I’ve got to finish a translation. Couldn’t you do it some other time? No. You see, I promised to finish it by Friday.

Receiving Guests

-I’ve cooked some new cakes. I want you to taste them… Help yourself, please.

-Oh, it’s delicious.

-Here is your tea, Polly.

-Thank you. Two lumps of sugar, please.

-Mrs. Bright, do you like strong tea?

-No, I don’t. And I always have my tea without sugar.

-Here you are.

-Thank you. Have you seen the new horror film?

-No, I haven’t. I hate horror films.

-Really? Well, I must be going. I am very sorry about it. It was a pleasure to see you.

-The pleasure is ours.

UNIT 8

Applying for a job

Look at the newspaper advertisement for a secretarial job at Hat-In-Han Ltd.

Write a letter to the Personnel Department applying for the job and giving reasons why you want it.

Hat-in-Hand Limited is looking for a full-time

ADMINISTRATION ASSISTANT

Applicants must… *have administrative experience

*like meeting people *be able to type *have a working knowledge of computers

*have office experience

Starting salary over $ 12,000. If you are interested in this job please write to:

The Personnel Department

Hat-in-Hand Ltd.

187 Old Brompton Road

South Kensington

London W11 4UL

REASONS WHY YOU THINK YOU ARE THE RIGHT PERSON FOR THE JOB

•You have worked in an office for five years.

•You enjoy administrative work.

•You think you are assertive.

•You like working with people.

•You are hard-working.

•You can type 100 words a minute.

•You are trained to use most computer systems.

CONVERSATIONAL FORMULAS

Expressing and finding out intellectual and emotional attitudes.

-expressing one’s opinion:

-I think…

-I feel that…

-As far as I’m concerned….

-asking for someone’s opinion:

-Do you think that…?

-What do you feel/think about…? -Are you sure that…

-giving reasons:

-I think … is right because… - … That’s why I feel that … -… and so I think that…

-asking for reasons:

-Why?

-Why do you think that…? -What makes you feel that…?

-defending one’s opinion:

-Yes, but what I really mean is … -What I am trying to say is … -On the contrary, I …

-What you said is really an argument for my point of view. I feel …

- agreeing / supporting other people’s opinions: