Taner_Akcam_From_Empire_to_Republic_Turkish_N
.pdf268 |
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC |
German
Army, 14, 53
evidence for the Armenian Genocide, 174
Military victory over France, 1871, 52
Historian’s controversy, 45 Involvement with the Special
Organization, 160, 164, 191 Junkers, 52
National identity, 45, 52 National Socialist Party, 14, 45 State, 34, 52-3
Germany, 7, 14, 33-7, 102-3, 108n, 183, 186-9, 191, 195-6, 238
De Gobineau, Arthur, 67, 108n, 109n Great Britain, 5, 9, 22, 52, 76-78, 98, 101, 153n, 172, 186, 190-1, 195,
198
Gölkap, Ziya, 37n, 62, 67, 133-5, 137- 8, 140, 153n, 155n
Gülen, Fethullah, 18, 26
Great Powers, 1, 4, 21-2, 76, 79, 110n, ch. 6 passim, 230
Grey, Sir Edward, 101
Greece, 20, 22, 97, 119, 156n, 201-2 Greeks, x, 58n, 82, 84-5, 96, 113n, 119,
127, 175, ch. 6 passim, 230, 240 Massacres and expulsion of, 135,
144-9, 175, ch. 6 passim, 208-9, 238-40
Habermas, Jurgen, 43
Hacı Adil Bey, 148
Halil, Mentes¸e, 65, 94, 140, 145, 147,
150, 157n, 234
Halil, Recyai, 167
Hague Convention, 1907, 187-8
Halep (Aleppo), 166
Halim, Said, 87, 153n
Hamlin, Dr. Cyrus, 99
Harbord, General, 197-9
Harrington, General, 196
Haskell, Colonel, 60
Hilmi, Erzerum Party Secretary, 160-1,
164-5, 176
Hitler, Adolf, 45, 53-4
Holocaust, Jewish, 45-6, 54, 225n, 228 Holy Roman Empire, 53
Hostler, Charles Warren, 108n Hulusi, 168
human rights, 27-8, 102-3, 181-2, 184, 190, 200, 204
humiliation of Ottoman defeats, 40, 51, 54, 67-73, 87-92, 217-225
Hunchaks, 99 Huntington, Samuel, 3
Hürriyet, 19,83
I·brahim Bey, 176
Ihsan Bey, 166-7
I·kdam, 71
Imperial Rescripts of 1939 and 1856, 151n
I·nönü Pas¸a, I·smet, 163, 100, 219 Battle of, 219
International Monetary Fund, IMF, 29 Iraq, 6, 31
Turkomen of northern, 5, 221 2003 war, 6, 30, 32
Iran, 4, 32, 133, 159
Islam, 3, 24, 63, 74-6, 103, 108n, 11822, 132-4, 135, 140, 159
Islamic
culture, 118-9, 123, 231 fundamentalism, 3, 120
religious schools, 63 state model, 29, 37n
thought, 229
Islamists, 14-5, 26-7, 37n, 59, 122, 124, 154n
Israel, 32
alliance with Turkey, 31
Istanbul, 52, 62, 68, 81-2, 85, 91, 93-4, 131, 143-4, 158, 160, 162, 165, 190-1, 198, 206n
understanding, 1915, 183 Italy, 7, 24, 102, 186
Invasion of Tripoli, 1911, 72, 102, 113n
INDEX |
269 |
Ittihat ve Terakki see Committee for Union and Progress
Izmir, 82, 144-5, 147, 175, 201-2 I·zmit, 163, 180
Izzet Pas¸a, Ahmet, 169, 207n
Jedda, 86
Jews, 60, 80, 82, 84, 152n
Journal de Débats, 197
Kafé, Esther, 69
Kamil Pas¸a, 104
Karabekir, General Kazım, 96, 197, 200
Kaya, S¸ükrü, 239 Kazim, Hüseyin, 136 Kemal, Ali, 110n, 153n
Kemal, Kaimakam of Bog˘azlayan, 173 Kemal, Kara, 141, 143, 155n, 160 Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk
Kemal, Namık, 51, 74-5, 83, 90, 119, 134-5
Kemalism, 121
Kenan Bey, 174
Khaldun, Ibn, 76
Kılıc, Tuncer, 7
Koçi Bey, 109n Köprülü, 78, 177n Kosovo, 56, 127
Kurdish conflict, 1970-1999, 151n Kurdish nation, 119, 230
Kurds, 5, 14-5, 21-2, 25-7, 32, 38n, 48- 9, 58n, 61, 99, 117-8, 122-4, 161, 180, 208, 221, 226, 228, 231-2
Kus¸çubası, Es¸ref, 143-6, 156n Kutan, Recai, 29
Laws
concerning the use of Turkish in communications, 1916, 142
on abandoned goods of the Armenians, 1915, 142, 239
on association, 1909, 129 on citizenship, 1869, 151n on deportation, 235
on the general provincial administration, temporary, 153-4n
prohibiting torture, 15 Laz, 118
League of Nations, 189 Lebanon, 186
Leipzig, 190
Lévi Strauss, Claude, 212 Lewis, Bernard, 91
Lice, 173
Lloyd George, David, 72, 183-5, 192, 202
London, 52, 90, 195 Agreement, 1915, 183
Lowther, Gerald, 131 Lütfi Efendi, 83
Macedonia, 130, 163 Macedonian Question, 131 Mahmut, Celal see Celal Bayar Mahmut, S¸evket Pas¸a, 141
Malta, 150, 176, 195-6, 239, 240, 241n Maras¸, 198
Marmara, 147
Marx, Karl, 46
massacres, see Armenian Genocide; Greeks, massacre and expulsion of
Mazhar Bey, Governor of Ankara, 171 Mecca, 86
Mehmed the Conqueror, 91 Memduh Bey, 170 Mestan, Ismail, 173
Metternich, German Ambassador, 174 Midhat Pas¸a, 83, 111n
Mil, A., 143, 155n, 159, 164, 165, 166, 168, 171, 177n
Millet system, 64, 127
Milliyetci Hareket Partisi, (MHP) National Movement Party see Political Parties
Milne, Commander of British Forces in the Caucasus, 185
Misak-ı Milli see National Pact modernization, 3, 34, 53, 117-8, 120,
123-26, 229
270 |
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC |
Molla, Said, 191
Mordtmann, 167
Morgenthau, Ambassador Henry, 146
Muhammad, 69
Murad Efendi, 96
Murat, Mizancı, 76
Muslims, Sunni, 120, 123
Musul, 173
Mus¸, 169, 240
Naima, Mustafa, 68 Nalbandyan Efendi, 149 Napoleon, 103
nation building, 48, 115-126, 151n National Defense Committee,
Müdafaa-i Milliye, 139, 143 National Pact, Misak-ı Milli, 4, 5, 23, 180, 182, 196, 200-1, 204, 204n
National Solidarity Committee,
Muzaheret-i Milliye, 139 Naumann, Friedrich, 103 Nazim, Dr. Mehmed, 152n, 166
Nazis, see German National Socialist Party
Necati Bey, 172 Nesimi, Abidin, 173
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 138, 214 Niyazi, 78
Nuri Bey, Abdu’lahad, 166 Nusret,172
Öcalan, Abdullah, 28, 151n
Office for the Settlement of Nomadic Tribes and Refugees, 169, 239
Osman, Topol, 239 Osmanlı, 128 Ottoman Empire
Army, 23, 229
boundary concerns see also National Pact, 2, 5, 6, 21, 22, 35, 66, 77, 85, 124, 183
Chamber of Deputies, 65, 94, 103, 140, 146
Grand National Assembly, 147, 149, 157n
humiliation of defeats, 40, 51, 54, 67-73, 87-92, 217-225
transition to republic, 2, 9, 12, 23, 35, 39, 218
Ottoman strength associations, 139
Pan-Islamism, 4, 5, 21, 22, 30-1, 133, 137, 221, 230
Turkism, 5, 21, 22, 30-1, 154n, 221 Turanism, 164, 221, 230
Paramilitary units, çetes see Special Organization
Paris, 62, 76
Peace Conference, Paris, 146, 185, ch. 6 passim
Perpetrator perspective, 41-43 Pertev Pas¸a see Demirhan, Pertev Plato, 12
political parties,
Committee for Union and Progress, CUP, passim
Democratic Left, Democratik Sol Partisi, DSP, 29, 38n
Felicity Party, Saadet Partisi, 29, 151n
Freedom and Accord Party, 238 Islamist Welfare Party, Refah
Partisi, RP, 13
Justice and Development Party,
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP, 3, 13, 18, 29, 37n, 38n, 120,151n
Kurdish Workers’ Party, PKK, 7, 15, 27-8, 122, 151n
The Motherland, Anavatan Partisi, ANAP, 28, 38n
Republican Peoples Party,
Cumuriyet Halk Partisi, 38n, 239
National Movement, Milliyetci Hareket Partisi, MHP, 29, 31, 38n, 151n
Virtue Party, Fazılet Partisi, 29, 151n
Welfare Party, Refah Partisi,151n
INDEX |
271 |
Prinçcizade, Arif Fevzi, 240 Prisoners, 161-2, 176 psychological terms
denial, 9, 59, 211 forgetting, 211-2, 217, 222
inferiority complex, 35, 39, 91 projection, 211
remembering, 217, 222, 229 repression, 211, 217 schizophrenia, 16, 18, 229 suppression, 211
trauma, 39-40, 94, 212, 216-8, 223, 235-7
Quartermaster corps, 159
racism, 60, 66, 151n, 205n, 208
Radikal, 37n
Ragip, Bas¸katip, 169 Rahmi Bey, 145
Raid on the Porte, 1913, 139 Rasim, Ahmet, 73 reconciliation, 243-53
Refah Partisi, RP see Political Parties, Islamist Welfare Party
Reform Decree, Islahat Fermanı, 1856, 79, 89
Renan, Ernest, x, 70, 212
Renda, Mustafa Abdülhalik, 239, 240 Republic, Turkish
armed forces, 14, 20, 24, 26-30, 34 constitution, secret, 19 Constitutional court, 29, 151n elites, military-bureaucratic, 2-3,
16-8, 31, 33, 81, 126 history conference, 1932, 73 legal system, 15-6
Ministry of Religious Affairs, 121 National Assembly, 21, 150 national identity, 37, 45-54, ch. 3
passim, 115
National Security Council, Milli Güvenlik Kurulu, NSC or MGK, 2, 7, 19, 25, 37n
Ottoman inheritance, 10-1, 16, 23, 25
parliament, 5, 34
penal code, 24, 26, 61, 231 State Treasury, 20
Res¸it, Dr., Governor of Kastamonu, 171-2, 173, 235
Reval Conference, 1908, 77-8 Revolution of 1908, 63, 77-8, 102, 128 Rıza, Ahmet, 75, 84,
Rıza Bey, 160, 168
Rıza Pas¸a, Ali, 192
de Robeck, Admiral Sir J., 203 Roidis, Emmanouil, 20 Rössler, Dr. Walter, 239 Ruling nation principle, Millet-I
Hakime, 75, 115, 134-5, 153n Rumelia, 82, 93, 95, 102-3, 129, 152n Russia, 7, 76-78, 99, 101, 137, 150,
160, 163, 234 Russian Czars, 70, 183 Revolution, 4,8, 21, 32
Russo-Turkish War, 93, 101 Rwanda, 56
Ryan, Andrew, 201
Sabis, General Ali Ihsan, 64, 74, 83, 134, 160
Safa, Foreign Minister, 195 Said Halim Pas¸a, 76
S¸akir, Dr. Bahaettin, 160-8, 170-4, 177n Salisbury, Lord, 76
Salonica, 62, 67, 94, 130-1, 133 Sami, Bekir, 96, 195
Sami Bey, Sabur, 173
Samsun, 163, 171, 174
von Sanders, Marshall Limann, 146 Sarıkamıs¸, 164
Sasun, 169
Saudi Arabia, 6, 32 Selim III, 64, 89, 112n
Serbia, uprisings in, 86, 93 Sèvres Syndrome, 22, 24, 230 “sick man” thesis, 76-8, 230 S¸ims¸ir, Bilal, 235, 241n S¸inasi, I·brahim, 74-5, 135, 153n Sivas, 172-3, 192
272 |
FROM EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC |
Congress, 191-2, 204 Smyrna, 160 see also Izmir social darwinism, 66-7
Society for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia, A-RMHC, 238
Soviet Union, 4-6, 11, 30-1, 117 Special Organization (Tes¸kilat-ı
Mahsusa ) 143-5, 148, 154n, ch. 5 passim, 240
Spengler, Oswald, 70
St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement, 1917, 183
Stange, Colonel, 65 Suat, Ali, 173
Suavi, Ali, 75, 83, 86, 135
S¸ükrü, Mithat, 162, 171 Süleyman the Magnificent, 91 Süleyman Pas¸a, 74
Susurluk scandal, 15 Sykes, Sir Mark, 60
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916, 183 Syria, 6, 32, 86, 184
taboos, 8, 23-30, 41, 44 59, ch. 7 passim, 229, 231-3, 235, 240
Tahir, Bursalı Mehmet, 71 Tahsin, Governor of Erzerum, 173
Talat Pas¸a, 105-6, 130, 140, 145, 149, 152n, 155n, 160, 163, 166-7, 169, 174-5, 177n, 178n, 179n, 191, 235, 238
Tanzimat era, 64, 74, 79, 83, 134, 136- 8, 140, 151n, 154n
novels, 84 reforms, 1839, 33, 79
Tek, Ahmet Ferit, 110n, 153n Tengirs¸enk, Yusuf Kemal, 195 Terrorism, 32
September 11, 3, 31 Temo, I·brahim, 84
Tes¸kilat-ı Mahsusa see Special Organization
Tevfik Pas¸a, Grand Vizier, 190 Thrace, 147, 163, 197, 202
Timur (Tamerlane), 69
Togan, Zeki Velidi, 77 Toprak, Zafer, 80
Toynbee, Arnold, 70, 146, 156n Trabzon, 82, 160, 170, 172-3 Trabzon prison, 162-3
Trade School, Ticaret Mektebi, 81 Treaties
of Akkerman, 1826, 86 of Edirne, 1828, 86
of Lausanne, 9, ch. 6 passim of Paris, 89
of Sèvres, 1920, 9, 49, 58n, ch. 6 passim, 230
of Versailles, 1919, 34, 189
Trials, Turkish Military Tribunals Courtmartial, Extraordinary, Divan-
ı Harb-i Örfi, 203 Harput, 177n Istanbul
Main Trial, 143, ch. 5 passim Malta Trial, 176 Mamüretülaziz, 173 Nuremburg, 190
Trabzon, 168, 170, 174, 177n Yozgat
Tripoli, 72, 103, 113n truth commission, 243 Turan, 66, 133, 140, 154n
Turkish Hearth Society, Türk Ocag˘i, 66 Turkish Historical Society, Türk Tarih
Kurumu, 60
Turkish Homeland, Türk Yurdu, 66 Turkish Knowledge Society, Türk Bilgi
Derneg˘i, 66
Turkish Strength Society, Türk Gücü, 66, 108n, 139, 154n
Turkish War for Independence 71-2, 90, 180-2, 184, 196-7, 201, 204
Union and Progress Party, see Committee for Union and Progress, CUP
United Nations, 190
INDEX |
273 |
United States, 7, 29, 31-2, 98, 186, 188,
202
military, 7, 8, 71
Urfa, 174
Vambéry, Arminius, 51, 62-3, 68, 91 Van, 87, 164, 168, 173
vatan, homeland, 64, 108n Vefik, Ahmed, 74
Vehip Pas¸a, 167, 170, 177n, 240 Venizelos, Greek President, 146, 149 Violence, 40, 51-3, 70, 116, 127, 210,
217, 220, 248 Voltaire, 70
war crimes, 182, 185-92, 194-6, 203 Webb, Assistant High Commissioner
to Istanbul, 185, Weber, Max, 16 Weimar Republic, 14 western
images of the Turk in, 69-73, 197-8 political policy towards Turkey, 3,
87-88, 96-100 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 186-8
Wilson, Woodrow, 98, 113n, 185, 188, 192, 199, 202
World Bank, 29
World War One, 1914-1918, 4, 6-9, 21-2, 32, 55, 60, 71, 76, 95-6, 106, 113n, 115, 135, 141, 150, 175, 180-3, 190, 192-3, 200, 230, 238, 240
World War Two, 1939-1945, 2-3, 6, 32-3, 232
Yalçın, Hüseyin Cahit, 75, 94, 135 Yerevan, 60
Yılmaz, Mesut, 19
Young Ottomans, 75, 82-3, 90-1, 119 Young Turks, see Committee of Union
and Progress, CUP
Yugoslavia, 122-3, 201
Zekeriya Bey, 148
Ziya Pas¸a, 51, 83, 86, 91, 119
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