Мир перевода 2

What should be the Russian foreign policy doctrine?

What should be the Russian national idea?

Government: GDP Will Likely Fall 2%.

The Ukrainian government abandoned its claim that the economy would finally begin growing according to its previous forecasts. New data suggests gross domestic product could again fall by as much as 2 per cent.

Government figures distributed at the parliament showed that industrial output and GDP could fall by up to 2 per cent this year, while agricultural output and investment could be 5 per cent below last year's levels.

"Taking into account forecast growth rates for agricultural output, investment, exports and imports, GDP

... is forecast at S449,4 billion, or $20 billion to 30 billion lower than seen in the law on the federal budget," a government report said.

The forecasts and the official confirmation that Ukraine long-awaited economic turnaround is still far away and aretimed to (ср. приурочить) convince Rada deputies to adopt the government's draft budget, analysts said.

'Faltering Giant'1 Russia Rated Bottom in Survey

The excellent economic performance of Singapore and China has once again made them the two most competitivecountries in the world, according to a survey.

The United States — described as the "undisputed world leader in technology and management" — took third place in the World Economic Forum survey of 53 nations.

By contrast, Ukraine at 52nd and Russia at 53rd were "two faltering giants," not least due to the high level of corruption.

Aminex Oil Deal

Aminex of Ireland has signed a production-sharing deal with four Russian energy firms to tap oil reserves in Russia's autonomous republic of Tatarstan, a Russian company official involved in the deal said Wednesday.

Yury Agababov, a deputy general director at Zarubezhneft, one of the Russian firms which is part of the deal, said an agreement had been signed but did not give further details.

Other companies involved in the deal were Tatneft (an independent oil company with about six per cent of Russia's totalproven crude oil reserves and based in the central region of Tatarstan) and two affiliated units — Tatnefteprom and Tatneftekhiminvest Holding.

Interfax said the deal with Aminex would focus on hard-to-recover reserves of 40 million metric tons of crude oil.

Italian Line of Credit

Russia and Italy plan to sign an interbanking agreement for a $260 million intergovernmental credit line to finance investment projects.

The agreement is expected to be signed at the second session of the Russian-Italian Council on Economic, Industrial and Currency-Financial Cooperation which will take place in Moscow soon. The session will be chaired by the Russian First Deputy Prime Minister.

A joint document is also expected to be signed on the results of the council's work in order to map out the guidelines of future economic, industrial and financial cooperation, a spokesman said.

Brewer to Vietnam

Germany's Brauhaase Holding Ltd. and two local partners have been granted a licence to build a $120 million beer factory in central Vietnam. a Planning and Investment Ministry official said.

He said the brewery, which will be located in Nghe An province, would have an annual production capacity of 100 million liters.

An official at one of the local partners, Huu Nghi Company, said Brauhaase would have a 49 per cent stake in the joint venture (СП) and that Huu Nghi and Saigon Brewery Company would hold 25.5 per cent each.

Dairy Farmers Protest

Dairy farmers protesting a fall in milk prices blocked distribution centers around France, threatening blocks at some supermarkets. The farmers targeted some 15 distribution centers in their protest that began at 10 p.m. local time Monday, according to the deputy chief of the National Federation of Milk Producers.

Protesters were stopping trucks from entering or leaving depots in western, eastern and southern France, reports said. The milk producers federation claims prices have fallen 20 per cent.

Airline Plans Bedrooms in the Sky

The airline Virgin Atlantic plans to install bedrooms complete with shower, jacuzzi and double bed in its 747 Jumbos to encourage travellers to join the "Mile High Club," a report said.

Ten to 12 rooms will be installed in the hold of airplanes and be accessed by a staircase from the main cabin, the Sunnewspaper said. The price of a trip from London to New York would be around £2,900

($4,600).

Комментарии to draw up — составить;

growth rate(s) — темпы роста;

ilk = type (and the ilk — и иже с ним/и);

exponent = supporter;

to fall prey to = зд. on the verge of;

abandoned its claim = went back on its words;

economic turnaround — экономический подъем;

to time = зд. to plan (cp. timing, bad/good timing); performance — зд. показатели;

undisputed — бесспорный;

production-sharing deal — соглашение о разделе продукции; to tap = to develop;

proven — разведанные;

to chair — председательствовать;

to map out the guidelines = to highlight the main directions; granted a licence = licenced = allowed;

production capacity — производственные мощности; a ... per cent stake in — доля, пакет акций;

Jumbo jet - wide-body Boeing 747/777;

Mile High Club = a bonus system for frequent travellers;

hold — грузовой отсек.

IV. Тексты для устного перевода или перевода с листа

NB! Тексты расположены по темам и снабжены комментариями. Преподаватель выбирает тему в любой последовательности в зависимости от уровня подготовки обучаемых. В комментариях даны варианты перевода или синонимы/антонимы.

Тема: Bridging Communication Gap

Empty Shelves in America?

(A Study of Breakdowns in Communication)

Комментарий Данный текст довольно сложен, но крайне полезен и интересен для переводчика с профессиональной точки зрения. Предлагается дать учащимся перевести его с листа на занятиях, затем письменно дома, а также сделать резюме (реферат) на английском языке, а на занятиях обсудить темы: 1) межкультурная коммуникация;

2) Do's and Do not'sперевода.

Обратите внимание на оттенки модальности — may, may not в значении probably (not), а также на перевод абстрактных понятийculture, background, communication, concept и т.д., и терминовcolloquialisms, profit, rate of return, escrow account, cash flow и

т.д

Several years ago, at a reception which followed (after) a long day of negotiations, a vice-president of an American oil company and his Russian counterpart were having an informal conversation through an interpreter. The Russian said: "My wife spends so much time shopping, but she comes home empty-handed

just about every time" (referring to the empty shelves and long lines in the then Soviet stores). The American nodded and said: "My wife is exactly the same way. She spends hours going to all kinds of stores without buying a single thing." They smiled, for here were two men who really "understood" one another.

Communication is important in every business. In energy business, for instance, communication is especially crucial because without it things (everything) can literally explode. While most of us think that the worst kind of communication breakdown occurs when people fail to understand each other's words or actions, there exists a more dramatic (serious) and potentially damaging kind of communication breakdown

— when people are convinced that they understand each other andare headed towards reaching an agreement, but are in fact miles (if not light-years) apart.

This is precisely the kind of communication breakdown that is observed repeatedly during negotiations, meetings, seminars and other formal or informal events involving representatives of Western oil companies and Russian ministries and associations. While some of the numerous examples are seemingly amusing, others are not only costly (cost a lot) but oftenresult in "inexplicable" delays in negotiations, frustration with the intended future partner, and, in many cases, total failure of an undertaking (enterprise).

Every failure also yields useful lessons, however. This article will attempt to reveal some of the causes leading to breakdowns in communication and discuss ways of preventing their occurrence.

First of all, it may help us to keep in mind (take into account) that vast cultural1 differences exist, and will continue to exist, between the peoples of the former Soviet Union and the West. These differences will affect negotiations and businessdealings (contacts) despite the rapid changes taking place in Russia and other republics. The people of the newly formed Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have acquired their life-long experience under the old system and it may takeseveral generations before the communication gap between the West and the people of the Community can be narrowed to the level currently existing between the United States and Western Europe. At the same time, effective business communication between the West and the former Soviet Union is essential today.

Here are some of the "DO NOT's" that could prevent problems in many situations:

1.DO NOT rely on simultaneous interpreting to achieve effective communication with your counterpart. Use consecutive interpreting instead. Experience proves that consecutive interpreting, although more timeconsuming, is considerably more effective in business discussions.

2.DO NOT use corporate lingo and colloquialisms2 in your oral and written presentations. Colloquialisms do not translate well in either direction and are meaningless in most cases. Consult with

your language and communications advisors on how to make your presentations clear and effective in the target language. In many instances it is beneficial to explain to your advisors what you want to express, have them write it in the target language first, and then translate it into your native language for approval. Although the translation may seem stilted to you, it is the target language document that ismore important.

3. DO NOT start discussions or negotiations before you have defined your terminology. Make sure that the basic concepts (notions) are defined the same way for both of you. There are dozens of concepts such as "escrow account,""amortization" and even "profit" that are in many cases defined differently in Russia and in the West, yet all of these words have corresponding Russian-language translations and, therefore, may not raise concerns during negotiations (for example, "prybil" may be construed by a Russian to mean either revenues or profits).

4.DO NOT assume that your counterpart thinks the way you do. Both of you may have been involved in the energy business for years, yet your business and cultural backgrounds are vastly different, and for years your goals in business have been just as different.

5.DO NOT assume that your counterpart knows what you think he should know. A Russian director of a production association will probably not know what "internal rate of return" or "discounted cash flow" mean. By the same token, a Western vice-president will not be familiar with the "Approval of Oil Reserves" procedure which is a basic concept known by any Russian oilman.

6.DO NOT expect every answer you receive to be accurate. In many cases the answer may not exist at all or your counterpart may not know it, but will be embarrassed to admit it. This is especially true of legal questions. New Russian energy-related laws have not yet been developed. Besides, newly adopted laws

are frequently amended or have already become obsolete. In many cases, the law will be open for interpretation and you may receive conflicting answers to a simple question.

And finally, one should realize that it is vitally important to understand not only the words being spoken by your counterpart, but also the ideas and emotions which the latter is trying to convey.

Raphael Baron ("The Russian Petroleum Investor Newsletter")

Комментарии counterpart = opposite number, cp. colleague —

партнер; communication —зд. взаимопонимание; breakdown — непонимание;

are headed towards = are moving towards;

formal/informal events — официальные/неофициальные мероприятия;

frustration — зд. разочарование;

acquired = received;

communication gap — пропасть непонимания (ср. generation gap — проблема отцов и детей);

corporate lingo — зд. «жаргон» вашей фирмы;

target language — язык перевода;

stilted — напыщенный, ходульный (to walk on stilts — ходить

на ходулях);

target language document — зд. перевод документа;

escrow account — блокированный счет, счет «эскроу»;

defined differently — зд. означают разные понятия;

to raise concerns — вызвать озабоченность;

to assume — предполагать;

business and cultural background — зд. опыт и знания; rate of return — норма прибыли;

discounted cash flow — приток дисконтной наличности; by the same token — зд. с тем же успехом;

accurate — точный;

laws are amended — в законы вносятся поправки; interpretation — толкование.

Задание

Translate the text in written form. Make a resume of it. Discuss the "do not's." Do you agree with all of them? Give examples, share your own experience of working as an interpreter with foreigners. Give examples of colloquialisms, slang, jargon in English and Russian. Can they be translated literally?

What is the difference between the following terms: returns, earnings, revenue, income, (net)profit. Look them up.

Сравните с текстом «О работе в инофирмах» (стр. 143).

Тема: Communication and Understanding

Упражнение на сравнительный перевод и его обсуждение.

Прочитайте текст на английском языке, а затем его перевод на русский. Сравните эти тексты. Ответьте на вопросы преподавателя. Перескажите текст по-английски. Приведите примеры непонимания между русскими и иностранцами, а также между людьми, говорящими на одном языке.

А. Оригинальный текст

Communication can be a jungle. An impenetrable web ofmessages, perceptions and interpretations. Sometimes you can gel lost. But there is a simple way out: enough confidence to say what you mean.

I Know What You Think... Tell the Truth

The best — and by no means most recent — solution to the problem of better communication was suggested by

Ferdinand Lassalle,		one	of	the
founding	fathers	of modern	communications

theory: "the most revolutionary thing to do is to say the truth." This makes diplomatic rhetoric, which talks without saying anything, a linguistic farce which we can well do without. A disturbing factor which only disrupts without contributing anything.

If more people were to use the "naive honest language of children," there would be a good deal (ewer misunderstandings and less linguistic helplessness. With adults, non-verbal communication as well as the spoken word frequently falls victim toour own interpretation. The recipient of such a message sees himself as the measure of all reality. This is a problem which children do not have as interpretation is foreign to them. It is only through the influence of schools, education anduniversity that "overeducated" adults

become lost in their search for unambiguous communication. Because there is no such thing, they become entangled in their own constructions of reality.

How People Can Interact

It is highly interesting to look at two people interacting only on the level of their own interpretations. One example illustrates this particularly well: a trapper goes into a forest to fell a tree. He sees an Indian busily chopping wood in front of his wigwam. He thinks (and this is where his assumptions about reality commence) that the Indian is particularly sensitive to natural events and interprets the hitter's behavior as meaning that the coming winter is likely to be very cold. Just to be on the safe side, he cuts two trees which he drags past the Indian on his way back. The Indian now thinks to himself "normally, the trapper drags only one tree. Today, he has two. That must mean that the winter is going to be very cold." This results in an awful lot of wood being cut.

Behavior is not explained; it is merely interpreted, with interpretations being mistaken for reality. Why? When two people meet and one says something to the other, an internal image forms in that person's head as to what the other one means and what sort of person he is.

This also applies the other way around, of course. The reason is simple: everything we do or say passes through a type ofperceptive filter on the part of the other person. This also applies to us as well, of course. This filter is our own experience of life. When it is considered that individual people's experience varies a great deal, unambiguous communication is almost a fluke. But people don't like complicated things and tend to reduce complexity. This forces them to resort to "hard facts." But we have all experienced the situation when someone who appeared to agree to something said on the next day that this was not what he had meant. This is annoying but mainly because we sensed from the tone of his voice that his "yes" wasn't really one at all.

Problems and Solutions

An interesting proposal was once made at an international conference: problems should not be discussed until each side is able to describe the other's stance to the first party's satisfaction. This involves effort and requires trust, of course. But trust is something i must give before I get it back. The reward for this effort is clarity, which makes it easier for us to accept that various people behave, give and talk differently. In this way, people can understand each other more clearly and arc therefore more satisfied with each other.

Jens U. Sievertsen, professor of psychology

and management trainer in Hamburg.

Задание

Write a one-page resume of the text.

Найдите соответствия в русском переводе выделенным словам и выражениям.

В. Вариант перевода.

Будьте проще...

Лучший рецепт повышения эффективности общения был предложен одним из отцов-основателей современной теории коммуникации Фердинандом Лассалем: «Самым революционным будет сказать правду». Выходит, дипломатическая риторика, этот «разговор на общие темы ни о чем», — никому не нужное колебание воздуха, не приносящее пользы?

Если бы больше	людей говорили наивным,	но честным	«детским» языком,
многих недоразумений,	неловкостей от неуверенности за	собственную	речь можно было бы

избежать. Взрослые часто становятся жертвой собственной интерпретации услышанного и увиденного. Дети с этой проблемой незнакомы, так как толкования им чужды. Лишь под влиянием школы и института они начинают ломать головы над смыслом сказанного им. Но трактовать информацию можно как угодно, а понимание психологии собеседника приходит с жизненным опытом.

Интересно понаблюдать за людьми, общающимися только на уровне своих интерпретаций. Наш пример ярко иллюстрирует эту ситуацию: охотник идет в лес, чтобы срубить дерево. Там он встречает индейца, заготавливающего дрова перед своим вигвамом. Охотник решает, что индеец по народным приметам «вычислил» суровую зиму. На всякий случай белый человек рубит два дерева. По пути домой он проходит мимо индейца, который, в свою очередь, думает: «Обычно охотник заготавливает только одно дерево, а в этот раз — два, значит быть суровой зиме». Вот так можно и в жизни «нарубить дров».

Слышим ли мы друг друга

Поведение людей — вещь необъяснимая, зато толкование его воспринимается как истина. Почему? Встречаются два человека, и один говорит что-то другому. У первого возникает внутренняя картина того, что имеет в виду его собеседник и что он за человек.

Так же воспринимает информацию и его «визави». Причина проста: все сказанное и сделанное нами проходит через так называемый «фильтр восприятия» собеседника. А фильтр этот не что иное, как нашнаработанный жизненный опыт. А так как жизненный опыт различных людей довольно сильно отличается друг от друга, однозначная трактовка событий — дело редкое. Люди. как известно, не любят путаницу и замешательство и поэтому склонны к упрощению. Итак, обратимся к конкретным фактам. Многие сталкивались с ситуацией, когда некто дал свое вроде бы недвусмысленное согласие на какую-то встречу, а на следующий день клялся, что он имел в виду совершенно другое. Это раздражает, в основном потому, что мы сами почувствовали, что его «да» было вовсе не «да».

Как получить удовольствие от общения

На одной международной конференции была высказана весьма мудрая мысль, над которой стоит задуматься: проблемы должны решаться только тогда, когда одна сторона может ясно объяснить точку зрения другой и удовлетворить партнера, и наоборот. Это, конечно, нелегко, требует усилий и доверия. Человеку надо сначала внушить доверие — и он ответит тем же. Наградой за это усилие станут ясность и спокойствие на душе. Надо наконец усвоить, что люди ведут себя по-разному. Это упростит коммуникацию и избавит пас от бремени все разъяснять. Тогда люди смогут получать удовольствие от общения друг с другом.

Задание

Переведите наиболее интересные, с вашей точки зрения, части текста на английский. Сравните с оригиналом. Может быть, ваша версия лучше? Сделайте резюме текста.

Найдите русские эквиваленты, аналоги выделенных слов и выражений. Запомните их, придумайте примеры на их употребление.

Тема: Рынок переводческих услуг

Fluent? Expanding Translators' Market a Good Bet

Translators must be easygoing and ready to sacrifice their interests for the work.

In a job market where the discrepancy between anapplicant's education and the requirements of availablejobs has grown ever wider — where a ballet

dancer works as a journalist and an aerospace engineer as a chauffeur — finding a well-paid position that suits you can be a real challenge.

One expanding market for people trained in a variety of disciplines is in translating and interpreting, where, according to translation agencies. knowledge of a foreign language can bring in up to $2,000 per month or provide a convenient way to earn some extra money in your spare time.

The majority of trained translators in Moscow have graduated from a special language institute, either independent —like Moscow's Linguistic University — or attached to another university (зд. faculty).

However, most employers and translation agencies say that neither formal qualifications nor previous experience is essential in this field: demonstrable fluency in a foreign language is often the most important skill.

While some employers advertise directly for (look for) full-time translating positions, many translators and interpreters work through agencies, which provide those on their books with regular assignments. Agencies will give candidates aninterview — normally with a native speaker — and a written test of their language skills. Translators who are fluentinmore than one foreign language usually find it easier to get work.

Translation work is divided into two main categories — interpreting and written translation — and most employerscontacted for (опрошенных) this article said that few people work in both fields. The Russian translation agency I.B.S. Translation & Interpreting pointed out, some of the best written translators cannot actually speak the languages from which they translate, although they can render them accurately on the page.

Of the two skills, more people are capable of written translation than interpreting, translation agencies say. While thefinancial rewards can be greater for interpreting, written translation affords a rare opportunity to make money without leaving home and at your own pace (at your convenience).

As a rule, translators work from a foreign language into their native tongue. If not, in most agencies the translation will be edited by a native speaker.

Agencies also provide their translators with (give) style books that contain standards for various types of documents, from scientific texts to user's manuals.

According to agencies, most translators also specialize in a particular field, like medicine or law (право).

Most agencies contacted said that income (fee) from written translation can vary from $3 to $15 per page depending on the complexity of the original document, the quality of the translation and the amount of editing required after submission.

With interpreting, the most important quality is to be able to speak quickly enough for maximum comprehension,according to translation agencies.

By contrast with the rather solitary pursuit of written translation, "people skills" are an essential part of this job —getting along with people and being able to communicate. This is especially true in business, since an interpreter to some extent assumes the role of his client's representative: a good impression can go

a long way toward closing a deal.People who have studied or lived abroad are frequently considered better suited for interpreting work because of their broader life experience and understanding of foreign cultures.

Interpreters are usually paid on an hourly or daily basis. Most translation agencies quoted (приводят) an average rate of $10 per hour.

While the money in translation work is generally good, anyone considering entering the field should keep a few things in mind about the downside (negative side).

It can be difficult working with other people's words all day, not to mention tackling a dry manual on maintaining a new refrigerator or repairing the suspension of a combine harvester.

Nor are you likely to be asked your opinion on the ongoing negotiations between firm A and company B, no matter how well informed you might be.

A translator has to be "easy to get on with and ready to sacrifice his own interests for the benefit of the work," said Yelena Kolesnikova, translation coordinator for Interfax news agency, which employs about 20 translators — mostly foreigners — to translate its wire service stories.

But if working behind the scenes or playing second fiddle in order to earn some good money is not too high a price for you to pay, translation could be for you.

As a representative of the Alphabet Service Ltd., translation service said, "To be a translator or interpreter, you have to love the job. This is the most important condition of success. No matter how sound (deep) your knowledge of the language might be, you have to like the job or it will not come off."

"The Moscow Times"

Комментарии discrepancy — зд. несоответствие;

formal qualification — зд. диплом, формальное образование;demonstrable fluency — зд. умение показать беглое владение языком;

those on their books — в списках;

style book — сборник образцов, «подборки»; user's manuals — инструкции;

solitary pursuit — уединенный труд;

getting along with people = people skills — умение ладить с людьми;

go a long way toward closing a deal —

способствовать заключениюсделки;

tackling — зд. работа над (переводом);