Прикладная психология методические указания на английском языке

Unit 1

What is Psychology?

I. Read and translate the following words:

psychology, psychologist, psychological; science, scientist, scientific; society; amateur; to know, knowledge.

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

Psychology studies people: how they think, how they act, react and interact.

Psychology is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivations behind such behaviour.

In a sense, you are already a psychologist: we all are. We are all interested in what makes people nervous, and how this understanding can help us to solve major problems in society.

Studies in psychology give you knowledge how to go from being an

“amateur psychologist” to a professional one.

How can you learn the science about behaviour? How can you use it to improve people’s quality of life? How can you put your knowledge to good use in a career?

To study psychology you have to learn scientific methods: observing, measuring, testing, using statistics to show that what you find is reliable evidence. But psychologists do not simply collect evidence to explain people’s behaviour; they use their understanding to help people with difficulties.

For example, psychologists are concerned with practical problems such as:

How can we minimize accidents on roads, rails, in the air?

How can the courts ensure that eyewitness testimony is reliable?

How can we help people overcome depression, stress or phobias?

IV. Answer the questions: What does psychology study? What is a psychology concerned with? What scientific methods are there in psychology? What practical problems are psychologists concerned with?

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V. Match the words on the left to their Russian equivalents on the right.

VI. Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make collocations from the text.

VII. Use the word collocations from exercise 6 to make sentences.

1. To study psychology you have to learn …… …… . 2. Psychologists can help us to …… …… …… in society. 3. One of the main tasks is to collect

………… .4. How can we …… …… on roads, rails, in the air? 5. The courts ensure that …… …… is reliable. 6. You should know how you can …… your knowledge …… …… …… in a career. 7. One of the scientific methods is to

………… .

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Психология изучает все аспекты поведения людей, а также их мысли, чувства и мотивы их поведения.2. Мы все, в каком-то смысле, психологи, но только любители, а не профессионалы.3. Психология помогает решать главные проблемы в обществе. 4. Чтобы познать психологию, нужно изучать научные методы, такие как наблюдение, измерение, тестирование.5. Психология помогает людям решить многие практические проблемы.

IX.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1. Whatproblems is psychology concerned with? 2. What practical problems can psychologists help us to solve? 3. What is a difference between an

“amateur psychologist” and a professional one?

Unit2

Different Approaches in Psychology

(Part I)

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IV. Answer the questions

1. Where does the word “psychology” come from? 2. How did Atkinson define psychology? 3. What year is considered to be the start of psychology? Why? 4. What did Americans think of it? Why? 5. What was the first approach in psychology? 6. By whom was it described and what was its object? 7. What is functionalism?

V. Match the words on the left to their Russian equivalents on the right.

VI. Use the word and phrases from the text to make sentences.

1. The word “psychology” comes …… Greek. 2. One of the modern definition of the term …… …… to Atkinson. 3. Americans consider William James to be …… …… of psychology. 4. Wundt thought that the object of …… …… was the conscious mind. 5. …… …… Wundt, the mind should be studied by introspection.

VII. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb from the box.

mean; be; define; create; write; think; be; develop

1. Psychology …… “study of the mind”. 2. There …… many modern definitions of the term. 3. Atkinson …… psychology as “the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes”. 4. Wilhelm Wundt …… the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.5. In 1890 William James …… a book “Principles of psychology”. 6. Wundt …… that the object of psychological investigation …… the conscious mind. 7. Functionalism …… …… by William

James.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Слово «Психология» означает «изучение ума».2. Оно происходит из двух греческих слов – «Psyche», означающее «ум» или «душа», и «Logos», означающее «учение».4. 1879 год считается началом психологии как отдельной науки.5. В этом году Вильгельм Вундт организовал первую психологическую лабораторию в Лейпциге (Германия).6. Но американцы не согласны с этим и считают Уильяма Джеймса «отцом-основателем»

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психологии.7. Первым подходом в психологии был структурализм.8. Функционализм был разработан Вильямом Джеймсом.

approaches to psychology and how do they differ from each other?

Unit 3

Different Approaches in Psychology

(Part II)

I. Read and translate the following words:

psychoanalysis, psychoanalyst, psychoanalytic (al); conscious, consciousness, unconscious; object (n), object (v), objective, objectivity, objector; behave, behaviour, behaviourism, behaviourist; observe, observation, observable; experiment (n), experiment (v), experimental; human, humanistic, humanity; evolution, evolutionary; process (n), process (v).

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III.Read and translate the text.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES PSYCHOLOGY (PART II)

At the turn of the 19th century two powerful approaches appeared. One of them is psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria. Freud wrote that the object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind and that our behaviour is determined by processes that we are not aware of.

Behaviourism, introduced by John Watson, was the most important of all approaches that investigated “mind” and proposed that psychology should investigate only observable behaviour. This approach dominated experimental psychology until 1950’s when the cognitive and humanistic approaches appeared. Representatives of these approaches argued that behaviourism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.

Cognitive psychology investigates the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at models of how our brain works and then apply scientific methods to confirm these models. The cognitive approach was successful and is a very dominant one in psychology today.

The Humanistic approach has not had a great impact on psychology. Humanistic psychologists argued that psychology should focus on each individual’s conscious experience and aims in life.

The biological approach has advanced evolutionary, psychological and genetic explanation for human behaviour throughout the history of psychology.

IV.Answer the questions.

1.When did psychoanalysis and behaviourism appear?2. Who developed psychoanalysis?3. What did Freud consider the object of psychological investigation?4. By whom was behaviourism introduced?5. What was the object of this investigation?6. What approaches appeared in 1950’s?7. What has the biological approach resulted in?

V.Say if the information is true or false.

1.Sigmund Freud is the founding father of psychoanalysis.

2.Behaviourism was introduced by Ivan Pavlov.

3.The object of behaviourism is observable behaviour.

4.The cognitive and humanistic approaches appeared in 1900’s.

5.The cognitive approach is not used today.

6.The Humanistic approach has had a great impact on psychology.

7.The biological approach has advanced evolutionary, psychological and genetic explanation for human behaviour.

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VI. Say, why these words, names and dates are used in the text.

1.The 19th century. 2. Austria. 3. John Watson. 4. Objective science.

5.1950’s. 6. Computer. 7. Dominant.

VII.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

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НарубежеXIX векапоявилисьдвановыхмощныхподходакпсихологии.

2. Зигмунд Фрейд считал предметом психологического исследования бессознательный ум.3. Бихевиоризм был введен Джоном Ватсоном.4. Он предлагал исследовать только наблюдаемое поведение.5. Бихевиоризм доминировал в экспериментальной психологии до 50-х годов XX века.6. Представители когнитивного и гуманистического подходов утверждали, что бихевиоризм игнорирует самые важные и интересные процессы, происходящие в сознании человека. 7. Биологический подход выдвинул эволюционное, физиологическое и генетическое объяснение поведения человека.

VIII.Speak on the objects, pro's and contra's of the following psychologicalapproaches.

1. Psychoanalysis. 2. Behaviourism. 3. Cognitivism. 4. The Humanistic approach. 5. The biological approach.

Unit 4

The Difference between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist

I.Read and translate the following words:

psychiatrist, psychiatric, psychiatry; psychotherapy; provide, provider, provision; diagnose, diagnosis; order (n), order (v), disorder; function (n), function (v), functional(adj); maintain, maintenance; intellect, intellectual; emotion, emotional; society, social; person, personal, impersonal, interpersonal; apply, application; evaluate, evaluation; assess, assessment; achieve, achievement.

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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PSYCHOLOGIST AND A PSYCHIATRIST

The work of psychologists and psychiatrists has much in common. Both psychologists and psychiatrists can provide psychotherapy and counseling services. Both psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to diagnose neuropsychological disorders and dysfunctions plus psychotic, neurotic and personality disorders and dysfunctions. Both professionals are granted the right to make such diagnoses by law while other doctors cannot. Both psychologists and psychiatrists help people maintain and enhance their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and interpersonal functioning.

However, there are some important differences in training and special skills. Psychiatrists, as medical doctors, can prescribe medications for psychological distress. Psychologists do not prescribe medications, instead focusing their treatment on psychotherapy. In addition, psychologists are the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualified to use psychological tests.

The education of psychologists provides knowledge of psychological and emotional problems, personality, and human development, integrated with specialized training in how to apply this knowledge to help people with emotional distress and other problems in living. The psychologist’s training in research allows them to evaluate the best ways to help people and to make decisions on what helps and what doesn’t help different people with various situations.

Psychologists also specialize in psychological testing. Psychological tests can include assessments of personality styles, tests of emotional well-being, intellectual (or “IQ”) tests, tests of academic achievement and tests for possible brain damage.

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