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.pdfproperlyin the first place. It could be because there was not enough emotion or personal importance connected to the information to make it stick. It could be that it was so emotionally traumatic that the mind suppressed it in order to maintainnormalcy.
Why do we remember negative events? Whenever emotions are activated, especially strong emotions, the information or experience is entrenched into memory. Often times we tend to dwell on it, thereby rehearsing it and entrenching it even further. It is also easier to recall negative memories when we are in a bad mood. Why? Because we remember things in the state that we learned them so whenever you are feeling angry you will more easily recall other situationsin which you were angry.
The subconscious remembers everything. If we were to compare the conscious mind with the subconscious, the conscious would measure about one foot long and the subconscious would be the length of a football field. The potential is enormous. So everything we experience can be stored. However, the conscious mind would get overloaded trying to process all the incoming bits of data on a daily basis. Instead, all the information goes into the subconscious for storage and we may never deal with it, except if the mind chooses to process it at night through dreams. Or, if we go for clinical hypnosis, through which a therapist assists in accessing information or memories the conscious mind has “forgotten” or repressed.
1. Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, memory is…
Aa process of remembering important information.
Ba process of reconstructing the event from bits of information stored in various parts of the brain.
Ca process of focusing on an object while thinking.
Da process of creating visuals in our mind.
2.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.
AMemory occurs throughout the nervous system.
BOvereating destroys memory.
CBoring things are difficult to remember.
DEverything we experience is hardly to be stored.
3.Ответьте на вопрос.
What are the keys to Memory?
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) содержится ответ на вопрос.
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Why is it easier to recall negative memories when we are in a bad mood?
5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) соответствует следующая идея.
The potential of the subconscious is limitless.
6.Определите, является ли утверждение: «The more we repeat, the better we memorize.»ложным / втекстенетинформации/истинным.
7.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.
1.The more senses that get activate, the easier it will be to recall.
on
Remembering things ………………. sensory perception.
2.We tend to remember things more easily when they have high emotional content.
the
…………………..things, the better we remember them.
3.The conscious mind would get overloaded trying to process all the incoming data, so all the information goes into the subconscious for storage.
to
All the incoming data goes into the subconscious for storage
…………… the conscious mind.
8.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: … create a visual in your mind because the brain thinks in pictures and concepts, not paragraphs.
А The author gives us an advise to…
B The author gives a detailed analysis of… C He illustrates his theory with…
D According to the author…
9.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The concluding part contains notes on...
А The subconscious.
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B The night dreams.
C The clinical hypnosis.
D The memories.
Text 34. Fairness and Inequality
(1)In most societies there are certain broadly shared beliefs about what is socially just and unjust, what is fair and unfair. Here is the basic problem: we observe some empirical case of social inequality – some people are better off than others or their lives are more fulfilling than others or they are healthier than others. These are observations. And we ask: is the observed inequality just or fair? Does the inequality violate some principle of justice? Now, some inequalities are simply cases of bad luck – one person gets hit by lightening, another does not.
There is a dramatic inequality in their fates. And there is a sense, of course, in which one could say (as kids do): that’s not fair; the person who got hit by lightening “didn’t deserve it.” Such expressions reflect a deep moral intuition that most people have: people should get what they deserve and deserve what they get. This is why when someone gets struck by lightening we say “that’s so unfair, they didn’t deserve that.”
(2)When we talk about a social injustice – not just the unfairness of bad luck – what we mean is that there is an inequality which is unfair and which could be remedied if our social institutions were different. Something could in principle be done about it. When we say that it was a social injustice for African-Americans to be denied admission to all-white universities before the end of racial segregation in America what we mean is that it was not just “bad luck” to be born black and thus denied admission, but that this grossly unfair inequality in educational opportunity could have been remedied by a change in social institutions. This does not mean, of course, that it was politically possible to remedy that injustice in the 1920s or 1930s. Racial segregation was always a profound social injustice, as was slavery before it, but the social forces supporting segregation were so powerful and cohesive that until the 1950s and 1960s they were able to successfully repress struggles against segregation and maintain those institutions. The claim that an inequality is unjust, therefore, can be seen as an indictment of the way in which existing configurations of power block the social changes needed to reduce or eliminate the inequality in question.
(3)Discussing problems of social justice quickly becomes really complicated, since a diagnosis of injustice really requires two judgments: first, a moral judgment that an inequality is unfair, and second, a sociological judgment that this unfairness could be remedied by a social change. It’s
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not fair that some children are born with physical disabilities – they don’t “deserve it”. But it is not in and of itself necessarily a social injustice. What becomes a social injustice is if there are things we could do to minimize the effects on people’s lives of the unfairness of such “bad luck” and fail to do so. The lack of curb cuts in sidewalks is an injustice for people in wheelchairs. The lack of affordable prosthetic limbs is an injustice for amputees. To insure that curb cuts exist requires a change in rules governing urban planning. To insure that everyone who needs a prosthetic limb can afford one requires a change in the rules governing access to medical services. Both of these constitute social changes. And since remedies such as these involve changes in the uses of resources, they almost inevitably trigger resistance and conflict from those who stand to lose from the social change.
When there is an inequality that is also an injustice – that is, an unfair inequality that could be remedied – we can expect there to be a set of power relations operating in the situation which block the necessary remedies. Injustices do not continue just because of some law of inertia; they continue because people are unwilling to pay the costs to remedy the injustice and they have sufficient power to avoid doing so. This combination of inequality, injustice, and power is what we will call oppression.
1.Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, oppression is… A bad luck.
B racial segregation.
C resistance and conflict.
D a combination of inequality, injustice, and power.
2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
A Injustices do not continue when people are unwilling to pay the costs to remedy the injustice.
B A social injustice could be remedied if our social institutions were different.
C Slavery was repressed when the power blocked the social changes. D If we could do something to minimize the effects on people’s lives of the unfairness of such “bad luck” and fail to do so, it would be a
moral injustice.
3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.
A It was a social injustice for African-Americans to be denied admis-
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sion toall-whiteuniversities.
BThe lack of curb cuts in sidewalks is an injustice for people in wheel-
chairs.
CThe lackof affordableprosthetic limbs is an injustice for amputees.
DThe lack ofaffordable medicine is aninjustice forthesick.
4. Ответьте на вопрос.
What could be done about a social injustice?
5.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.
What remedies cause conflict from those who stand to lose from the social change?
6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея.
When there is an inequality that is also an injustice.
7.Определите основную идею текста.
APeople should get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
BSocial institutions are able to rectify an inequality.
CPoliticians can remedy a social injustice.
DInequality, injustice, and power taken together lead to oppression.
8.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Segregation is the practice or policy of creating separate facilities within the same society for the use of a minority group.»ложным / втекстенетинформации/истинным.
9.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: When there is an inequality that is also an injustice.
А The author stipulates that…
BThe author reviews…
CThe author examines how…
DThe author concentrates on…
10.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author discusses the phenomenon of...
А There is a dramatic inequality in their fates.
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B … of inequality, injustice, and power is what we will call oppres-
sion.
C In most societies there are certain broadly shared beliefs about what is socially just and unjust, what is fair and unfair.
D The lack of curb cuts in sidewalks which is an injustice for people in wheelchairs.
Text 35. How to Let Go of Stress
(1)Kate was almost relieved when the school term started. She no longer had to get up at 6 a.m. to prepare packed lunches before driving the children to their various courses and rushing to work. Now she dashes home to pick them up from their after-school activities before taking work calls amid the noise of squabbling over supper. She’s often up till midnight working and doing laundry. She can just about hold everything together, until her boss asks her to come in for a 9 a.m. meeting. At home and work we have become increasingly more demanding as we have more choices to make than ever before.
(2)Increasingly, research shows that so much choice and opportunity leaves us feeling needy and incomplete. The harder we work, the more stuff we want to accumulate, the more we consume, the hungrier we seem to get. Much of the time, we’re concentrating on resolving crises instead of preventing them. Many of us are exhausted, but only realize it when an apparently small problem floors us.
It is estimated that 100,000 Britons have chronic fatigue. Many more feel wiped out or physically and mentally depleted. Dr Frank Lipman, author of Spent? End Exhaustion & Feel Great Again, has identified the condition in hundreds of his patients. He believes feeling spent is an understandable response to the times we live in. Katherine, 36, a graphic designer, was ‘spent’ four years before she realised what was causing her constant run of infections and illnesses and her inability to concentrate at work or at home. ‘I went from feeling out of sorts to being drained beyond anything I’d known,’ she says. ‘My exhaustion wasn’t just physical – my work was sedentary, and I took moderate exercise. But I couldn’t work. I couldn’t concentrate. “Spent” is a good word for it. I felt as though I had nothing left to give.’
(3)Madeleine Bunting, author of Willing Slaves, an analysis of our culture of overwork, puts it simply. ‘We live in a world where nothing is enough,’ she says. ‘Debt drives us to work harder, the overwork puts strain on our relationships and without the support of those we love we become
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more insecure and exhausted – which makes us less efficient at our jobs, which, in turn, makes us more insecure, and so on.’ In our heads, we’re always thinking about the future rather than enjoying the present. ‘We are out of the now,’ she says, ‘which is an exhausting place to be.’
(4)What’s the solution? When Katherine’s doctor couldn’t find anything clinically wrong with her, he prescribed antidepressants. This, says Lipman, fails to address the root of the problem. He prescribes remedies that don’t require more time and planning.
Turn off all technology by 10 p.m.
Restorative, rather than exhausting exercise. Focus on yoga and simple programmes, such as alternating a minute’s brisk walking with three minutes of relaxed walking for half an hour.
Take ‘breathing breaks’ throughout the day – five minutes of eyesclosed meditation, go for a short walk or listen to some relaxing music.
Lipman also stresses the importance of friends and family to our wellbeing. But for those caring for elderly parents and children, this is part of the problem.
‘People who are stress-prone always feel they ought to be doing something,’ says psychotherapist Sue Cowan-Jenssen. ‘They are driven by tasks: they can’t let things go or relax if there’s stuff to be done. You have to look at what you can realistically do. This can be very difficult: if you’ve got an aged parent, where do you draw the line?’ Jenssen suggests us:
Figure out what’s really important.
Remember that we are all entitled to a boundary.
Concentrate on what you have done rather than what you haven’t.
(5)‘Some of us are more prone to worry,’ says Cowan-Jenssen. ‘Perfectionists put themselves under huge levels of stress. Parents worry that their children have to have freshly cooked, organic food, the house has to be clean and stylish… But you have to ask yourself, does it really matter? Think about the imperatives you live by, and ask yourself: where’s the evidence? What makes you think you’ll lose your job if you make one mistake, or that your lover will leave you if you don’t lose weight?’
The prospect of making changes sometimes feels more exhausting than leaving things the way they are. Being told to look after yourself, and make an appointment at a spa requires time and money, and if you’re already stressed it can feel impossible. ‘People who are really stressed can’t make changes because they’d feel like a failure,’ says Cowan-Jenssen. ‘The main thing is to get some perspective. If you’re under stress you treat
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each task as though it’s life or death and has to be done. If you don’t get an overview, you’re just waiting for the next thing to hit.’
1.Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, ‘spent’ means…
A paid out.
B physically and mentally depleted. C demanding.
D insecure.
2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
A Sedentary work is the best antidepressant. B Overwork puts strain on our relationships.
C Our friends and family depend on our wellbeing.
D Psychotherapists are driven by tasks: they can’t let things go or relax if there’s stuff to be done.
3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.
A Much of the time, we’re concentrating on resolving crises instead of preventing them.
B We are all entitled to a boundary.
C The prospect of making changes sometimes feels more exhausting than leaving things the way they are.
D Make an appointment at a spa requires time and money, if you’re already stressed.
4.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) содержится ответ на вопрос.
Why do people become more and more insecure and exhausted?
5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) соответствует следующая идея.
Exhaustion causes infections and illnesses.
6.Определите основную идею текста.
AThe harder we work, the more stuff we want to accumulate.
BFeeling spent is an understandable response to the times we live
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in.
CYou have to ask yourself, does it really matter?
DWe’re always thinking about the future rather than enjoying the
present.
7.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Doing exercises is one of the solution of the problem in question.» ложным / в тексте нет информа-
ции/истинным.
8.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.
1. Many of us are exhausted, but only realize it when an apparently small problem floors us.
of
Realization ………………. appears when an apparently small problem floors us.
2. Your exhaustion makes you feel as though you have nothing left to give.
are
If you ……………….………. you feel as though you have nothing left to give.
3. People who are really stressed can’t make changes because they’d feel like a failure.
under
……………………. can’t make changes because they’d feel like a failure.
9. Сопоставьте свой перевод с предложенным ниже и оцените качества переводов.
At home and work we have become |
Наши запросы и дома, и на ра- |
increasingly more demanding as we |
боте растут, мы никогда не |
have more choices to make than ever |
удовлетворены полностью, по- |
before. |
тому что сейчас у нас гораздо |
|
больше выбора, чем раньше. |
Increasingly, research shows that so |
Исследования показывают, что |
much choice and opportunity leaves |
наличие большого количества |
us feeling needy and incomplete. |
возможностей и выбора ведет к |
79 |
|
The harder we work, the more stuff |
тому, что нам кажется, как буд- |
||
we want to accumulate, the more we |
то нам чего-то не хватает. Чем |
||
consume, the hungrier we seem to |
больше мы работаем, тем |
||
get. Much of the time, we’re concen- |
больше мы хотим приобрести, |
||
trating on resolving crises instead of |
чем больше мы получаем, тем |
||
preventing them. Many of us are ex- |
больше нам хочется еще чего- |
||
hausted, but only realise it when an |
то. Большую часть времени мы |
||
apparently small problem floors us. |
думаем о том, как разрешать |
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|
сложные ситуации, вместо того |
||
|
чтобы предотвращать их. Силы |
||
|
многих из нас просто истоще- |
||
|
ны, но мы понимаем это только |
||
|
тогда, когда довольно малень- |
||
|
кая проблема станет последней |
||
|
каплей и добьет нас. |
|
|
It is estimated that 100,000 Britons |
По последним оценкам, в Бри- |
||
have chronic fatigue. Many more |
тании около 100000 |
человек |
|
feel wiped out or physically and |
страдают |
синдромом |
хрониче- |
mentally depleted. Dr Frank Lipman, |
ской усталости. И еще больше |
||
author of Spent? End Exhaustion & |
людей чувствуют себя постоян- |
||
Feel Great Again, has identified the |
но вымотанными и физически, |
||
condition in hundreds of his patients. |
и морально, не хватает сил ни |
||
He believes feeling spent is an un- |
на что. Доктор Фрэнк Липман, |
||
derstandable response to the times |
автор книги «Силы на исходе? |
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we live in. |
Положи конец усталости и по- |
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|
чувствуй себя снова великолеп- |
||
|
но», заявляет, что несколько со- |
||
|
тен его |
пациентов |
страдали |
|
именно от этого состояния. Он |
||
|
считает, что это вполне объяс- |
||
|
нимо, учитывая времена, в ко- |
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|
торые мы живем. |
|
|
10. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Turn off all technology by 10pm.
А The author prescribes remedies that don’t require more time and planning.
B He tries to find answers (solutions)….
C The author analyses such points of view as ….
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