Moodraya_grammatika

4. My dad _______________ (let me drive) his car provided that I

_______________ (pass) my driving test successfully.

5. If you _______________ (be going to invite) Helen to the theatre, you

_______________ (need to buy) tickets in advance.

6. If you _______________(want) to improve your English,

_______________

о

г

(practice) every day.

к

о

е

с

7. If he _______________ (sleep) now, we _______________ (wait) for him вin the

ы

living room.

н

ш

е

(not get

8. Unless you _______________ (give up) smoking, you _______________р

better).

Ч

.

Н

Г

9. If it _______________ (rain), there is an umbrella in your car.

и

н

е

м

THE OBLIQUE MOODS

и

something in the speaker‘s

The function of the oblique moods is to representт

е

т

mind not as a real

и

supposition, doubt or condition,

fact, but as a wish, purpose,

с

р

е

problematic or contrary to fact. When the speaker expresses his wish by using one of

в

и

the oblique moods,

н

the

hearer

what he considers

he merely communicates to

у

desirable. This is the main differenceй between the oblique moods and the imperative.

ы

н

н

When using the imperative mood the speaker directly urges the person addressed to

т

е

fulfil his order or request.в

с

р

а

There are four oblique moods in Modern English, of which two are synthetical

с

д

and two analytical.у The synthetical moods are: subjunctive I and subjunctive II. The

о

г

й

analytical moods are: the suppositional and the conditional.

и

с

Theк two synthetical moods (subjunctive I and subjunctive II) are often united

в

т

underо the general name of the subjunctive mood; the two analytical moods (the

а

а

рsuppositional and the conditional) are regarded as equivalents of the subjunctive. In

С some grammars the analytical moods are included into the subjunctive mood as the

analytical forms of the subjunctive.

11

Table 2: The Oblique Moods

Present

Past

Common

Continuous

Common

Continuous

Aspect

Aspect

Aspect

Aspect

г

Subjunctive I

о

о

represents

an

с

Has no tenses, the same form being used for the present, past andк

е

action

as

future. No s-inflexion.

ш

в

problematic,

н

but

not

as

р

ы

contradicting

e.g. We’ll start tomorrow though it rain.

reality.

It was necessary that she help us.

е

Ч

.

It is

used

to

Г

Success attend you!!!

.

express

order,

Н

и

request,

н

suggestion,

и

е

supposition,

т

м

purpose, etc. It

е

has

also

т

и

optative

с

р

meaning

е

в

(желательное

у

и

значение).

й

н

I/he/she/it +

I/he/she/it +

I/he/she/it

I/he/she/it

Subjunctive II

ы

represents

an

н

were/was

we/you/they +

we/you/they +

were/was/didн

action

as

we/you/theyе

+

doing

had been/had

had been

contrary

to

в

т

р

we/you/they +

done

doing

reality.

Action

were/didс

а

or

state

д

He

were doing

e.g.

I wish I

e.g. It seems as

e.g.

expressed

by

у

о

as

e.g. Don’t

you

had

come

though

they

сbehaves

the

verb

гis

presented йas

a

though

he

think it’s

time

earlier.

had

been

и

с

knew

nothing

we were going

telling

lies all

к

as

non-fact,

в

о

about it.

home?

along.

something

т

а

or

imaginary

а

С

рdesired

Suppositional

I/he/she/it/

I/he/she/it/

I/he/she/it/

I/he/she/it/

mood

/we/you/they +

/we/you/they +

/we/you/they +

/we/you/they +

represents

an

should do

should be

should have

should have

action

as

problematic,

doing

done

been doing

but

not

12

necessarily

e.g.

It

will be

e.g.

It

is

e.g.

It

is

e.g.

She

was

contradicting

desirable that

necessary

that

obligatory

that

frightened

lest

reality.

The

realization

of

you

should

everyone

you

should

she

should be

the action may

come alone.

should

be

have

studied

doing

depend

on

clapping

when

the

outline in

something

о

certain

he comes in.

advance.

wrong.

circumstances,

г

о

but

these

к

с

circumstances

в

are

not

е

ш

contrary

to

ы

fact.

н

р

е

Conditional

I/we +

I/we +

I/we +

Ч

I/we +

mood

.

should do

should be

Г

should have

should have

represents

an

.

doing

doneН

been doing

action

the

и

unreality

of

н

е

which is due to

he/she/it/

he/she/it/

м

he/she/it/

и

he/she/it/

the

absence

of

/you/they +

/you/they +

т

/you/they +

/you/they +

the

necessary

е

т

circumstances

would do

would beи

would have

would

have

с

on

which

the

р

doing

done

been doing

е

realization

of

e.g. If he had a

в

e.g.

If

he

e.g. If it hadn’t

e.g.иIf you were

the

action

н

lot

of

money,

у

hadn’t

been

been

so

late,

depends. It

is

at that party

й

mainly used in

he would buy ыa

now,

you

speeding,

he

they

would

the main clause

н

н

would

be

wouldn’t

have

have

been

new car. е

of

a complex

в

т

having fun!

hit the tree.

discussing

the

sentence with a

с

р

subordinate

project .

а

clause

of

д

у

unreal

с

о

г

condition, й

и

where theк verb

is

с

in

в

о

II.

subjunctiveт

а

р

Note: the tenses of the oblique moods (subjunctive II, the suppositional and

а

С

the conditional) are relative tenses; they do not refer the action to a certain

point of time (present, past or future) but merely indicate that the action of the verb in the oblique mood coincides in time with the action of the verb in the main clause which is in the indicative mood, or precedes it.

13

The USE OF THE OBLIQUE MOODS IN SIMPLE SENTENCES

In simple sentences the following oblique moods are used:

1.to express wish:

a)subjunctive I is used in a few set expressions

e.g. Be ours a happy meeting! Success attend you!

го

b)

subjunctive II is used in sentences beginning with Oh, (that)… ; If only…

ко

e.g. Oh, that the rain were over! If only he were not so difficult to follow!

е

с

в

ы

2. in sentences expressing concession subjunctive I is used (in set expressions);ш

it

may be replaced by a modal phrase let + infinitive:

е

н

Ч

р

e.g. So be it! Bring what it may! Let it be so!

.

Г

.

Н

3. to express commands or requests subjunctive I is used when the subject is an

и

н

indefinite pronoun (somebody, everybody, etc.) or the partitive combination one of

you, etc.:

и

е

т

м

е

e.g. Somebody go and bring me a cup of hot tea! One of you do this work right now!

т

и

с

4. to express that something is desirable, advisable, possible, etc. subjunctive II of

р

е

modal verbs is often used:

в

и

e.g. Oh, dear, what

у

should I do to makeн us happy? We could stay for the night here.

й

ы

We find subjunctive II in the following set expressions: had better, had best, had

е

н

rather, would sooner, wouldнrather, would have. They have modal meaning denoting

в

that

the action of

с

regarded as

desirable

or

the тinfinitive which follows them is

advisable.

д

р

у

а

о

e.g. So we had сbetter have tea in the garden. I would rather stay at home today.

г

й

5. the conditional mood is used in sentences with implied condition:

и

к

e.g. I сshould like to speak to you (if I got a chance). But for her headache (if she

в

о

had a headache) she would have taken part in our amateur concert yesterday.

hadn’tт

а

р

а

С

6. When the sentence refers to the future we find would + Infinitive or Could +

Infinitive:

e.g. If it would only stop raining for a single day!

14

Ex.6. Analyse the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the

sentences into Russian.

1.

If only he were more tolerant!

2.

Oh, that anybody could hear me!

3.

Oh, were he only here!

о

г

4.

Oh, that I had learned the truth yesterday!

к

о

5.

Oh, that they had believed that story before!

е

с

ы

в

6.

Oh, were she less strict with her students!

н

ш

7.

One of you shut the door!

е

Ч

р

8.

You had better keep silent!

.

Г

9.

He had better tell me the truth.

.

Н

и

10.You could have warned me!

н

е

и

11.But for your absent-mindedness we would finish theмwork in time.

т

е

12.If only she had followed her mother‘s advice!

т

и

с

13.She is angry with him, otherwise she wouldn‘t say such offending words.

р

е

в

14.It‘s getting cold, otherwise we would stay in the garden a little longer.

и

н

у

й

ы

Ex.7. Use the correct form of the infinitive in brackets.

1.

е

н

(to have) something important to say!

If only he __________________________н

в

2.

If only she

с

(to be) with me now!

р

т

3.

д

(to get) this promotion!

Oh, that he ____________________________________а

4.

о

у

If only we с_____________________________(to have) a chance to meet him!

г

й

We could have spent a nice evening together.

и

5.

к

you ___________________________(to be) happy!

Oh,thatс

в

о

6.тBut for the rain we __________________________(to go) to the forest yesterday.

а

р

а

But for your laziness you _____________________(to find) a better job long ago.

С

7.

8.

But for the accent with which she speaks nobody ___________________(to say)

she is not Russian.

9.

He was too engaged in talking with Linda, otherwise he

____________________(to notice) the stranger.

15

10. But for this chatty man I ________________________________(to feel) ill at

ease that evening.

11. But for the pictures no one _______________________________(to understand)

the story.

12. But

for

the

picture

they

saw

below

the

title

they

о

г

_________________________(not to understand) the story.

к

о

е

с

13. But for the stormy weather he _______________________(to ski) in theвpark

ы

now.

н

ш

е

better but

14.I ___________________________________(to understand) that essayр

for the Latin expressions the author used in every passage.

Ч

.

Г

.

Н

и

н

Ex.8. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to verb forms.

1.

и

е

до дома.

Если бы не жара, было бы приятно пройтись пешкомм

т

е

_________________________________________________________________

т

и

2.

с

Если бы этот день был солнечным и тѐплым!

р

е

в

__________________________________________________________________

3.

у

и

эту ошибку!

Если бы в молодости она не совершилан

й

ы

__________________________________________________________________

4.

е

н

Ах, если бы вы знали, какня одинок!

в

с

р

т

5. Ах,

если бы

д

вы видели его игру!

Он хороший актер,

но в этом

вчераа

у

о

спектакле сн превзошел сам себя.

г

й

__________________________________________________________________

и

6.

к

Еслисбы я мог доказать, что я прав!

в

о

__________________________________________________________________т

а

р

а

О, если бы мы снова могли быть вместе и никогда не расставаться!

С

7.

__________________________________________________________________

8. Если бы он тогда пришел вовремя! Но он опоздал, как всегда.

___________________________________________________________________

9. Извините, мне нужно уйти, иначе мы бы подольше погуляли по парку.

16

____________________________________________________________________

10. Я бы никогда ее не узнала. Она так изменилась.

____________________________________________________________________

11. Я лучше сегодня останусь дома и почитаю книгу, которую купила вчера.

____________________________________________________________________

о

г

12. Куда бы вы повесили эту кaртину?

к

о

с

е

____________________________________________________________________в

ы

13. Если бы не ее неуживчивый нрав,

она могла бы стать директоромш

этой

е

н

фирмы ___________________________________________________________р

Ч

14. Если бы не иллюстрации, книгу невозможно было бы читать. : она слишком

Г

.

Н

скучная. __________________________________________________________

и

н

и

е

THE OBLIQUE MOODS IN COMPLEXм SENTENCES

е

Table 3. The Use of the Oblique Moodsт

in Complex Sentences with

т

Subject Clauses

и

с

р

Pattern

Main clause

е

Example

Conjunction Subordinate

в

clause

и

н

у

1. The actions

й

Subjunctive I

It

was

It is/was/will be/might

in

both

be

ы

important

-

н

Suppositional

that

necessary

that

н

clauses

are

-

obligatoryе

Mood

everyone

в

simultaneous

с

-

т

(present)

assemble

true

а

-

рstrange

there.

у

о

д-

clear

It

is

с

-

advisable

necessary

г

й

-

doubtful

that

и

к

-

(un)pleasant

everyone

в

т

с

-

(un)important

should

ра

о

-

requested

read

this

-

better

article.

а

-

best

С

-

recommended

-

(im)possible

-

(un)believable

-

(un)natural

-

of vital

importance etc.

17

It is/was time

-

high time

–

Subjunctive II

-

about time

It’s

time

(rarely

Isn‘t it time …?

we were

that/–

Subjunctive I)

Don‘t you think it‘s

off.

Suppositional

time …?

Don’t

you

Mood

think

it’s

о

(present)

time

г

we

о

were

к

с

goingв?

It’s

е

time

ш

we

ыthat

н

go

р should

е

home.

Ч

2. The

action

.

It

is

Г

in

the

.

strange

Н

subordinate

и

that

you

Suppositional

н

clause

is

- // -

- // -

м

е

should

Mood (past)

prior to

that

и

т

have

met

е

in the

main

т

him there.

и

clause

с

р

е

в

Note: According to M.A. Ganshina and N.M. Vasilyevskaya‘s point of view

и

н

у

follows the expression It is (high) time is a

the subordinate clause which

й

ы

subject clause. E.M. Shpilyuk classifies this clause as attributive.

н

н

е

в

т

с

Ex.9. Analyse the form of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the

р

а

д

sentences into Russian.

у

с

о

1. It is odd thatг we meet here.

й

that your colleagues should have disagreed with you. They have

2. It is strangeи

к

с

supported you.

alwaysв

о

т

3.аIt was recommended that all documents be filed and locked.

р

а

С

4. It‘s highly improbable that she should be planning to meet you now.

5. Isn‘t it of vital importance that he should have faced the biggest challenge of his career?

6. It‘s clear that every opinion should be taken into consideration.

7. It‘s impossible that the money should have been stolen. You must have lost it.

18

8.It is essential that all the participants of the show be on time.

9.It was obligatory then that the girls should learn to dance.

10.It is requested that all breaks in the procedure be reported at once.

Ex.10. a) Make the sentences in Subjunctive I translating the rest of the

о

г

sentences into English.

к

о

Model: It‘s urgent that он объяснился перед аудиторией.

е

с

ы

в

It‘s urgent that he explain himself in front of the audience.

н

ш

1.

It‘s impossible that он опоздал.

е

Ч

р

2.

It‘s unbelievable that она была такой грубой.

.

Г

.

3.

It‘s desirable that все присутствовали на конференции.

Н

и

4.

It‘s necessary that вы сделали это немедленно.

н

е

5.

It‘s important that они сейчас же пришли.

и

т

м

е

b) Transform the above given sentences using the Suppositional mood.

т

и

с

р

е

в

Ex.11. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

у

и

и никогда не встречались.

1.Странно, что они жили в одном городкен

й

ы

___________________________________________________________

е

н

на это письмо как можно скорее.

2. Необходимо, чтобы вы ответилин

в

с

р

т

д

деле он ссылается на вас.

3. Странно, что в этома

у

о

____________________________________________________________с

г

й

4. Досадно, что он вышел из себя в тот вечер.

и

к

____________________________________________________________с

в

о

5.тЖаль, что вы отказываетесь меня выслушать.

а

р

а

С

____________________________________________________________

6. Вам необходимо осознать свои ошибки как можно скорее.

_____________________________________________________________

7. Странно, что вы не смогли сделать окончательный выбор.

_____________________________________________________________

19

8.Невероятно, что он уже на ногах после столь тяжелой болезни.

_____________________________________________________________

9.Возможно, мы еще встретимся и обсудим этот вопрос.

__________________________________________________________________

10. Совершенно необходимо, чтобы дети знали правила дорожного движения.

о

г

__________________________________________________________________

к

о

е

с

11. Рекомендуется прочитать текст целиком, прежде чем браться за переводв.

ы

н

ш

е

12. Как странно, что Сара не сообщила нам о времени своего отъ здар.

Ч

__________________________________________________________________.

Г

.

Н

и

н

е

Table 4. The Use of the Oblique Moods in Complex Sentences with

м

Predicative Clauses

и

т

Pattern

Main clause

е

Subordinate

Example

Conjunction

т

и

clause

с

1. The actions

Indicative Mood

р

Subjunctive

II

She looks as if

as if

е

in both clauses

Imperative Mood

в

(present)

she

knew it

to

as though

и

are

н

be true.

у

simultaneous

й

He felt as if he

Link-verbs: to be,

ы

to feel, to look, to

were

a

н

н

hundred.

seem, to sound, to

в

taste

т

е

It

was

as

с

though

р

а

everything was

у

о

д

against

him

с

that day.

г

к

й

Subjunctive

II

It

seems

as

2. The actionи in

в

the subordinateс

(past)

though

they

т

clauseо is prior

had

been

р

toаthat in the

- // -

- // -

telling lies

all

аmain clause

along.

С

It’s

not

as

if

you

had

known

her

before.

3.

An

abstract noun

Subjunctive I

or

Our

chief

as a subject:

that

Suppositional

demand

is/was

20