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Like other powerful behavioural or intuitive models, it is not easy to explain how and why graphology works, nevertheless it continues to be used, respected and appreciated by many because it achieves a high level of results.
1.Answer the following questions:
1.What is graphology?
2.Why is handwriting analysis considered to be an effective and useful tool?
3.Why does Elaine Quigley describe graphology as “brainwriting”?
4.What provides the information for the analysis?
5.Who first established the modern approach to handwriting analysis?
2. Find the right translation for the following words: |
|
Assessment |
почерк |
Recruitment |
пример |
Handwriting |
оценка |
Sample |
достигать |
Interaction |
черта |
Feature |
ценить |
Essence |
взаимодействие |
Establish |
наем |
Appreciate |
сущность |
Achieve |
устанавливать |
3. Fill in the gaps:
Graphology - the study of _____ and _____ - is now used for _____ of people in organizations. Handwriting analysis is an _____ and _____ indicator of personality and behaviour, and so is a useful tool for recruitment, interviewing and _____ , team-building, counseling, and _____.
Graphology is a very old and respected _____ - the study of handwriting. Its analysis was first developed by the _____ 3,000 years ago. The Romans used graphology to _____ the essence of the person who _____ it.
2. Read the text and do the exercises below:
UK: Language Learning is in Decline because of Anti-European Sentiment
1We already learned that in the UK language learning is in decline and that only 9% of 15-year-olds in the UK are competent in the first foreign language they learn in school after
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seven years, whereas other European students at the same age show much higher competency, like 82% in Sweden.
2Back in August the Guardian shared some data on British teens and their growing reluctance to learn foreign languages but their parents aren’t any better. A survey by travel site TripAdvisor found that Britons are worst in the EU when it comes to speaking the language of the country they are visiting for vacation.
3Now a new report found that the A-level entries for French and German fell by 50% between 1996 and 2012. According to Kathryn Board, co-author of the report, the anti-European rhetoric in the media and by politicians is not helping to make language learning more appealing in a country that already is known for not recognizing the value of speaking another language than English.
4While German and French are in sharp decline, Spanish is on the rise, probably based on the perception that Spanish as global language is more widely spoken and therefore a more useful skill to have.
5Apparently people in the UK think that learning German and French languages is not useful anymore although the exact opposite is the truth. Earlier this year the 2012 Education and Skills survey by Pearson and the CBI listed German as first (50%) and French as second (49%) desired language a future employee should be able to speak. Spanish is ranked third place with 37%.
6Language specialist Teresa Tinsley states in the report published by the CfBT Education Trust that
“All the information shows that the languages that are most needed in the workplace are French and German and I think there is an erroneous perception that because Spanish is a global language, it is therefore going to be more useful – but that doesn’t necessarily reflect the structure of our economy and the trading links that we have. I think that the rhetoric and the discourse around Europe and the anti-European discourse is not helpful for languages.”
by Kirsten Winkler
1.Answer the following questions:
1.What do we already know about the UK language learning?
2.What did the survey of TripAdvisor find out?
3.Why does the anti-European rhetoric appear to be problematic for language studying?
4.Why is Spanish learning on the rise?
5.What are the desired languages a future employee should know?
6.What is Teresa Tinsley’s opinion on the situation?
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2.Find in the text the synonyms to the following words (the number above indicates the paragraph of the synonyms):
1Decrease, 1a talent, 2unwillingness, 2a poll, 3an account, 4feeling, 5hoped-for, 5to rate, 6show.
3.Read the text and do the exercises below:
How the Internet quickly changes the English Language
English has become a common language online for users from around the world. In the process the language itself is changing.
Prior to the internet age, the changes in language were already visible in history. America was far from united when it emerged from a war with Britain; it had nearly torn the nation apart. People thought a common language would help bring people together and to create a new identity that would make America independent of the British. The Webster’s dictionary adopted the Americanized spellings familiar to people today such as theater vs. theatre or color vs. colour. The dictionary even documented new words that were uniquely American such as squash or skunk.
Now, the internet is creating a similar language evolution. Some linguists predict that within 10 years, English will dominate the internet, but in a very different form.
People who speak English as a second language already outnumbered native speakers. The non-native speakers are using English to communicate with each other and particularly on the internet where these non-native speakers don’t have to worry about their accents, and less attention is focused on grammar and spelling. On the internet, what’s important is that people can communicate with less emphasis on the language rules.
As one researcher from Georgetown University has stated the convergence of cultures and trade led to the emergence of pidgin – a grammatically simplified form of a language, used for communication between people not sharing a common language.
Pidgins have a limited vocabulary, some elements of which are taken from local languages; some are from not native ones. It arises out of language contact between speakers of other languages. As a result of this, take Facebook for example, we observe different “Englishes” including Chinglish, Hinglish, and Spanglish just to name a few which have already existed within individual cultures, but are now expanding and emerging online.
Technology companies are tapping into the new English variations. Many companies have English websites even the smaller businesses are learning that they need English to reach global customers.
The predominance of the internet in everyday life enables multiple languages to prosper. Other languages are pushing their way into English and creating something new.
by Anne Hwang
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1. Answer the following questions:
1.What kind of language English has become during the recent years?
2.Why did people want to create a new national identity?
3.What predictions do some linguists have?
4.Why is it easier for non-native speakers to communicate in the Internet?
5.What did the Georgetown University research state?
6.What do you know about pidgin?
7.Why is it so important for companies to tap into the new English variations?
8.What helps multiple languages to develop?
4. Read the text and do the exercises below:
J.K. Rowling’s Secret: A Forensic Linguist Explains How He Figured It Out
One of the experts who analyzed 'The Cuckoo's Calling' to uncover Rowling's authorship speaks to TIME
It sounds like a detective novel: the U.K.’s Sunday Times broke the news yesterday that Robert Galbraith, the “first time” writer of the novel The Cuckoo’s Calling, was the nom de plume [ˌnɔːndə'pluːm] of Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling. Galbraith was described as a former military police investigator with a surprising knack for language.
The New York Times explains that a writer for the British paper received an anonymous tip via Twitter, in which a now deleted user claimed that Rowling was the real author of The Cuckoo’s Calling. Sunday Times editor Richard Brooks confronted the publisher after he investigated the similarities between Galbraith and Rowling.
One person called in by the Times to analyze the Calling text was Patrick Juola, a professor of computer science at Pittsburgh’s Duquesne University.
Juola uses a computer program to analyze and compare word usage in different texts to determine whether they were written by the same person. Forensic Linguistics is more frequently applied in legal cases but it works with literature too.
But couldn’t an author trying to disguise herself just use different words? It’s not so easy, Juola explains. Word length, for example, is something the author might think to change. What the author won’t think to change are the short words, the articles and prepositions. Juola asked me where a fork goes relative to a plate; I answered “on the left” and wouldn’t ever think to change that, but another person might say “to the left” or “on the left side.”
As one part of his work, Juola uses a program — Java Graphical Authorship Attribution Program, which is a free download available for anyone — to pull out the hundred most frequent
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words across an author’s vocabulary. This step eliminates rare words, character names and plot points, leaving him with words like of and but, ranked by usage. Those words might seem inconsequential [ɪnˌkɔn(t)sɪ'kwen(t)ʃ(ə)l], but they leave an authorial fingerprint on any word.
“Prepositions and articles and similar little function words are actually very individual,” Juola says. “It’s actually very, very hard to change them because they’re so subconscious.”
“It doesn’t prove that [the Cuckoo author] was Rowling, but it’s a starting point,” he says. “In this particular case, I wasn’t that certain at all.” Juola was provided with few texts to compare against The Cuckoo’s Calling. Cuckoo showed the highest similarity to Rowling’s work.
But as limited as the evidence was, it apparently helped the Times reporters take their findings to Rowling’s publisher, where they received confirmation of their hunch.
Rowling only got a few months of anonymity, but even that period of secrecy may not be possible for an author of her fame. Since the Times unmasked Robert Galbraith, Amazon is reporting an increase of more than 500% in sales for The Cuckoo’s Calling.
By Lily Rothman
1. Answer the following questions:
1.What news did The UK Sunday Times break yesterday?
2.What did the writer for the British paper receive?
3.Who helped the Times analyze the Calling text?
4.What method did he use?
5.Why is it so difficult to change the short words?
6.What was the next step of the research?
7.Did they get the proof of their hypothesis?
8.What happened with the sales after the real author was unmasked?
4. Read the text and do the exercises below:
Culture Shock
Good manners are always good manners. That's what Miranda Ingram, who is English, thought until she married Alexander, who is Russian.
When I first met Alexander and he said to me, in Russian, 'Nalei mnye chai - pour me some tea', I got angry and answered, 'Pour it yourself' Translated into English, without a 'Could you...?' and a 'please', it sounded really rude to me. But in Russian it was fine - you don't have to add any polite words.
However, when I took Alexander home to meet my parents in the UK, I had to give him an intensive course in pleases and thank you (which he thought were completely unnecessary), and to teach him to say sorry even if someone else stepped on his toe, and to smile, smile, smile.
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Another thing that Alexander just couldn't understand was why people said things like, 'Would you mind passing me the salt, please?' He said, 'If s only the salt for goodness sake! What do you say in English if you want a real favour?'
He also watched in amazement when, at a dinner party in England, we swallowed some really disgusting food and I said, 'Mmm...delicious', in Russia, people are much more direct The first time Alexander's mother came to our house for dinner in Moscow, she told me that my soup needed more flavouring. Afterwards when we argued about it my husband said, 'Do you prefer your dinner guests to lie?'
Alexander complained that in England he felt 'like the village idiot" because in Russia if you smile all the time people think that you are mad. fn fact this is exactly what my husband's friends thought of me the first time I went to Russia because I smiled at everyone, and translated every 'please' and 'thank you' from English into Russian!
At home we now have an agreement. If we're speaking Russian, he can say 'Pour me some tea', and just make a noise like a grunt when I give it to him. But when we're speaking English, he has to add a 'please', a 'thank you', and a smile.
1.Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false). Correct the wrong sentences.
1.Miranda got angry because her husband asked her to make the tea.
2.Miranda had to teach him to say sorry when something wasn't his fault.
3.Her husband thinks English people are too polite.
4.Alexander wasn't surprised when people said they liked the food at the dinner party.
5.The food was delicious.
6.Miranda didn't mind when her mother-in-law criticized her cooking.
7.Alexander thought his mother was right.
8.In Russia it isn't normal to smile all the time when you speak to someone.
9.His Russian friends thought Miranda was very friendly because she smiled a lot.
10.Alexander never says thank you for his tea when he and Miranda are speaking in Russian.
IV. Примерные фразы для диалогического высказывания
СОГЛАСИЕ
That’s exactly how I feel Exactly
That's for sure
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I agree entirely
I totally agree
I completely agree
I couldn't agree with you more
No doubt about it
I suppose so
I guess so
You have a point there
I was just going to say that
That's a good idea
There is something in that
I'm absolutely certain in that
I feel exactly the way you do
I have no objections to that = I don't object to that
That's just what I think too
There is nothing more to add to this
НЕСОГЛАСИЕ
I'm afraid I disagree I can't agree with you I beg to differ
I don't share your opinion I'd say the exact opposite Not necessarily
That's not always true That's not always the case No I'm not so sure about that
I think we are going to have to agree/to disagree I doubt that
I'm afraid that's not quite right
I don't think that is the right way to handle the situation I can’t accept that
СОМНЕНИЕ
Let it be so
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You may be right but I'm not sure about that
Up to a point I agree
I partly agree
I agree with you in principle, (but not in details)
I take your point but
I can agree with you to certain extend, but
You definitely have the point there, but I'd like to add that
V. Примерные фразы для монологического высказывания
Выражение собственного мнения
I would like to begin with That is to say/ in other words I’d just like to said
As I see it
For example/ for instance Beyond any doubt According to
The main point here is that
There is one more thing to be noted I might as well add
One/another/a further/the main/the greatest advantage/disadvantage of I believe/think/suppose/reckon/consider/guess
In my opinion/to my mind As far as I’m concerned My view/opinion is that As I see/view it
All things considered I must say that Generally speaking
Слова-связки
On the one hand... On the other hand...
First(ly)/Second(ly)/Third(ly)...
Then... Next... Finally.../Lastly...
Moreover/Furthermore/Also/Besides this/In addition to
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All in all/to sum up/in conclusion
Additionally
Undoubtedly
VI. Примерный план для составления рефератов
1. Название статьи, автор, стиль.
The article I’m going to give a review of is taken from… — Статья, которую я сейчас хочу проанализировать из…
The headline of the article is — Заголовок статьи… The author of the article is… — Автор статьи…
It is written by — Она написана …
The article under discussion is … — Статья, которую мне сейчас хочется обсудить, ….
The headline foreshadows… — Заголовок приоткрывает
2. Тема. Логические части.
The topic of the article is… — Тема статьи
The key issue of the article is… — Ключевым вопросом в статье является
The article under discussion is devoted to the problem… - Статью, которую мы обсуждаем, посвящена проблеме…
The author in the article touches upon the problem of… — В статье автор затрагивает проблему….
I’d like to make some remarks concerning… — Я бы хотел сделать несколько замечаний по поводу…
I’d like to mention briefly that… - Хотелось бы кратко отметить…
I’d like to comment on the problem of… — Я бы хотел прокомментировать проблему…
The article under discussion may be divided into several logically connected parts which are…
- Статья может быть разделена на несколько логически взаимосвязанных частей, таких как…
3. Краткое содержание.
The author starts by telling the reader that - Автор начинает, рассказывая читателю, что
At the beginning of the story the author - В начале истории автор describes — описывает
depicts – изображает
touches upon – затрагивает
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explains – объясняет introduces – знакомит mentions – упоминает recalls –вспоминает
makes a few critical remarks on - делает несколько критических замечаний о
The story/article begins (opens) with a (the) description of — описанием
statement – заявлением introduction of — представлением the mention of — упоминанием
the analysis of a summary of — кратким анализом the characterization of — характеристикой (author’s) opinion of — мнением автора
author’s recollections of — воспоминанием автора the enumeration of — перечнем
The scene is laid in … - Действие происходит в …
The opening scene shows (reveals) … - Первая сцена показывает (раскрывает) …
We first see (meet) … (the name of a character) as … - Впервые мы встречаемся с (имя главного героя или героев)
In the second part/paragraph the author … In the third paragraph/part the author … dwells on - останавливается на
points out - указывает на то generalizes – обобщает reveals – показывает exposes – показывает accuses/blames –обвиняет mocks at - издевается над
gives a summary of -дает обзор
4. Отношение автора к отдельным моментам.
The author gives full coverage to… - Автор дает полностью охватывает…
The author outlines… - Автор описывает
The article contains the following facts…./ describes in details… - Статья содержит следу-
ющие факты …. / подробно описывает