Учебное пособие 800173
.pdf+ – +-
; q – + -
( . . 14). $+ -
R |
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, +2 °(/ , λ – - |
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π λ |
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*.. , +
150°( + + 0,14 /(+ °(). #
1
+ [4,1]; R = – + -
α 2 π d
( -
); R = |
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ln |
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= 8,1 /(+2 |
°() |
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π λ |
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– *.. ;
d = d +2 δ – + , +; d – + , +; h – , +; λ – *.. -
, + – 1,7 /(+ °(), -
– 1,16 /(+ °(), – 0,58 /(+ °().
- + /
R R .
$ /
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2π λ R |
−1 |
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d = |
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(16.2) |
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2 d + + ++ . 16 [4]. ,
d +, -
± 5%, .
$/ -
( )
[3].
+, d , |
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, /
+.
16.2. ' ' +, ' * ' , ( )
/ .
2 + : d* = /π, +, - + , +. $+ /
40
R = R |
+ R |
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d 1 |
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(16.3) |
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2 π λ |
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π d 1 α 2 |
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R |
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+ R |
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(16.4) |
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π λ |
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π d 2 α 2 |
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d 1, d 2, d – + , +.
( ++ + ,
R = R + R |
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+ R |
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d ' |
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4 h |
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(16.5) |
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2 |
π λ |
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π d ' α 2 |
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2 π λ |
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d ' |
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d*, d* – * + + + + + -
, +; λ – *.. (+ +
+ 1,2 /+ °(), +
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t |
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t = |
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R2 |
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R |
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(16.6) |
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R1 |
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R2 |
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R |
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τ1, τ2, t – + / + - + .
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q = |
τ1 − t |
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q |
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τ 2 − t |
/+. |
(16.7) |
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R1 |
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R2 |
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( ++ |
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q = q1 + q2, /+. |
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(16.8) |
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, |
q1 q2 - |
+ [4].
16.3. ' ' +, ' * ' / ) * 5 ' ) )
$+ /
R = R |
+ R = |
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ln |
d 1 |
+ |
1 |
ln |
4 h |
, + °(/ ; |
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π λ 1 |
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d |
2 π λ |
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d 1 |
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R2 |
= R 2 |
+ R |
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d 2 |
+ |
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ln |
4 h |
, + °(/ ; |
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2 π λ 2 |
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2 π λ |
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d |
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d 1 d 2– + , +. |
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2 h |
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R0 = |
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ln 1+ |
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2 π λ |
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b |
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b – + + , +.
(16.9)
(16.10)
(16.11)
41
/
q |
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(τ 1 − t ) R2 − (τ 2 − t ) R0 |
, /+ |
(16.12) |
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R R − R 2 |
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q |
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(τ 2 − t ) R1 − (τ1 − t ) R0 |
, /+ |
(16.13) |
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R R − R 2 |
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( ++
q = q1 + q2, /+. (16.14)
, q1 q2 -
+ [4].
17.! " $
+ + +
+ ,- %- +, +
, / .
17.1. +/ -/ 4- ) ('
, + + +: – - -– , +. 5 + + /
. + +:
– (+ R = 4 dy)
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l E d |
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H m |
2 |
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σ |
= |
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(17.1) |
2 A |
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– (R = 0) |
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l E d |
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H |
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2 |
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σ |
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(17.2) |
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2 A |
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=α (τ1–t+) l – , +; α = 12 10-6 - *.. , 1/°( ;
τ1 – + , °(;
t+ – + + (+ -
+ , t+ = t ), °(;
l – + + +, +; E = 2 106 – + , /+2;
d – + , +;
m – *.. ,
[4]
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2 |
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5 + 6 h2 |
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m = |
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3K |
18 |
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42
h≤1 K=h/1,65 – *.. ;
h = |
R δ |
– *.. ( R – ), δ – / |
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r 2 |
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, r = |
d |
− δ |
– ; |
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A = |
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(3,14 R H 2 − 2,28 R 2 H + 1,4 R 3 )+ 0,67 H 3 + B H 2 − 4 R H 2 + 2 R 2 H −1,33 R 3 , %(15.3) |
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K |
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(R = 0) + + '=0,67 -3+ -2 , +3; |
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– |
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+ P = |
l E " |
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A |
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– |
+: |
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l E " |
P =
A ,
= 0,05 (d4 –d4 ) – + + , +4.
! + / + +
, + + +,
+ + ( 0,5 ). , + , -
+ *.. ε, / -
+, + -
+ |
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= ε , +, |
(17.4) |
ε = 0,5 – +. |
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! + + |
- |
,-+ + + +-
++, + - . + " -
+
+ + [4].
2 + ++ +, -
/ , +
+ (l = 40 d ), + / +-
(σ)∂ = 1 100 /+2.
5 , - , + / + + , . 131 [4].
8 +, + ++ -
+ /
, + + + .
43
" , ,- + + + -
+ d ≤ 273 ++.
17.2.) 5 ) (' 6
( ) + + , , + +, 130°.
%- + + +-
/ , . + + /-
.
+ / .-
. +
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1,5 |
l |
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E d |
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σ |
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= |
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n |
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2 |
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cos β |
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l |
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n + 3 |
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2 |
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+1+ |
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sin β |
, /+ , |
(17.5) |
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n +1 |
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= α τ l – , +;
α= 12 10-6 *.. +, 1/°(;
τ= τ1–t – + +-
, °(;
l – , +;
d – + , +;
8 = 2 105 /+2 – + ;
n = l /l – ; β = ϕ–90°, ϕ – .
, . + +
l ≥ 40 d . + + +- / + 50 +. , . + +
+ + +, + +
800÷900 /+2. , . . + + -
+ + .
+ + / .
f |
= |
l |
(n + sin β ) |
, f |
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= |
l |
(1+ n sin β ) |
, + |
(17.6) |
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cos β |
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cos β |
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+ + /
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+ / f f .
! + ++ . [4].
17.3. +/ * ) +, ) ('
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+ [4]. ! |
+ |
d >273 ++ + |
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44 |
+ + / +. ) + /,
, + .
17.4.+/ ' 2 +, ' 2 +, '
+ . ,-
+ /, , , . , + + +
/ , + – . -
-
. , + + +
. ,. 8. - . 31 [4] - / +. - +
.
+ /, , +
, + + +,
+, . .
" + c. 26 [4].
17.4.1.+/ ' 2 +, '
5 / +
( ).
5
, / + / :
–;
–;
–;
–. + + + +;
–+ -
.
- , + / / -
+, . . , +,
+ / / + + + + +.
%
++ , / ; +
, / , * + + ++ + *..+ 0,7. , ++ , -
/ , +
++ *..+ 0,3.
( . +
45
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N = q L, -. |
(17.7) |
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+ . + |
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Nc = |
4000 n |
lc d c µc π , -. |
(17.8) |
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Fc |
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- + - |
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+ |
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+- |
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N = P F , - |
(17.9) |
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( . + + |
+ +- |
, + +
(+. ,- +).
( ++
N |
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= N |
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+ N |
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+ N |
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+ P = µ q L + |
4000 n |
l |
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d |
µ |
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π + P F + P , -, (17.10) |
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c |
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Fc |
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q – 1+ + ( , , ), -.+;
L – + -
+ +, +;– *.. , / = 0,3;
n – +;
l – +, +; d – + +, +;
c – *.. +, + + + 0;
F – / +, -
+ . +
Fc = 0,785 (d22–d2 ), +2 ; |
(17.11) |
d – + +, +;– , , ( + 0,5 106 ,);
" – . +, ,- +-
.
- -
+ , +
.
( + .- + , /
/ +
, [4]. , + + + + +
: , / - +
+. " [4]. ! + -
, ,
46
, - + +. !
– / .
17.4.2. +/ ' 2 +, '
,
+ .
+ .-
+
P = q l, -, |
(17.12) |
q – 1+ + ( , , ), -/+;
l – + + +, +.
% + -
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Po = o q l, -; |
(17.13) |
P = q l, -; |
(17.14) |
– o, – *.. + /
+ , + + + . 1 [3].
, -
: /, . "
[4].
& >
-/ + / +
, * + -
.
+ + - + *.. + -
. + * + + + -
+ , -
/ .
-+ + +, -
+ +, + + .
47
9 $
1.(-, 23-01-1999. ( +. % , 2000.- –10 .
2.(-, 41-01-2003. 5, . %- + .- ., 2004.-54
3.(-, 41-02-2003. $ . % + . ., 2003.– 38 .
4.( /. , / .
'.'. - . - ., 1985.– 360 .
5.(, 8.9. $. : . / 8.9. (-
.- 8 . .- .: «$+» 2005. – 442 .
6.%5($ 21.605–82. $ . . .: (), 1983.–213 .
7.", .8. $ / .8. " [ .]. – .: , 1980.–213 .
8.", . . . $ ( )/ . . " [ .]. - .: , 1985.–139 .
48
2
/ 6 .1
2 * * 0 0 (' 2- 4 , [1]
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tpo |
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/ 6 .2 |
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0 / 6 +, ' +, ' ) |
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):
/ 6 .3
' +3- ) )- (' +, -. ) 5 +
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1 |
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-+ |
+ |
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+ , t , °( |
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t = t |
-50 |
-45 |
-40 |
-35 |
-30 |
-25 |
-20 |
-15 |
-10 |
-5 |
0 |
+ |
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τ10 |
°( |
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τ20 |
°( |
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τ1 |
°( |
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τ2 |
°( |
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– |
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Q0 |
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– |
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G0 |
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τ1 |
°( |
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τ2 |
°( |
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49