Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Английский_pre-intermediate

.pdf
Скачиваний:
11
Добавлен:
27.03.2015
Размер:
1.15 Mб
Скачать

% IDPRXV IRU LWV JDWHV

& D JRRG SODFH WR OLYH

' D QDWLRQDO FDSLWDO FLW\

9RFDEXODU\

0DWFK WKHVH ZRUGV IURP WKH WH[W ZLWK WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ GHILQLWLRQV

UHPRWH

 

D YHU\ VXFFHVVIXO

PHWURSROLWDQ

E LQKDELWDQWV SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ WKH DUHD WRZQ FLW\

DULG

 

F HQWUDQFH SODFH \RX JR WKURXJK

JDWHZD\

G EHORQJLQJ WR RU W\SLFDO RI D ODUJH FLW\

JUHHQHU\

H IDU DZD\

WKULYLQJ

 

I YHU\ GU\

UHVLGHQWV

J SODQWV WKDW PDNH D SODFH ORRN DWWUDFWLYH

:ULWLQJ

:ULWH D WRXULVW OHDIOHW RQ WZR FLWLHV LQ \RXU FRXQWU\

8VH WKHVH QRWHV WR KHOS \RX

x :KHUH LV LW DUHD SRSXODWLRQ "

x :KDW IDPRXV EXLOGLQJV SODFHV DUH WKHUH" x :KDW LV WKHUH WR GR GD\WLPH HYHQLQJ " x :KDW SHRSOH WKLQN RI WKH SODFH

,QFOXGH VRPH RI WKHVH ZRUGV DQG SKUDVHV ODUJH VPDOO FURZGHG EXV\ QHDUE\ FKRRVH IURP ORFDO SHRSOH RU UHVLGHQWV DWWUDFWLRQV RU VLJKWVHH LQJ H[FLWLQJ WKULYLQJ PDUYHORXV VSHFWDFXODU

:ULWH ZRUGV

7(;7 &

&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 0DNLQJ &RPPHQWV

6NLP WKURXJK WKH H[FXUVLRQ VFULSW

6\GQH\

2Q EHKDOI RI %RRPHUDQJ 7RXUV ZHOFRPH WR 6\GQH\ 0\ QDPH LV $Q JHOD DQG ,¶P \RXU JXLGH IRU WRGD\ 2XU GULYHU LV 3DXO DQG ZH ZLOO EH VKRZ LQJ \RX WKH VLJKWV RI RXU ORYHO\ FLW\ VR VLW EDFN DQG HQMR\ \RXUVHOYHV

6\GQH\ LV LQ WKH VWDWH RI 1HZ 6RXWK :DOHV ,W KDV D SRSXODWLRQ RI PLO OLRQ SHRSOH IURP GLIIHUHQW FRXQWULHV PDNLQJ XV D FRVPRSROLWDQ PXOWL FXOWXUDO FLW\ 7R \RXU OHIW LV *UHDW +DUERXU %ULGJH EXLOW LQ ± D ZRQGHU RI PRGHUQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ 7R \RXU ULJKW RXU IDPRXV 2SHUD +RXVH EXLOW E\ -RHUQ 8W]RQ LQ KRPH WR WKH 6\GQH\ 6\PSKRQ\ 2UFKHVWUD :H DUH QRZ JRLQJ WKURXJK WKH EXVLQHVV DUHD FRQVWUXFWHG RQ WKH VLWH RI WKH RULJLQDO

 

 

 

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

:RUN LQ SDLUV ILOO LQ WKH PLVVLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG GHVFULEH WKH

SODFHV

 

6\GQH\

1DPH

 

/RFDWLRQ

 

1HZ «

6LJKWV

 

*UHDW +DUERXU %ULGJH EXLOW LQ«

 

 

««« +RXVH EXLOW LQ ««

 

 

$UW «« RI 1HZ 6RXWK :DOHV EXLOW LQ «

 

 

5R\DO %RWDQLFDO«««

)UHH WLPH

 

WKHDWUHV «««

$FWLYLWLHV

 

VKRSSLQJ ««««««

)HHOLQJV

 

««« FLW\

7(;7 '

FHQWHQQLDO ±

:RUN LQ SDLUV %HIRUH UHDGLQJ WKH WH[W DQVZHU WKH TXHVWLRQV

+DYH \RX HYHU VHHQ WKH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\":KDW GRHV WKH VWDWXH KDYH LQ LWV KDQG"

:KHUH GRHV WKH VWDWXH VWDQG"

5HDG WKH WH[W DQG FKHFN \RXU DQVZHUV

7+( 67$78( 2) /,%(57< ± 7+( :25/' )$0286 $775$&7,21

2QH RI WKH PRVW IDPRXV VWDWXHV LQ WKH ZRUOG VWDQGV RQ DQ LVODQG LQ 1HZ <RUN +DUERXU 7KLV VWDWXH LV RI FRXUVH WKH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ 7KH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ LV D ZRPDQ ZKR KROGV D WRUFK XS KLJK 9LVLWRUV FDQ JR LQVLGH WKH VWDWXH 7KH VWDWXH LV VR ODUJH WKDW DV PDQ\ DV WZHOYH SHRSOH FDQ VWDQG LQVLGH WKH WRUFK 0DQ\ PRUH SHRSOH FDQ VWDQG LQ RWKHU SDUWV RI WKH VWDWXH 7KH VWDWXH ZHLJKV WRQV DQG LV IHHW WDOO

 

 

 

7KH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ ZDV SXW XS LQ ,W ZDV D JLIW WR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV IURP WKH SHRSOH RI )UDQFH 2YHU WKH \HDUV )UDQFH DQG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG D VSHFLDO UHODWLRQVKLS ,Q )UDQFH KHOSHG WKH $PHULFDQ FROR QLHV WR JDLQ LQGHSHQGHQFH IURP (QJODQG 7KH )UHQFK ZDQWHG WR GR VRPH WKLQJ VSHFLDO IRU WKH 8 6 FHQWHQQLDO LWV WK ELUWKGD\

/DERXOD\H ZDV D ZHOO NQRZQ )UHQFKPDQ ZKR DGPLUHG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 2QH QLJKW DW D GLQQHU LQ KLV KRXVH /DERXOD\H WDONHG DERXW WKH LGHD RI D JLIW $PRQJ /DERXOD\H¶V JXHVWV ZDV WKH )UHQFK VFXOSWRU )UHGHULF $X JXVWH %DUWKROGL %DUWKROGL WKRXJKW RI D VWDWXH RI OLEHUW\ +H RIIHUHG WR GH VLJQ WKH VWDWXH

0DQ\ SHRSOH FRQWULEXWHG LQ VRPH ZD\ 7KH )UHQFK SHRSOH JDYH PRQH\ IRU WKH VWDWXH 7KH $PHULFDQV GHVLJQHG DQG EXLOW WKH SHGHVWDO IRU WKH VWDWXH WR VWDQG RQ 7KH $PHULFDQ SHRSOH UDLVHG PRQH\ WR SD\ IRU WKH SHGHVWDO 7KH )UHQFK HQJLQHHU $OH[DQGHU (LIIHO ZKR ZDV IDPRXV IRU KLV (LIIHO 7RZHU LQ 3DULV ILJXUHG RXW KRZ WR PDNH WKH KHDY\ VWDWXH VWDQG

,Q WKH \HDUV DIWHU WKH VWDWXH ZDV SXW XS PDQ\ LPPLJUDQWV FDPH WR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV WKURXJK 1HZ <RUN $V WKH\ HQWHUHG 1HZ <RUN +DUERU WKH\ VDZ WKH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ KROGLQJ XS LWV WRUFK ,W V\PEROL]HG D ZHOFRPH WR D ODQG RI IUHHGRP

9RFDEXODU\

&RPSOHWH WKH VHQWHQFHV &LUFOH WKH OHWWHU RI WKH FRUUHFW DQVZHU

7KH SHRSOH RI )UDQFH ZDQWHG WR JLYH WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV D VSHFLDO «

D JLIW E WRUFK

)UDQFH DQG 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG D VSHFLDO «

D LQGHSHQGHQFH E UHODWLRQVKLS

)UDQFH KHOSHG WKH $PHULFDQ FRORQLHV « LQGHSHQGHQFH

D EXLOG

E JDLQ

$ IDPRXV )UHQFKPDQ /DERXOD\H « WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV

D DGPLUHG

E YLVLWHG

)UHGHULF %DUWKROGL « WR GHVLJQ WKH VWDWXH

D FRQWULEXWHG

E RIIHUHG

7KH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ VWDQGV RQ D «

D SHGHVWDO

E KDUERXU

 

 

 

*UDPPDU )RFXV 7KH 'HILQLWH $UWLFOH 7KH ZLWK *HRJUDSKLFDO 1DPHV DQG 3ODFHV

:H XVH WKH ZLWK

WKH QDPHV RI ULYHUV WKH 1LOH VHDVWKH %ODFN 6HD RFHDQV WKH 3DFLILF

FDQDOV WKH 3DQDPD &DQDO JURXSV RI LVODQGV WKH &DQDU\ ,VODQGV PRXQWDLQ UDQJHV WKH $OSV FRXQWULHV ZKHQ WKH\ LQFOXGH ZRUGV VXFK DV VWDWH

.LQJGRP UHSXEOLF WKH 8QLWHG .LQJ GRP DQG WKH QDPHV RU QRXQV ZLWK µRI ¶ WKH /HDQLQJ WRZHU RI 3LVD

127( WKH HTXDWRU WKH 1RUWK 6RXWK 3ROH WKH 1RUWK RI (QJODQG WKH VRXWK ZHVW QRUWK HDVW WKH QDPHV RI FLQHPDV WKH 5H[ KRWHOVWKH &DUOWRQ WKHDWUHV WKH *OREH

PXVHXPV WKH %ULWLVK 0XVHXP JDO OHULHV WKH 7DWH *DOOHU\ QHZVSD SHUV PDJD]LQHV WKH 7LPHV EXW 7LPH PDJD]LQH VKLSV WKH 0DU\ 5RVH

RUJDQL]DWLRQV WKH (8

:H GRQ¶W XVH WKH ZLWK

WKH QDPHV RI FRXQWULHV ,WDO\ EXW WKH 1HWKHUODQGV WKH /HEDQRQ WKH 6XGDQ WKH 9DWLFDQ &LW\ FLWLHV 3DULV VWUHHWV2[IRUG 6WUHHW EXW WKH +LJK 6WUHHW WKH 6WUDQG WKH 0DOO WKH /RQGRQ 5RDG WKH $ WKH 0 PRWRUZD\

VTXDUHV 7UDIDOJDU 6TXDUH EULGJHV7RZHU %ULGJH SDUNV +\GH 3DUN

UDLOZD\ VWDWLRQV 9LFWRULD 6WDWLRQ

PRXQWDLQV %HQ 1HYLV LQGLYLGXDO LVODQGV 7DKLWL ODNHV /DNH *HQHYD

FRQWLQHQWV $IULFD

WZR ZRUG QDPHV ZKHQ WKH ILUVW ZRUG LV WKH QDPH RI D SHUVRQ RU D SODFH

*DWZLFN $LUSRUW :LQGVRU &DVWOH EXW WKH :KLWH +RXVH

QDPHV RI SXEV UHVWDXUDQWV VKRSV EDQNV DQG KRWHOV QDPHG DIWHU SHRSOH ZKR VWDUWHG WKHP DQG HQG LQ ±V RU µV

/OR\GV %DQN +DUURGV 'DYH¶V 3XE EXW WKH 5HG /LRQ SXE

&RPSOHWH WKH VHQWHQFHV ZLWK WKH FRUUHFW DUWLFOH 8VH D RU WKH ,I QR DUWLFOH LV QHFHVVDU\ ZULWH ± ([DPSOH 7KH VWDWXH VWDQGV RQ DQ LVODQG LQ ± 1HZ <RUN +DUERU

« 6WDWXH RI « /LEHUW\ ZDV « JLIW WR « 8QLWHG 6WDWHV IURP « SHR SOH RI « )UDQFH

2YHU « \HDUV « )UDQFH DQG « 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KDG « VSHFLDO UHODWLRQ VKLS

,Q « « )UDQFH KHOSHG « $PHULFDQ FRORQLHV WR JDLQ « LQGH SHQGHQFH IURP « (QJODQG

« )UHQFK SDLG IRU « VWDWXH

« $PHULFDQ SHRSOH SDLG IRU « SHGHVWDO

:H VDZ« %XFNLQJKDP 3DODFH DQG « +RXVHV RI 3DUOLDPHQW RQ RXU WRXU \HVWHUGD\

« %ULWLVK 0XVHXP DQG « /RXYUH KROG WKH FROOHFWLRQV RI DUW WUHDVXUHV

:H¶OO JHW RII DW « :DWHUORR 6WDWLRQ

 

 

 

:RUN LQ SDLUV D /RRN IRU PDLQ LGHDV DQG FLUFOH WKH OHWWHU RI WKH EHVW DQVZHU

7KH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ LV D IDPRXV VWDWXH LQ «

D )UDQFH E 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV

7KH 6WDWXH RI OLEHUW\ ZDV D JLIW «

D IRUP WKH SHRSOH RI )UDQFH WR WKH 86$

E IURP /DERXOD\H DQG (LIIHO WR WKH 86$

7KH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ V\PEROL]HV «

D D ZRPDQ ZLWK D WRUFK E ODQG RI IUHHGRP

E/RRN IRU GHWDLOV DQG FLUFOH 7 LI WKH VHQWHQFH LV WUXH RU FLUFOH ) LI WKH VHQWHQFH LV IDOVH

7ZHOYH SHRSOH FDQ VWDQG LQVLGH WKH WRUFK RI WKH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ 7 )

7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV KHOSHG )UDQFH WR JDLQ LWV LQGHSHQGHQFH LQ 7 )

$OH[DQGHU (LIIHO ZDV DPRQJ WKH JXHVWV DW /DERXOD\HV¶V KRXVH 7 )

)UHGHULF $XJXVWH %DUWKROGL ZDV D )UHQFK HQJLQHHU 7 )

$OH[DQGHU (LIIHO ILJXUHG RXW KRZ WR PDNH WKH VWDWXH VWDQG 7 )

$PHULFDQV GHVLJQHG WKH SHGHVWDO IRU WKH VWDWXH 7 )

'LVFXVV WKH DQVZHUV WR WKHVH TXHVWLRQV ZLWK \RXU JURXS PDWHV

:KDW RWKHU IDPRXV VWDWXHV RU PRQXPHQWV FDQ \RX WKLQN RI"

:KHQ ZH WKLQN RI 1HZ <RUN ZH WKLQN RI WKH 6WDWXH RI /LEHUW\ DQG WKH (PSLUH 6WDWH %XLOGLQJ /LVW ILYH RWKHU FLWLHV DQG WKH EXLOGLQJV VWDWXHV DQG SODFHV WKH\ PDNH \RX WKLQN RI

'R \RX KDYH DQ\ IDPRXV VWDWXHV RU PRQXPHQWV LQ \RXU FRXQWU\" :KDW DUH WKH\"

'HVFULSWLRQ 7LSV

7R GHVFULEH D SODFH D EXLOGLQJ RU D PRQXPHQW

D ILUVW \RX VKRXOG JLYH WKH QDPH DQG ORFDWLRQ RI WKH SODFH EXLOGLQJ RU PRQXPHQW DQG WKH UHDVRQ IRU FKRRVLQJ LW E VHFRQG\RX VKRXOG GHVFULEH WKH PDLQ DVSHFWV RI WKH SODFH EXLOGLQJ RU PRQXPHQW LQ GHWDLO ± IRU H[DPSOH ZKDW \RX FDQ VHH DQG GR WKHUH WKH H[WHULRU DQG WKH LQWHULRU DQG WKH KLVWRULFDO IDFWV DERXW LW WHOO ZKR EXLOW WKH KRXVH RU HUHFWHG WKH PRQXPHQW F WKHQ JLYH \RXU FRPPHQWV IHHOLQJV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV

 

 

 

02'8/( 6&,(1&( $1' 7(&+12/2*<

81,7 *5($7 6&,(17,676

)RFXV 9RFDEXODU\ 6WXG\ YHUEV WR GLVFRYHU DQG WR LQYHQW VFLHQFHJHQHUDO QRWLRQ

)RFXV *UHDW 6FLHQWLVWV (UQHVW 5XWKHUIRUG =KRUHV $OIHURY ± 1REHO 3UL]H :LQQHU

*UDPPDU IRFXV 8QFRXQWDEOH QRXQV WKH XVH RI DUWLFOHV ZLWK DE VWUDFW QRXQV

6NLOOV IRFXV 5HDGLQJ IRU VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ OHDUQLQJ VSHFLDO WHUPV PDNLQJ D SURMHFW

, 9RFDEXODU\ 6WXG\

9HUEV WR GLVFRYHU DQG WR LQYHQW

1RXQV D GLVFRYHU\ DQG LQYHQWLRQ :KDW LV WKH GLIIHUHQFH"

/RRN DW WKH H[DPSOHV EHORZ DQG FKRRVH WKH FRUUHFW ZRUGV WR SXW LQWR WKH VHQWHQFHV LQ WKH ER[

x $OH[DQGHU *UDKDP %HOO LQYHQWHG WKH WHOHSKRQH LQ

x (DUO\ PDQ SUREDEO\ GLVFRYHUHG ILUH ZKHQ OLJKWQLQJ VWUXFN D WUHH DQG PDGH D ILUH LQ WKH IRUHVW

x 0DULH &XULH GLVFRYHUHG XUDQLXP

x 7KH $]WHFV GLVFRYHUHG WKH FKRFRODWH WUHH JURZLQJ LQ WKH UDLQ IRUHVW PDQ\ KXQGUHG \HDUV DJR 7KHQ WKH\ LQYHQWHG D GULQN PDGH IURP WKH IUXLW RI WKLV WUHH

x 0DQ\ SHRSOH VD\ WKDW &KULVWRSKHU &ROXPEXV GLVFRYHUHG $PHULFD LQ

%XW WKDW¶V QRW UHDOO\ WUXH 7KHUH ZHUH SHRSOH OLYLQJ WKHUH DOUHDG\ VR WKH\ NQHZ DOO DERXW $PHULFD

x 7KH ZRUG ©URERWª ZDV LQYHQWHG E\ .DUHO &DSHN LQ 1RZ HYHU\ ERG\ XVHV WKH ZRUG EXW LW ZDV D QHZ ZRUG WKHQ

x 7KH SODQHW 3OXWR ZDV GLVFRYHUHG LQ EXW RI FRXUVH LW KDG EHHQ LQ WKH VN\ IRU ELOOLRQV RI \HDUV

:KHQ VRPHRQH PDNHV D BBBBBBBBBB KH RU VKH ILQGV VRPHWKLQJ WKDW DO UHDG\ H[LVWHG LQ RXU ZRUOG +H RU VKH BBBBBBBBB VRPHWKLQJ QHZ EXW GRHVQ¶W FUHDWH LW

:KHQ VRPHRQH FUHDWHV DQ BBBBBBBBBB KH RU VKH PDNHV VRPHWKLQJ QHZ DQG XVHIXO 7KLV LGHD RU WKLQJ GLG QRW H[LVW LQ WKH QDWXUDO ZRUOG EHIRUH +H RU VKH BBBBBBBBB VRPHWKLQJ WKDW QR RQH KDV HYHU WKRXJKW EHIRUH

 

 

 

*UDPPDU )RFXV 8QFRXQWDEOH QRXQV $UWLFOHV

8QFRXQWDEOH QRXQV DUH PDVV QRXQV ZKLFK ZH FDQ¶W FRXQW

8QFRXQWDEOH QRXQV LQFOXGH D VROLG VXEVWDQFHV RU PDQ\ NLQGV RI IRRG FRDO HDUWK IORXU VXJDU PHHW FKHHVH ULFH HWF E OLTXLGV JDVHV ZDWHU FRIIHH RLO SHWURO ZLQH WHD DLU VPRNH R[\JHQ VWHDP K\GURJHQ F PDWHULDOV VLOLFRQ LURQ FRSSHU VLOYHU JROG EUDVV SODVWLF JODVV SDSHU ZRRO FRWWRQ G ODQJXDJHV (QJOLVK )UHQFK *HUPDQ -DSDQHVH 6SDQLVK ,WDOLDQ 'DQLVK 'XWFK HWF H DE VWUDFW QRXQV NQRZOHGJH HGXFDWLRQ LQIRUPDWLRQ SRZHU FRQGXFWLYLW\ YROWDJH HWF

I ZRUGV ZKRVH HTXLYDOHQWV LQ RWKHU ODQJXDJHV PLJKW EH UHJDUGHG DV FRXQWDEOH QRXQV UHVHDUFK PRQH\ FDVK DGYLFH QHZV EHKDYLRU KDUP ZHDWKHU DFFRPPR GDWLRQ JDUEDJH OLWWHU UXEELVK KDUGZDUH VRIWZDUH HTXLSPHQW PDFKLQHU\ IXUQL WXUH SURJUHVV OXJJDJH EDJJDJH MHZHOOHU\ FXWOHU\ SRHWU\ OLJKWQLQJ OHLVXUH OXFN IXQ

8QFRXQWDEOH QRXQV DOZD\V WDNH VLQJXODU YHUEV H J *ROG LV PRUH H[SHQVLYH WKDQ VLOYHU

± GRQ¶W JR ZLWK D DQ RQH WZR ZKHQ WDONLQJ DERXW WKLQJV LQ JHQHUDO

H J )UHVK DLU LV KHDOWK\ :DWHU LV JRRG IRU \RX

± FDQ EH XVHG DORQH RU ZLWK VRPH DQ\ PXFK OLWWOH P\ WKH

H J 'RQ¶W IRUJHW WR EX\ VRPH FRIIHH

:H XVH VLQJXODU YHUE IRUPV DQG QR DUWLFOHV ZLWK ZRUGV ZKLFK UHIHU WR VFKRRO VXEMHFWV RU VFLHQWLILF VWXGLHV FKHPLVWU\ HFRQRPLFV PDWKHPDWLFV PDWKV SK\V LFV SROLWLFV HOHFWURQLFV ELRORJ\ SURJUDPPLQJ HQJLQHHULQJ JHRPHWU\ JHRSK\V LFV HWF

$ EDVLF NQRZOHGJH RI VFLHQFH RU FRQVFLRXV WKRXJKW LV LPSRUWDQW IRU VROYLQJ SUREOHPV EXW RXU XQFRQVFLRXV PLQGV RIWHQ KHOS LQ D VXUSULVLQJ ZD\

5HDG WKH VWRULHV EHORZ DQG ZULWH WKH QDPH RI WKH SHUVRQ WKHLU SURE OHP DQG ZKDW KHOSHG WKHP WR ILQG WKH VROXWLRQ

1DPH WKH SUREOHP WKH FKDQFH KHOSHG ZLWK WKH JUHDW GLVFRYHU\

5HDG WKH WH[W DJDLQ DQG SXW D DQ WKH RU ± LQ HDFK JDS D $UFKLPHGHV LQ KLV EDWK

'R \RX UHPHPEHU WKH VWRU\ RI BBBB*UHHN VFLHQWLVW $UFKLPHGHV" +H ZDV WU\LQJ WR VROYH BBBBSUREOHP LQ BBBBBSK\VLFV ± KRZ WR VKRZ LI WKH NLQJ¶V FURZQ ZDV PDGH RI BBBBB JROG RU QRW

+H WKRXJKW DQG WKRXJKW EXW KH FRXOG QRW ILQG WKH DQVZHU 6R KH VWRSSHG ZRUU\LQJ DQG KDG BBB EDWK LQVWHDG 6XGGHQO\ BBB DQVZHU FDPH WR KLV PLQG +H ZDV VR H[FLWHG WKDW KH MXPSHG RXW RI KLV EDWK QDNHG DQG UDQ

 

 

 

GRZQ WKH VWUHHW VKRXWLQJ µ,¶YH IRXQG LW ¶ $FWXDOO\ ZKDW KH VDLG LQ BBBB $QFLHQW *UHHN ZDV µ(XUHND ¶ :H VWLOO XVH WKLV ZRUG LQ BBBB(QJOLVK ZKHQ ZH VXGGHQO\ ILQG BBB DQVZHU WR D SUREOHP

E (LQVWHLQ RQ WKH WUDP

$OEHUW (LQVWHLQ KDG BBB ILUVW LGHD DERXW BBBB 7KHRU\ RI BBBB 5HOD WLYLW\ ZKHQ KH ZDV WUDYHOLQJ KRPH IURP BBBB ZRUN RQ WKH WUDP LQ *HQHYD

F 7KH VFLHQWLVW ZKR VDZ WKH VROXWLRQ RQ D EXV

7KH FKHPLVW µ.HNXOH¶ LV IDPRXV IRU KDYLQJ GLVFRYHUHG D ORW DERXW KRZBBBB DWRPV DQG BBBB PROHFXOHV DUH DUUDQJHG

BBBB ILUVW GLVFRYHU\ KDSSHQHG ZKHQ KH ZDV ULGLQJ RQ D EXV RQH HYH QLQJ LQ DERXW WKLQNLQJ DERXW RWKHU WKLQJV 6XGGHQO\ KH VDZ BBB DW RPV GDQFLQJ EHIRUH KLV H\HV 7KHQ RQH DWRP MRLQHG DQRWKHU RQH WR PDNHBBBB FKDLQ :KHQ KH JRW RII WKH EXV KH XQGHUVWRRG KRZ BBB DWRPV MRLQ WRJHWKHU WR PDNH PROHFXOHV

)LOO LQ WKH JDSV ZLWK WKH D RU ± 8QGHUOLQH WKH FRUUHFW ZRUG

BB 6FLHQWLVWV GR BB ORW RI BB UHVHDUFK LQ RUGHU WR ILQG BB FXHV IRU YDULRXV GLVHDVHV

BB ORW RI PRQH\ LV DUH VSHQW RQ BBB HTXLSPHQW HYHU\ \HDU EXW BBB LQ IRUPDWLRQ FROOHFWHG LV DUH LQYDOXDEOH

6&,(1&(

/RRN WKURXJK WKH WH[W DQG SURYH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI VFLHQFH DQG VFL HQWLVWV 'LVFXVV LQ SDLUV WKH DQVZHU WR WKH TXHVWLRQV :KDW LPSDFW GRHV VFLHQFH KDYH RQ RXU OLIH"

:KDW JUHDW GLVFRYHULHV DQG LQYHQWLRQV KDYH UHYROXWLRQL]HG WKH ZD\ ZH OLYH DQG ZRUN"

6FLHQFH LV LPSRUWDQW WR PRVW SHRSOH OLYLQJ LQ WKH PRGHUQ ZRUOG IRU D QXPEHU RI UHDVRQV ,Q SDUWLFXODU VFLHQFH LV LPSRUWDQW WR ZRUOG SHDFH DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WR WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WHFKQRORJ\ DQG WR RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH ZRUOG

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

 

 

 

6FLHQFH LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW WR HYHU\RQH ZKR LV DIIHFWHG E\ PRGHUQ WHFK QRORJ\ 0DQ\ RI WKH WKLQJV WKDW PDNH RXU OLYHV HDVLHU DQG EHWWHU DUH WKH UH VXOWV RI DGYDQFHV LQ WHFKQRORJ\

6FLHQWLVWV DUH OHDUQLQJ WR SUHGLFW HDUWKTXDNHV WR VWXG\ PDQ\ RWKHU QDWX UDO HYHQWV VXFK DV VWRUPV 6FLHQWLVWV DUH DOVR VWXG\LQJ YDULRXV DVSHFWV RI KXPDQ ELRORJ\ DQG WKH RULJLQ DQG GHYHORSPHQWV RI WKH KXPDQ UDFH 7KH VWXG\ RI WKH QDWXUDO ZRUOG PD\ KHOS LPSURYH OLIH IRU PDQ\ SHRSOH DOO RYHU WKH ZRUOG

,, *5($7 6&,(17,676

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7(;7 $

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9RFDEXODU\

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0 $ 0DVWHU RI $UWV ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

WR H[SRVH WR ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EHKDYLRU RI LRQV ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ UD\V ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UDGLXP HPDQDWLRQ ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WR GHYLVH D PHWKRG ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DOSKD SDUWLFOH ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WR HPLW IURP ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VFDWWHULQJ RI DOSKD UD\V ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SRVWXODWLRQ ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QXFOHXV ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SRVLWLYH FKDUJH ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WR VWHHU ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GLUHFW RU LQGLUHFW VXJJHVWLRQ ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NQLJKW ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WR DSSRLQW WR WKH 2UGHU RI 0HULW ±

 

 

©

 

ª

 

HOHFWHG IHOORZ ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KRQRXU ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KRQRUDU\ GRFWRUDWHV ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LQ WKH QDYH RI :HVWPLQVWHU $EEH\ ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WR EH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK ±

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'R \RX NQRZ WKDW «««

GRXEOH ILUVW ± LQ %ULWDLQ WZR ILUVW FODVV XQLYHUVLW\ GHJUHHV REWDLQHG DW WKH VDPH WLPH 3HRSOH KDYH WR EH YHU\ FOHYHU WR DFKLHYH WKLV

 

 

 

ILUVW GHJUHH ± REWDLQHG DIWHU FRPSOHWLQJ D EDVLF XQLYHUVLW\ GHJUHH VXFK DV %$ RU %6F UHIHUUHG WR WKH EDVLF GHJUHH DV WKH ILUVW RQH

(51(67 587+(5)25'

5HDG WKH WH[W WR OHDUQ PRUH DERXW WKH JUHDW SK\VLFLVW ( 5XWKHU IRUG ZKRVH GLVFRYHULHV EURXJKW PDMRU DOWHUDWLRQV LQWR RXU OLIH

(UQHVW 5XWKHUIRUG ZDV ERUQ RQ $XJXVW LQ 1HOVRQ 1HZ =HD ODQG WKH IRXUWK FKLOG DQG VHFRQG VRQ LQ D IDPLO\ RI VHYHQ VRQV DQG ILYH GDXJKWHUV +LV IDWKHU -DPHV 5XWKHUIRUG HPLJUDWHG WR 1HZ =HDODQG ZLWK (UQHVW V JUDQGIDWKHU DQG WKH ZKROH IDPLO\ LQ +LV PRWKHU ZDV DQ (QJ OLVK VFKRROWHDFKHU ZKR ZLWK KHU ZLGRZHG PRWKHU DOVR ZHQW WR OLYH WKHUH LQ

(UQHVW UHFHLYHG KLV HDUO\ HGXFDWLRQ LQ *RYHUQPHQW VFKRRO DQG DW WKH DJH RI HQWHUHG 1HOVRQ &ROOHJLDWH 6FKRRO ,Q KH ZDV DZDUGHG D 8QLYHU VLW\ VFKRODUVKLS DQG KH SURFHHGHG WR WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZ =HDODQG :HO OLQJWRQ ZKHUH KH HQWHUHG &DQWHUEXU\ &ROOHJH +H JUDGXDWHG 0 $ LQ

ZLWK D GRXEOH ILUVW LQ PDWKHPDWLFV DQG SK\VLFDO VFLHQFH DQG KH FRQWLQXHG ZLWK UHVHDUFK DW WKH FROOHJH IRU D VKRUW WLPH UHFHLYLQJ WKH % 6F GHJUHH WKH IROORZLQJ \HDU ,Q KH ZDV DZDUGHG WKH % $ 5HVHDUFK 'HJUHH

5XWKHUIRUG V ILUVW UHVHDUFKHV LQ 1HZ =HDODQG ZHUH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WKH PDJQHWLF SURSHUWLHV RI LURQ H[SRVHG WR KLJK IUHTXHQF\ RVFLOODWLRQV DQG WKLV WKHVLV ZDV HQWLWOHG ©0DJQHWL]DWLRQ RI ,URQ )UHTXHQF\ 'LVFKDUJHVª +H ZDV RQH RI WKH ILUVW WR GHVLJQ KLJKO\ RULJLQDO H[SHULPHQWV ZLWK KLJK IUHTXHQF\ DOWHUQDWLQJ FXUUHQWV

2Q KLV DUULYDO DW &DPEULGJH KLV WDOHQWV ZHUH TXLFNO\ UHFRJQL]HG E\ 3UR IHVVRU 7KRPVRQ +H ZRUNHG MRLQWO\ ZLWK 7KRPVRQ RQ WKH EHKDYLRXU RI LRQV REVHUYHG LQ JDVHV ZKLFK KDG EHHQ WUHDWHG ZLWK [ UD\V ,Q KH UHSRUWHG WKH H[LVWHQFH RI DOSKD DQG EHWD UD\V LQ XUDQLXP UDGLDWLRQ DQG LQGLFDWHG VRPH RI WKHLU SURSHUWLHV

,Q 0DQFKHVWHU 5XWKHUIRUG FRQWLQXHG KLV UHVHDUFK RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH UDGLXP HPDQDWLRQ ZLWK + *HLJHU KH GHYLVHG D PHWKRG RI GHWHFWLQJ D VLQJOH DOSKD SDUWLFOH DQG FRXQWLQJ WKH QXPEHU HPLWWHG IURP UDGLXP ,Q

KLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQV LQWR VFDWWHULQJ RI DOSKD UD\V DQG WKH QDWXUH RI WKH LQQHU VWUXFWXUH RI WKH DWRP OHG WR WKH SRVWXODWLRQ RI KLV FRQFHSW RI WKH ©QXFOHXVª KLV JUHDWHVW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR SK\VLFV $FFRUGLQJ WR KLP SUDFWLFDOO\ WKH ZKROH PDVV RI WKH DWRP DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH DOO SRVLWLYH FKDUJH RI WKH DWRP FRQ FHQWUDWHG LQ D PLQXWH VSDFH DW WKH FHQWUH

$Q LQVSLULQJ OHDGHU RI WKH &DYHQGLVK /DERUDWRU\ KH VWHHUHG QXPHURXV IXWXUH 1REHO 3UL]H :LQQHUV WRZDUGV WKHLU JUHDW DFKLHYHPHQWV &KDGZLFN %ODFNHWW &RFNURII :DOWRQ & ' (OOLV KLV FR DXWKRU LQ DQG