water quality and system

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Turbidity	130
Dissolved Salts	131
Dissolved Metals	133
Radionuclides	134
Organic Compounds	134
Microorganisms	135
Sulfur Made Simple	135
Living Impurities	136
E. Coli	136
Viruses	138
Cryptosporidium	139
Legionella	140
Organisms	141
Safe Water	141
Laboratories	141
Public Notification and Right to Know	144
Chapter 9 - Wastewater Systems	145
Sewage Treatment	145
The Three-Step Sewage Treatment Process	145
The Two Types Of Wastewater Systems	146
Permits	146
Wastewater Treatment Methods	149
Biological Oxygen Demand	149
Primary Treatment	150
Secondary Treatment	150
Other Sewer Treatment Facilities	153
Lagoons	153
Septic Tanks	153
Storage Tanks	154
Other Types/Packaged Units	156
Oxygenated Ditch	156
Soil Conditions	156
Chapter 10 - Water Quality Enhancement	159
Water System Improvements	159
Water Softeners	159
Filters	164
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Chlorinators	167
Reverse Osmosis Units	177
Deionizers	178
MSDS And The Worker's Right To Know Law	179
Stills	181
Water Coolers	182
Chapter 11 - Putting It All Together: Applications	183
Combining Systems	183
Lavatories	183
Codes And Standards For Various Facilities	184
Kitchens	190
Mechanical Rooms	193
Swimming And Bathing Pools	193
Spas	200
Fountains	201
Clinics	201
Laboratories	202
Chapter 12Construction	205
Planning	205
Planning At The Start	205
Costs Of Planning	206
The Three-Stage Planning Process	208
Other Planning Approaches	210
Ike's Approach To Cost/Benefit	210
The Finish Line	211
Design	211
Design Drawings	212
Final Specifications	213
Final Cost Estimate	215
Fast-Track Construction	216
Hiring Contractors	216
Service Contracts	217
Types Of Construction Contracts	217
Field Work	218
A Word About Contractors	219
The Construction Progress Curve	220
Inspection of the Work	220
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Payment of Contractors	224
Shop Inspection	225
Bonds and Bonding	225
Bid Bonds	226
Performance Bonds	226
Payment Bonds	226
A Final Word About Bonds	227
Chapter 13 -Performance Testing	229
Field Testing	229
Flow Tests	231
Pump Tests	233
Equipment Tests	234
Test Results	237
Chapter 14 - Maintenance	239
Elements of Maintenance	239
Labor	240
Materials	240
Tools	241
Work Order Systems	241
Inventory	242
Staffing for Maintenance	245
Aintenance Tips and Short Cuts	245
Hot Taps	246
Utility Shutdown	247
Freeze Plug	248
Balloon Plug	248
Unplugging	248
Camera Inspection	249
A Word Of Caution About Contracting Out	249
Leak Detection	250
Pipe Spools	251
Chapter 15 - Managing Water Personnel	253
The Facility Manager	253
Water Professionals	254
Designers	254
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Planners		255
Lab Technicians		255
Plumbers		256
Contractors		257
Plant Operators		257
Equipment Vendors		258
Safety		258
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)		259
Personal Protective Equipment		259
Managing Shift Work		259
Confined Space Entry Procedures		260
Keeping Abreast of Technology		261
Magazines		261
Associations		262
Teleconferencing		262
Correspondence		262
Other Sources		262
Chapter 16 - Trade Groups And Associations		265
Trade Associations		265
American Fire Sprinkler Association		265
American Institute of Architects		266
American National Standards Institute		266
American Society of Civil Engineers		266
American Society of Mechanical Engineers		266
American Society for Heating, Refrigerating And Air-Conditioning Engineers, 267
Inc
American Society for Testing and Materials		267
American Water Works Association		267
Building Officals And Code Administrators International		267
Construction Specifications Institute		268
Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association		268
Foundation for Cross-Connection Control And Hydraulic Research		268
International Association of Plumbing And Mechanical Officials		268
International Conference of Building Officials		269
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International National Association of Corrosion Engineers		269
National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors		269
National Fire Protection Association		270
National Fire Sprinker Association		270
National Sanitation Foundation		270
National Swimming Pool And Spa Institute		271
National Swimming Pool Foundation		271
Plastic Pipe And Fittings Assocation		271
Plumbing And Drainage Institute		271
Plumbing, Heating, Cooling Information Bureau		272
Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc		272
Water Quality Association		272
Government		273
United States Environmental Protection Agency		273
WAVE (Water Alliance to Save Energy)		273
Appendix I - Bibliography Of Sources		275
Appendix II - Primary Drinking Water Standards, Community Systems		277
Index		285
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Preface

Water Quality, & Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers is written for facility managers and other building professionalssuch as maintenance executives, consultants and technical professionalswho have been given the responsibility for water supply and wastewater drainage systems. This book is designed to help the facility manager perform the core job of integrating people into their physical environment.

Managers want to know how to improve their water system quality and how to save money on water and wastewater costs. This book provides simple distinct steps that enable managers to keep occupants satisfied and productive. At the same time, facility managers will learn how to control and maintain operating and repair costs and how to implement the requirements of new regulations into the systems.

For management professionals who are confused by technical lingo, this book cuts through the jargon and shows facility managers how to reduce costs and make water systems safe and efficient in a straightforward, non-technical reference. It has been specifically formatted to provide the manager with the most important, most comprehensive amount of information in the least amount of time, thereby optimizing the reader's investment in the information, not in the writing.

The material covered in this book will also be useful for technical professionals who want to be able to communicate more effectively on a nontechnical level with their clients and customers. It will provide a bridge of communication between facility managers and technical staffs and/or consultants optimizing time and staff investment.

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The text is divided into problem segments with immediate response. It is not a textbook designed to be covered over the standard 13-16 week course. Instead, it is designed to provide, at quick reading, the assessment of the problem, drive to the root of it, and quickly determine for the manager the actions to be taken to solve them in the near term and long term.

Water supply and wastewater are the two broad types discussed in this book. The basic important elements in each category are presented. The book addresses significant problems faced by managers of water systems. It also explains analysis of water supplies, treatment costs and methods of saving money in treatment, remodeling, construction and operations.

Managers of water systems will profit from the books current information about new and dynamic water regulations and will be able to pass this information along to their employees in order to operate the system effectively and safely.

At the completion of the book, the facility manager will have learned how to provide occupants with high quality water supply and wastewater systems and minimum costs without compromising safety. In addition, managers will be able to communicate effectively with semi-technical people about his or her water system. New and more effective methods of treatment, installation and operation willl be learned.

The reader of this book will know how to keep water safe for its consumershow to make drainage and sewer systems safely carry away waste. The reader will also understand how to test the systems, who to contact in order to check and verify the tests, how to determine the cost of improvements and how to analyze the costs to determine if they are effective. Lastly, managers will obtain knowledge of recent laws and regulations concerning water and wastewater systems.

Finally, the book can be used as a guide to increase awareness among future managers, the facility management staff and/or students studying water systems.

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Introduction

Problems and Solutions

The phone rings. The administrative assistant answers. Somewhere, suddenly, there is a leak, the water is off, or ''the water tastes funny." Suddenly, the facility manager has a problem and if it is not solved quickly, top management is going to be calling and asking some hard questions.

Water Quality & Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers provides the most up-to-date, comprehensive information for today's facility manager and other building professionals such as maintenance personnel and consultants. It provides a series of management steps to be taken to successfully control and manage water supplies and wastewater systems.

New Technologies

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Planned Water Management

Successful water managers know three things about their water. They know where their water comes from; they know what chemicals are in it; they know how much it costs to get it and pay for treatment after they have used it. This book shows managers how water is successfully used and managed and how rules and regulations are changing in the field of water quality and treatment.

Water In, Water Out

Water management is divided into two fields. Water coming into a plant is pure and some portion of it. is used for drinking and bathing. People assume, without question, that this water is safe. It is a basic philosophy. In order for this assumption to remain valid, managers and staff work harder and harder to maintain quality because purity of water supplies are slowly declining.

Once the water has been used, it becomes wastewater and is sent, through pipes and networks, to a plant where it is treated (i.e., cleaned) and discharged. It can go into another body of water, onto the ground, or into ponds until it evaporates and leaves the remaining impurities behind.

Successful use of water depends upon the knowledge of the people managing it and by recognizing the importance it plays upon the clients or customers for whom it is supplied.

In reality, the water from one facility becomes the water in to the next. Once the concept of this cycle is grasped, the importance of good water management becomes clear.

In the past, water came from wells or streams and was surprisingly crystal clear and high quality. In processing, pollution of many forms was added and reduced the cleanliness. However, as there were no downstream users, or since the downstream users had their own quality supply, it did not matter how much the water became contaminated.

Today, water is treated and tested before being put into the network. Sophisticated techniques are used to determine what is in water before and after usage to confirm treatment remains effective. Several government agencies have increased authority in order to protect this precious resource. Their weight and mandate can certainly be oppressive if the perception is attained that the facility user is not a good steward. Readers will be able to avoid making potential costly mistakes with their water.

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Supply

Where should we get our water from? How much should it cost us? What systems and energies are used to get it to the facility? What uses does water have? Use is broken down for ready access by the reader. From there, this book provides insight into how it is moved, stored, treated, and some of the logic behind the way water is handled.

Conservation

The book provides the facility manager with tips for water conservation and even tells hotel and motel facility managers how to get a free computer modeling program that allows him to perform trial and error alternative analysis on his own water system.

Wastewater

Besides supply water, this book also looks at the wastewater side of the equation, into the kinds of pipes and components used to haul water away. The key difference for the different type of designs for the wastes will be explained. Materials and components will be reviewed and clarified. Types of piping, pumping and the various methods of drainage and venting are addressed. All with subheads to provide quick access and reduce search and scan time.

In addition, the more sophisticated elements of water systems such as softeners and de-ionizers are examined and discussed. Forms and tables are provided to help the manager determine quickly and effectively the value of water softening.

Many materials, fittings, and theories common to both systems are addressed including sketches and diagrams. Case histories and examples are included.

Regulations

New regulations that make the facility manager's job more challenging are discussed along with some helpful hints in dealing with regulators. The new Safe Drinking Water Act is discussed along with the rules for public notification of impurities in supplies.

A discussion of the interface between the two types of systems will be presented. This will be dedicated to effective design of restroom and bathing facilities and cases of successful layouts will be documented.

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