1 курс стомат

1. Change the repeated words or word combinations for one, ones, that, those, there, do where possible. Underline the word(s) to be changed and write down your choice.

e.g. The students I like to teach are the students who like to learn.

the ones / those

1.Have you met our new lecturer? – Is she the new lecturer who joined us last week?

_____________

2.The temperature in the boy is higher than the temperature in the girl.

______________

3.I would like to spend summer working as a nurse assistant at some cool dental surgery to get more experience. – Oh, I would like to spend summer working as a nurse assistant at some cool dental surgery to get more experience, too.

______________

4.Let us go to the Natural History Museum tomorrow. – But I don’t want to go to the Natural History Museum. Let’s go to some other place.

______________

5.There are three very important reports in the latest treatise. Which very important report would you like to start with?

______________

6.The anterior teeth of the patient were in a little bit better condition than the posterior teeth.

______________

7.Which computer did you use? – I used the computer in your surgery.

______________

8.The parotid salivary glands are located between the ear and the lower jaw. Each gland is enclosed in a tissue capsule.

______________

9.My patient weighs 130 kg. – In case of obesity, it is strongly recommended to go to the dietician to correct the diet. – Then, I would advise my patient to go to the dietician to correct the diet.

______________

10.Which job are you dreaming about? – The well-paid job. _______________

2. Complete the sentences with one, ones, that, those, do, there.

1.How old are my children? The younger

_______ is seven and the elder _____ is thirteen.

2.The University clinic is much more modern than ________ in the centre of the city.

3.And now, dear students, I would like to tell some words to ____________ who weren’t present at my last lecture.

4.Which dress would you prefer, this _____ or that _____?

5.Examples of human organ systems include the circulatory, digestive, and nervous __________.

6.I hope this holiday will be ________ to remember.

7.You may take any three journals. Which

________ would you choose?

8.I hope someone will take the prescription for aspirin from Dr Myles. – Oh, I’ll _________ it right now.

9.The digestive system is the ______________

that changes food into simpler compounds that can be used by the cell.

10.Have you ever been to the Cross-Bones

Café? – Not yet. – That’s for the best. Never go

___________. It’s absolutely horrible.

3. Project.

They say that a tongue is a mirror of the body. Surf the Internet and find out which systemic conditions may be diagnosed (or at least suspected) during the routine oral examination.

Prepare the presentation.

Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Tick () the statements that are true.

I can talk about the structure of the mouth

I can describe functions of the organs of the oral cavity

I can speak on location and functions of the salivary glands

I can use one word substitutes

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UNIT XVI. THE SUPERIOR MAXILLARY BONES____

In this unit

talking about the maxillae

describing structure of four surfaces of the maxilla

Perfect Passive

Warm-Up Activities

1.Read the following interesting facts about the maxillary bones.

Further back the maxilla is, the worse the face looks, as it elongates the face.

Size and shape of the nose is largely dependent on the position of maxilla

From the aesthetic point of view, further forward the maxilla is, the greater the level of facial beauty is

2.Study the diagram. Provide

English equivalents for the following Latin terms.

os, ossis n

sutura, ae f

septum, i n

spina, ae f

sulcus, i m

mandibula, ae f

temporalis, e

lacrimalis, e

articulatio, onis f

mastoideus, a, um

zygomaticus, a, um

coronalis, e

3. Memorize the following words you will need in this unit.

Orthodontists have never seen a maxilla that is too far forward, it doesn’t exists in today’s modern environment

Sometimes (e.g. in bony fish), the maxilla is called "upper maxilla," with the mandible being the "lower maxilla." Conversely, in birds the upper jaw is often called "upper mandible."

attachment /		/ n прикрепление	join /	/ v (при)соединять(ся)
boundary /		/ n граница	lodge / / v размещать
fissure /	/ n трещина, щель		margin /	/ n край, граница
fuse /	/ v срастаться		notch / / n вырезка, углубление
groove /		/ n борозд(к)а	plane /	/ n плоскость
incisive /		/ adj резцовый	size / / n размер
irregular /		/ adj несимметричный,	transmit /	/ v пропускать, проводить
искривленный			vessel /	/ n сосуд
			42

Reading

The Superior Maxillary Bones

The maxillae are large, irregularly shaped paired bones that form the upper jaw. They are fused in the middle at the intermaxillary suture. Above, they join with the frontal bones of the forehead and laterally with the zygomas, or cheekbones. Each assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities: the roof of the mouth, the floor and lateral wall of the nose and the floor of the orbit. They also enter into the formation of two fossae, the infratemporal and pterygopalatine, and two fissures, the inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary.

Each maxillary bone consists of a body and four processes: zygomatic, frontal, palatine, and alveolar ones. The frontal process articulates with the frontal bone. The zygomatic process articulates with the zygomatic bone. The palatine process forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate. The alveolar process bears the teeth.

The body of maxillary bones is somewhat pyramidal in shape, and contains a large cavity, the maxillary sinus. This cavity falls on each side of the nose.

The body of each maxillary bones has four surfaces — an anterior, a posterior or infratemporal, a superior or orbital, and a medial or nasal ones.

The anterior surface presents from medial to lateral, the incisive fossa, the canine eminence and the canine fossa. The anterior surface near the infraorbital margin presents the infraorbital foramen which transmits the infraorbital nerve and vessels. Medially the anterior surface ends at the nasal notch. Lower border of the nasal notch in the median plane projects as the anterior nasal spine.

The medial surface presents the maxillary hiatus. In the living the maxillary hiatus is smaller in size due to the attachment of the surrounding bones. The medial surface of maxilla forms part of the lateral wall of nasal cavity. Anterior to the maxillary hiatus the medial surface presents the nasolacrimal canal which transmits the nasolacrimal duct.

The posterior surface of the maxilla shows few minute foraminae which transmit the posterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels, to the upper molar teeth. The medial part of the posterior surface forms the anterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa. The entrance to the pterygopalatine fossa from the infratemporal fossa is called the pterygomaxillary fissure. The posterior end of the alveolar border is called the maxillary tuberosity.

The superior surface of the body of the maxilla forms the floor of the orbit. It is called the orbital surface. It represents the infraorbital groove and canal which lodges the infraorbital nerves and vessels.

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Vocabulary Practice

1.Look at the words in bold type in the above text and explain them.

2.Match the words with their definitions:

1. maxillary	a) the depression in the midline
tuberosity	of the bony palate behind the
	central incisors into which the
	incisive canals open
2. hiatus	b) an opening in the maxillary
	bone just below the lower rim of
	the orbit that gives passage to
	the infraorbital artery, nerve, and
	vein
3. incisive	c) a depression on the anterior
fossa	surface of the maxilla below the
	infraorbital foramen and on the
	lateral side of the canine
	eminence
4. infra-	d) a rounded eminence on the
orbital	posteroinferior surface of the
foramen	maxilla that enlarges with the
	development and eruption of the
	third molar.
5. canine	e) the rough surface on the
fossa	anterior lower border of the
	frontal bone between the orbits
	which articulates with the nasal
	bones and the maxillae
6. naso-	f) the large opening into the
lacrimal	maxillary sinus on the nasal
duct	surface of the maxilla
7. nasal	g) carries tears from the lacrimal
notch	sac into the nasal cavity
8. forehead	h) the part of the face above the
	eyes

3. Complete the sentences with the words from the box:

roots, processes, alveolar, artery, zygomatic, antrum, nerve, palatine, teeth, frontal

1) The					process extends upward
to articulate with the frontal bone.
2) The alveolar process of the maxilla
accommodates the upper							and
two				processes together form
the upper dental arch.

3)	The			process extends forward to
create the hard palate.
4)	The			process skirts the lateral
side of the nasal bone to which it is firmly
attached and is superiorly joined to the frontal
bone.
5)	The maxillary				is the name

for the air filled space that sits just under the cheekbone and just above the roof of the mouth.

6) The tooth form vertical,

wavelike eminences in the anterior face of the maxilla.

7) Incisive canal transmits the nasopalatine

		and branches of the greater
palatine			.

8) Each half of the fused bones contains four

	.
4. Match the synonyms:
1. boundary		a) palate
2. margin		b) cavity
3. plane		c) hiatus
4. roof of the mouth		d) edge
5. eminence		e) surface
6. foramen		f) border
7. sinus		g) projection
8. posterior (surface)		i) orbital (surface)
9. superior (surface)		j) nasal (surface)
10. medial (surface)		k) infratemporal
		(surface)

5. Find the words with the opposite meaning:

1. eminence	a) soft
2. anterior	b) minute
3. superior	c) roof
4. hard	d) single
5. large	e) posterior
6. floor	f) mandibular
7. irregular	g) fossa
8. maxillary	h) inferior
9. medial	i) separated
10. fused	j) regular
11. paired	k) lateral

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3. Form the words using the given suffixes and translate them:

-ive, -ance,-ion, -ary, -ment, -ic, -al, -ty.

The base	The new word	Translation
nose
tuberous
to bound
zygoma
to incise
to enter
maxilla
to attach
to form
orbit
to transmit
to present
palate

6. Choose the correct form of the word to complete the sentence and translate them:

1) Infraorbital nerve

(is supplied, supplies, supplying) sensation to the skin of the upper lip, lower eyelid, the side of the nose and the cheek.

2) A hole (knew, knows,

known) as the infraorbital foramen is situated in the maxilla just underneath the orbit and above the canine and the first bicuspid tooth.

3) Nasal notch (forms, is

formed, formed) the floor of the piriform aperture.

4) The anterior surface

(directing, directed, is directed) forward and lateralward.

5) The canine root				(are, were,
is) the most prominent.
6) Patients			(got, gets,

getting) jaw surgery often have mouth open posture.

7)In most noses the anterior nasal spine is quite small and ______________ (ignores, is ignoring, is ignored) during the rhinoplasty operation.

8)The maxillae ______________ (meet, met, is meeting) in the midline of the face and often are considered as one bone.

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Language Development

1. Look through the text about the oral cavity and answer the following questions.

1.How many bones constitute the upper jaw?

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

2.What is the function of the upper jaw?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

3.How many processes does each maxillary bone have? List them.

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

4.How many surfaces does each maxilla have? What are they?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

5.What is the structure of the anterior surface of the body of the maxillary bones?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

6.How is the posterior surface of maxilla organized?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

7.What does the superior surface of the body represent?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

8.How is the medial surface of the body of maxilla structured?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

2. Put the sentences into Passive Voice:

1)The maxilla forms four processes.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

2)The alveolar process of the maxilla supports the teeth.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

3)The frontal process articulates superiorly with the frontal bone.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

4)The maxillary sinus occupies the predominant portion of the body of the maxilla.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

5)The infraorbital canal lodges the infraorbital nerves and vessels.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

3. Do you think these sentences are true or false? Check with the Internet. Correct the false ones:

1)The more forward the maxilla, the more attractive eyes become, some have noted that the eyes become more feline like. ______

2)If the maxilla grows down, the eyes will look protrusive and the outer corner of the eyelids will sag, making them look tired with too much white of the eye showing. _____

3)The maxillary lateral incisor is a more square tooth than the maxillary central incisor. ______

4)The cusp ridges on maxillary canines are sharper than mandibular ones. ______

5)The incisal edge of mandibular canines is thicker than that of maxillary canines. _____

6)The maxilla articulates with five bones of the cranium and four bones of the face. _____

7)The alveolar process of the maxillae holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. _____

Grammar in Use

Present Perfect Passive

Утвердительная форма

I / We / You /			have
They					been examined.
He / She / It			has
	Отрицательная форма
I / We / You /			haven’t
They					been examined.
He / She / It			hasn’t
			Вопросы
	have	I / we / you
(Why)		/ they				been examined?
	has	he / she / it

Past Perfect Passive

Утвердительная форма

I / We / You /
They / He /	had	been examined.
She / It

Отрицательная форма

I / We / You /

They / He / hadn’t been examined.

She / It

Вопросы

I / we / you /

(Why) had they / he / been examined? she / it

Future Perfect Passive

Утвердительная форма

I / We / You /

They / He / will have been examined.

She / It

Отрицательная форма

I / We / You /

They / He / won’t have been examined.

She / It

Вопросы

I / we / you /

(Why) will they / he / been examined? she / it

Мы используем времена группы Perfect Passive аналогично временам группы Perfect Active.

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1. In the following sentences formal subjects are used. Use Perfect Passive instead. Underline signal words for Perfect Tenses.

e.g. Someone has brought the book. – The book has been brought.

1.They had finished the job by 5 p.m. yesterday.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

2.They will have completed the course of physiotherapy by June.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

3.Someone has already delivered a lecture on osteoporosis.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

4.Has anyone taken an x-ray of the broken maxilla?

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

5.Had anyone examined your upper jaw before you were admitted to our hospital?

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

6.I think they won’t have made this patient’s dentures by May.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

7.They haven’t discharged Mr Jones yet.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

8.Something has weakened this child’s bones.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

9.They will have seen all the patients by 12 a.m.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

10.They haven’t discussed the mandible.

_______________________________________

______________________________________.

2. Use the proper form of Perfect Active or Passive of the verbs in brackets.

1.Both the upper and lower jaws ______ just

_____________________ (to x-ray).

2.I think we _____________________________

(to complete) the report by tomorrow morning.

3.________ the baby __________________ (to examine) by a neurologist before she had this attack?

4._______ you ever _____________ (to be) to an A&E department earlier?

5.Our lecturer thinks that we _____________

____________ (not to learn) the superior maxillary bones well enough yet.

6.The dentist asked, “___________ you ever

___________ (to break) bones before?”.

7.Many bones ___________________________

(to fuse) by the end of the first year.

8.Oh, I am so sorry! Yesterday I arrived at the department after all the job _________________

_________ (to do).

3. Project.

Surf the Internet and find out what defects of both mandible and maxilla may develop. How do doctors diagnose these defects? Are there any methods of their treatment?

Prepare the presentation.

Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Tick () the statements that are true.

I can talk about the maxillae

I can describe structure of four surfaces of the maxilla

I know the names of all maxillary surfaces, foramina and processes and can describe their location

I can use Perfect Passive

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UNIT XVII. THE MANDIBLE_______________________

In this unit

talking about the mandible

defining functions of the mandible

describing surfaces and foramina of the mandible

Indefinite Pronouns

Warm-Up Activities

1.	Read the following interesting facts about the	People that develop bruxism (extreme,
mandible.		habitual jaw clenching) can cause their
	When people find the remains of human	mandible to become more square and
	bodies, the mandible is very common to	wide.
	find and sometimes the only bone to be	Mandible follows the maxilla: if the maxilla
	found. Scientists can guess the age of the	is up and forward in the face, the
	human because the mandible changes over	mandible will also come forward, causing
	a lifespan.	that nice jaw line.
2.	Study the diagram. Mark the mandible and the maxilla on the picture of the skull.

3. Memorize the following words you will need in this unit.
belly /	/ n живот, брюхо		mylohyoid /	/ adj челюстно-
border /	/ n граница		подъязычный
chin / / n подбородок			newborn /	/ n, adj новорождённый
connect /	/ v соединять		oblique /	/ adj косой, диагональный
flat / / adj плоский			origin /	/ n начало; происхождение
genial = mental /		/ adj	row / / n ряд
подбородочный			serve / / v служить (for – для, в качестве)
half (pl. halves) /		/ n половина	stretch /	/ v растягиваться, простираться
level /	/ n уровень		unite /	/ v объединять
			48

Reading

The Mandible

Structure

The word mandible comes from the Latin word mandere, meaning to chew. The mandible is "U" shaped, stretching from one ear, down forming the chin, and then back up to the other ear. It is connected to the upper part of the skull by two jaw joints called the temporomandibular joints.

The mandible consists of a horizontal horseshoelike body with a flat ramus projecting upward at each end. The rami are divided into two processes: the mandibular condyle and a front coronoid process. The mandibular condyles unite with the mandibular tissues of the temporal bones, while the coronoid processes serve as attachments for the muscles used in chewing. Other large chewing muscles are attached on the side surfaces of the rami.

In the newborn babies mandible consists of 2 halves joined by fibrocartilarge which unite with each other by the end of the first year, forming the symphysis menti. The body of the mandible has two surfaces – outer and inner – and two borders – upper (alveolar) border and lower border (base of the mandible).

Outer surface of the body

The mental protuberance is the point of the chin. There is an oblique line running downwards and forwards from the anterior body of the ramus to the mental protuberance. The mental foramen lies below the oblique line at the level of the second premolar tooth. The mental nerve and vessels come out through mental foramen.

Inner surface of the body

At the inner surface of symphysis menti there are two pairs of genial tubercles – upper and lower genial tubercles. The mylohyoid line is roughly a mirror image of the oblique line on the outer surface. The groove that runs below the mylohyoid line is called the mylohyoid groove. It transmits the mylohyoid nerve and vessels. The mylohyoid line divides the inner surface of the mandible into sublingual fossa above and the submandibular fossa below.

The sublingual fossa lodges the sublingual salivary gland and submandibular fossa lodges the submandibular salivary gland.

Borders

On its upper border the body of mandible supports the row of teeth. The lower border of the mandible near its medial end presents the digastric fossa, which gives origin to the anterior belly of digastric muscle.

Functions

Mandible is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It forms the lower part of the face and serves for the reception of the lower teeth. Movement of the lower jaw opens and closes the mouth and also allows for the chewing of food. Four different muscles connect to the lower jaw to allow it to move. These muscles are the masseter, the temporalis, the medial pterygoid, and the lateral pterygoid.

49

Vocabulary Practice

1.Look at the words in bold type in the above text and explain them.

2.Match the synonyms:

1. attached	a) approximately
2. U-shaped	b) join
3. stretch	c) boundary
4. lodge	d) connected
5. ramus	e) articulate
6. border	f) branch
7. roughly	g) house
8. oblique	h) horseshoe-like
9. belly	i) mental
10. genial	j) diagonal
11. connect	k) stomach
12. unite	l) extend

3. Match the words with their definitions:

1. symphysis	a) a smooth rounded
	projection for articulation with
	another bone
2. groove	b) a small muscle located
	under the jaw
3. digastric	c) line on the inside of the
muscle	mandible
4. process	d) a true hole in the bone
5. condyle	e) a narrow, elongated
	depression on any surface
6. fossa	f) an indentation, especially
	one on the edge of a bone or
	other organ; called also
	incisure
7. foramen	g) a prominence or projection,
	as from a bone
8. mylohyoid	h) a relatively deep pit or
line	depression
9. notch	i) an articulation in which
	bones are united by cartilage
	without a synovial membrane

4. Insert the proper preposition:

1)The mandible forms the lower part __ the face.

2)The mandibular foramen is the start _____ a tunnel ______ the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels.

3)The mandibular condyle forms a movable joint

______ the mandible and the cranium part _____

the skull.

4)_____ the newborn the body is composed

_____ two halves, united at the symphysis menti

_____ a fibrous joint which is replaced _____

bone within two years.

5)The upper margin _____ the body is called alveolar process as it bears sockets _____ lower teeth.

6)The mandible consists _____ the body _____

its ascending ramus _____ each side.

7)The rami are divided _____ two processes: the mandibular condyle and a front coronoid process.

5. Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence:

1)The coronoid process ____________ (was, is, are) connected to the cranium via chewing muscles allowing the jaw to open and close.

2)The joint where the mandible ____________

(met, is met, meets) the upper jaw at the temporal bone is called the temporomandibular joint.

3)The mandible ____________ (is developing, develops, developing) from two originally separate bones, one on each side, which fuse together here at the symphysis.

4)When you hold your head still and open or close your mouth, you ____________ (moved, moves, are moving) your mandible.

5)The hyoid bone ____________ (has, have, is having) no articulation with other bones.

6)The mandible ____________ (held, is held, holds) the lower teeth in place.

7)Theory and practice ____________ (unite, united, are united) in his works.

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