Электрические машины
.pdfɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɟ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ, ɤ ɧɚɦ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ Fɷɦ. ɉɚɪɵ ɫɢɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇɷɦ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ Ɇɷɦ ɹɤɨɪɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇɷɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4.17, ɛ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇɷɦ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦ.
ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɟ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɤɚ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɪɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ, ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɟ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɗȾɋ Ea. ȼ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ ɗȾɋ Ea, ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 4.17, ɛ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɤɚ Iɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ Uɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɗȾɋ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɗȾɋ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɭ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɗȾɋ Ea ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ :
Uɚ = Ea + Iɚ ra . |
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4.2. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 4. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ȽɉɌ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ȽɉɌ, ɹɤɨɪɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɦ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.18, ɚ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ – ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.19. ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ȽɉɌ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ
1. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
–ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ;
–ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɹɤɨɪɹ;
–ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ;
–ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ;
–ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɧɚɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɟ ɹɤɨɪɹ.
2. ɉɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ:
– ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ;
– ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɚ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
3. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɧɹɬɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.18. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 4.19. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
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Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ
ɢɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
1.Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ȽɉɌ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ.
2.ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ U0 = E0 = f(Iɜ) ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤ-
ɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ Ia = 0; n = nɧ = const
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɤɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɠɢɦɚɯ ɹɤɨɪɹ U0 = 1,1 Uɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɭɥɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 5í7 ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɥɫɹ. ɉɪɢ Iɜ = 0 ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ U0 = 1,1 Uɧ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.
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ɇɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ |
ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ |
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ɇɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
ɇɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ U = f(Iɜ) ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ Ia = Iaɧ= const,
n = nɧ = ɩɨɫɬ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɤɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ U0 = (1,0–1,1)Uɧ. ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
Ia = Iaɧ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ-
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ɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɹɤɨɪɟ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 |
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U, ȼ |
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Ia = |
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Iɜ, Ⱥ |
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ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ |
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ |
U = f(Iɚ) |
ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ |
ɩɪɢ |
Iɜ= const, |
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n = nɧ= const. ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ (Iɚ = 0) ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɣ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ U0 = Uɧ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 |
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U, ȼ |
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Iɜ = |
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Iɚ, Ⱥ |
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Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ |
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ |
Iɜ = f(Iɚ) |
ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ |
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U = Uɧ = const, n = nɧ = ɩɨɫɬ.
ɇɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɦ ɯɨɞɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ Rɪɟɝ , ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ U0=Uɧ , ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɨɤ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. Ɍɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɠɢɦɚɯ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 |
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I ɜ, A |
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U=Uɧ= |
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Iɚ, Ⱥ |
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ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ Iɚɧ = f(Iɜɤ) ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ U = 0; |
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n = nɧ = const. |
Ʉɨɧɰɵ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɦɩɟɪɦɟɬɪ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɛ- |
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74
ɦɨɬɤɚ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ (Rɧ = 0). ɇɟɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ (Iɜ = 0) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɹɤɨɪɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ Iɚɤ= Iɚɧ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɦɚɥɚ, ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɦɩɟɪɦɟɬɪɨɦ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 5.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5 |
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Iɚɤ, Ⱥ |
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U = 0 |
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3. ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ȽɉɌ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ U0 = E0 = f(Iɜ) ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤ-
ɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɩɪɢ Ia= 0; n = nɧ = const.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɧɹɬɢɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɫɹ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ U = f(Iɚ) ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ Rɜ = ɩɨɫɬ;
n= nɧ = ɩɨɫɬ.
ȼɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜ-
ɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ U0 = Uɧ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ȽɉɌ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ȽɉɌ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜ ȽɉɌ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶ-
ɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 |
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R = const |
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ɜ |
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75
4. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ȽɉɌ, ɫɧɹɬɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ.
ȼ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
5. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ Rɤɪ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1.ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ.
2.ɋɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ.
3.Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɆɉɌ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ȽɉɌ.
4.Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɣ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜɢɞ ɜɫɟɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
5.ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ.
6.Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
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4.3. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ʋ 5. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɐɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ȾɉɌ) ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ȾɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ȽɉɌ) ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ȾɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ȽɉɌ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.20.
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ȾɉɌ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ȽɉɌ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɯɨɦɟɬɪ ɌɆɁ-1ɉ.
ɋɥɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɚ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ «max». ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɞɨ ɧɭɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɭ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ «0». Ɉɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ
1.ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɩɭɫɤ ȾɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
2.ɋɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ȾɉɌ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
3.ɇɚ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɦ ɯɨɞɭ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ȾɉɌ.
4.ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
5.ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.20. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
1.Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ȾɉɌ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ.
2.ɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ȾɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ȽɉɌ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ.
3.ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ.
4.Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɵɜɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ȾɉɌ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɜɪɚɡɧɨɫ, ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɠɢɦɵ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɰɟɩɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɚ, ɬɨ ɚɦɩɟɪɦɟɬɪ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
5.Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɭɫɤ ȾɉɌ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɭ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ «max» ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ «0».
6.ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ (Iɚɝ = 0) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Rp ɧɨɦɢ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ n0 = nɧɨɦ. ɋɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ Rɧɚɝɪ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ȾɉɌ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 4–5 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɨɤ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ Ia0, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɞɨ Ia = Ia ɧɨɦ – ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1
78
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ȾɉɌ
Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ |
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ʋ ɩ/ɩ |
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Iɚ |
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Iɜ |
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ɩ |
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Uɝ |
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Iɚɝ |
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P1 |
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Pɝ |
Ɋ2 |
K |
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Mɝ |
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ȼ |
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Ⱥ |
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Ⱥ |
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ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ |
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ȼ |
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Ⱥ |
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ȼɬ |
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ȼɬ- |
ȼɬ |
ɨ.ɟɞ |
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Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
Ɋ1 |
= U Ia ; Ɋɝ = UɝIɚɝ ; K PPɝ |
; P2 = P1 K ; M |
9,55 |
P2 |
. |
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n |
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ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
n, Ɇ, K, Ɋ1, Ia = f(P2) ɩɪɢ U = Uɧɨɦ = const, Iɜ = const.
5. ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɤ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ, ɫɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ n = f (Iɜ) ɩɪɢ U = Uɧɨɦ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨ (1,2–1,3) nɧ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.
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|
Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ȾɉɌ |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 |
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ʋ ɩ/ɩ |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ |
n, ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ |
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Ɇ = Ɇ0 = const ; |
I ɜ , Ⱥ |
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Iɚɝ = 0 |
79