- •The basic areas of research
- •Paradigmatics vs Syntagmatics
- •The concept of choice - The problem of synonymy
- •The problem of the structure of the norm
- •The problem of classification of styles
- •Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary
- •5 Subgroups of special literary vocabulary
- •Archaisms
- •Functions of archaisms
- •Stylistic differentiation of words in the English vocabulary.
- •Dialectal words
- •Means of formations.
- •Vulgarisms are course, rude, emotionally strongly charged words and expressions, which are considered too offensive for polite usage.
- •Stylistic phonetics.
- •2 Types of on.: direct and indirect.
- •Graphical expressivity.
- •Semantic structure of a word.
- •I.V. Arnold – 4 components which influence expressivity:
- •Paradigmatic semasiology. Figures of replacement. Figures of quantity. Figures of quality.
- •Transfer based on a real connection (contiguity).
- •Periphrasis
- •Pragmatic semasiology. Figures of quality.
- •Syntagmatic semasiology.
- •Stylistic morphology.
- •Synonyms of morphemes
- •The Noun. (stylistic potential of the noun can be observed in case of transposition of a noun from one word class into another, which creates expressive, emotional, evaluative stylistic connotations.)
- •Interjection
- •Material and abstract nouns (pl)
- •Depersonification
- •The category of case
- •The category of gender
- •The Article and its stylistic potential.
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun.
- •Possessive pronoun
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Symploce
- •Inversion –
- •1) Uttered represented speech
- •2) Unuttered (inner)represented speech
Лекция № 1.
Subject matter of stylistics
Functions of the language
Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary
Special literary vocabulary
Stylistics is the branch of linguistics which studies the principles and the effect of the choice of various linguistic means used to convey a thought or an emotion under various conditions of communication.
Stylistic research is based on level-forming branches:
Stylistic phonetics
Stylistic morphology
Stylistic lexicology/semasiology (interrelation of connotative and denotative meaning)
Stylistic syntax (the word order)
the problem of study of expressive means and stylistic devices on all language levels
The basic areas of research
Expressive resources of the language
Stylistic differentiation of vocabulary
Varieties of the national language
Socio-linguistic and pragmatic factors that determine functional styles
Stylistics focuses on all units of language which are studied by traditional branches of linguistics – phonetics, lexicology, syntax, etc. Stylistics does not describe separate linguistic units as such. Stylistics studies the stylistic function. It is interested in the expressive potential of these units in their interaction as well as in the structure and composition of the whole text.
According to Skrebnev, the opposition of paradigmatics to syntagmatics can be applied to stylistics.
Paradigmatics vs Syntagmatics
Paradigmatics – the totality of units existing in the language. These units taken together make a paradigm (a set of forms, structures).
Paradigmatic stylistics presupposes the choice of one particular unit over the other (in metaphor/metonymy).
use of the word ‘guy’ instead of ‘man’
ain’t instead of have not, am/is/are
‘John here?’ instead of “Is John here?”
The concept of choice - The problem of synonymy
Phonetic
Morphological
Lexical
Syntactical
One and the same idea can be expressed in the variety of ways.
Syntagmatics is a certain number of sequences of units, of chains of units following one another and forming combinations with one another. Syntagmatic stylistics is focused on the interrelation of language units.
I ask you, I pray, I beseech you! (graduation)
The problem of the structure of the norm
Any national language uses the notion of ‘correct language’ which involves conformity to the grammatical, lexical and phonetic standards which are accepted as normative
Literary norm is not homogenous (varies due to regional, social, personal and other factors)
We use different norms – literary, dialectal, popular, etc.
There is the notion of the norm variation:
National norm – dialect
Neutral – colloquial – bookish style
Literary correct speech – common colloquial
The structure of the norm may not correspond to the structure of the language
Ex.: How are we feeling today?
Subsystems of the language which represent varieties of the language in this or that type of communicative interaction are functional styles.
Functional style (registers of speech) is a subsystem of the language which represents the variety of this language in different types of communicative interactions.
The problem of the definition of style
Galperin: Style is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.
Skrebnev: Style is a set of specific features of a text type or of a particular text. It differentiates a group of homogenous texts from all others.
All these definition show functionally determined character of the notion style.
Style is any specific way of using language to say things which is characteristic of some author, historical period, or literary genre.