Lecture 8

Typology of the sentence

in English and Ukrainian. The simple sentence

Contents

1.Sentence as the basic unit of syntax.

2.The expression of syntactic relations.

3.The classification of sentences as to their structure.

4.One-member sentences in English and Ukrainian.

5.One-word sentences in English and Ukrainian.

6.Communicative Types of Sentences in English and Ukrainian

The system of coordinates to fix the position or the direction of thought

The act of speech

•The act of speech is the event with which all other events mentioned in the sentence are correlated in speech (the category of tense, time markers).

•The speaker is the person with whom other persons and things in the sentence are correlated (the category of person of the verb and nouns and pronouns performing the syntactic function of the subject in the sentence).

•Reality is either accepted as the speaker sees it, or an attempt is made to change it, or some irreality is fancied (the category of mood, words like must, may, probably, etc.).

•The relations to the act of speech, to the

speaker and to the reality comprise the relation to the situation of speech.

•The relation of the thought (змісту) of a

sentence to the situation of speech is called predicativity.

•Predicativity is an essential part of the content of the sentence.

The sentence can be defined as a communication unit made up of words (and word-morphemes) in conformity with their combinability, united by predicativity and intonation.

•Within a sentence, the word or combination of words containing the meaning of predicativity may be called the predication, the grammatical employment of predicativity.

•In the sentence He considered it for a minute the predication is he considered. He indicates the person, considered – the tense and mood components of predicativity.

•Thus, the predication is made by the function of the main parts of the sentence. They are the subject and the predicate of the sentence.

•The character of formal means of rendering syntactic relations is a determining one for the language structure.

•The most widespread means of expression of word relations in the Ukrainian language is the flexion.

•For the English language word order is of great importance.

Isomorphic types of syntactic means in E.&U.

•(1) agreement (узгодження), when the subordinate element gets the same grammatical meaning as the kernel one (in English 24%, in Ukrainian 53%): this book – these books, наступного дня, усім трьом, на третьому поверсі;

•(2) government (керування), when the grammatical meaning of the kernel element demands from the subordinate element one particular grammatical meaning (in English 39%, in Ukrainian 32%): to be fond of smth. (preposition government), I saw him (case government), усіх розважав, усміхнувся усім;

•(3) adjoinment (прилягання), when the elements are joined without changing their forms (in English 37%, in Ukrainian 15%): to go quickly, досконало перевірити, рушив услід.

•The allomorphic way to express word relations in English is the so-called enclosement (замикання). It is typical of all the Germanic languages.

•In English it is mainly found in attributive word groups, the first member of which is the article or some other determiner of the noun.

•The border members of the word groups ate drawn apart as if creating a frame for attributes

belonging to this word combination: his long new coat.