Атлас по рентгенологии травмированных собак и кошек / an-atlas-of-radiology-of-the-traumatized-dog-and-cat

552 Poisoning

8.1.2Herbicide poisoning

Case 8.7

Day 1

	Signalment/History: “Pooper” was an 8-year-old, female
	Labrador Retriever with a history of high fever for 24 hours,
	rapid shallow respiration, and abdominal pain. She was re-
	ferred for a diagnostic laparotomy. The surgery was delayed
	because of an absence of definite clinical signs to support the
	requirement for surgery. Two days later, she was in definite
	respiratory distress.
8	Radiographic procedure: Radiographs were made of the
	thorax.

Radiographic diagnosis (day 1): A minor increase in interstitial lung changes was present. This is not atypical for the dog’s age; such changes were also suggestive of a pulmonary effusion. Malunion healing of the 7th and 8th ribs on the right was indicative of an old trauma. In addition, thickened pleura were adjacent to the malunion rib fractures. The heart was normal, no pleural fluid was seen and the diaphragm was intact.

Herbicide poisoning 553

Day 3

Radiographic diagnosis (day 3): A marked increase in fluid density in all the lung lobes along with an air-bronchogram pattern suggested an increase in diffuse alveolar fluid. No pleural fluid was evident.

Comments: The distribution of diffuse alveolar fluid was not hilar as would be seen with cardiogenic edema. The distribution was not lobar as expected with airway-oriented pneumonia and was not characterized by disseminated focal lesions as

expected with hematogenous pneumonia. The acute onset of 8 clinical signs complicated the determination of the diagnosis.

In this case, paraquat toxicity could only be proven on the basis of the owner’s information.

Paraquat is a popular and effective herbicide; however, it is a harsh gastrointestinal irritant and in addition, has a most destructive impact on the respiratory tract. Poisoning can occur with oral, parenteral, aerosol, or dermal exposure. The symptoms in man are gastrointestinal pain and vomiting within 24 hours of exposure, followed by respiratory failure. The cause of the acute interstitial lung disease is unknown. The generation of toxic oxygen radicals is sufficient to damage normal pulmonary parenchyma and cause a secondary alveolitis. The pulmonary lesions can be classified as belonging to the group of Interstitial Lung Diseases of Unknown Etiology or within the group of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome or Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

554

8

555

Subject index

Numbers in bold type refer to tables	(used as) contrast agent, 163	Contrast studies
with case references.	inhalation, 164	traumatized abdomen, 202f.
	Bladder, see Urinary bladder	Contusion
A	Blastomyces dermatitidis, 471	pulmonary, 27, 47, 32, 68, 71,
Abdomen	Bone	81
fluid density mass, 240	atrophy, see Osteoporosis	Costochondral junctions, 379
Abdominal radiology	density, 7	Cystitis
indications, 198	growing	chronic, 260
radiographic evaluation, 198f.	traumatic injuries, 448–469	Cystography, 203
radiographic features, 199–202	infection, 431, 470, 473
Abdominal trauma, 198	Bowel disease	D
Abdominal tumor, 269	obstructive, 214	Density, 5–7
Abdominal wall	Bowel loops	radiographic, 8
hernia, 49, 434	air-filled, 46, 51, 95, 101	DeVita pin, 342
Abscess	foreign body, 208	Diagnostic quality of a muscu-
sterile, 476	mediastinal shift, 93	loskeletal
Aerophagia, 111	obstructing luminal mass, 211	enhancement, 274f.
Air-bronchogram, 17, 35, 544	Bronchi	Diagnostic radiology, 2
Airgun pellet, 141	(increase in) fluid density, 70	Diagnostic study, 2f.
Alveolar fluid, 83	Bronchiectasis, 163	Diaphragmatic hernia, see Hernia,
Alveolar infiltrates, 544	Bronchopneumonia	diaphragmatic
Alveolar pattern, 550	aspiration, 154	Diaphragmatic rupture, 14f.
Amputation		Discospondylitis, 486
limb, 364	C	Disc space
Apophyseal fracture, see Fracture,	Calcaneous, 382	collapse, 314, 417
apophyseal	Calcification	L1–2, 417
Appendicular skeletal injury	prostate gland, 250	Displacement
radiographic features, 276	urinary bladder, 250	sternebrae, 29
“Apple core” appearance	Calcinosis	Disruption
femoral neck, 356	tumoral, 488	rib, 47
Arthritis	Callus, 288	Diverticulum, 434
infectious, 484	Capital epiphysis	rectal, 433
inflammatory, 482	slipped, 338, 462
septic, 351	Cardiac silhouette, 92, 108, 112,	E
suppurative, 484	116, 136	Edema
Arthrogram, 287	Cardiomegaly	traumatic, 536
Arthropy	bilateral, 181	Effusion
muscle, 358, 430, 458	Catheter	pleural, 53, 541
Arthrosis	retained, 251, 260	Emphysema
chronic	Cauda equina syndrome, 522	subcutaneous, 13, 23, 27, 32, 49,
elbow, 290	Collapse	120, 130f., 133, 188
post-traumatic, 307, 309, 341	T12, 403	Enthesophytes, 292, 309, 491
Aseptic necrosis	Colon	Epicondyle
post-traumatic, 277	distended, 423	malformed, 292
Aspiration	stricture, 439	Esophageal disease, 18
(of ) acid material, 145	Comparison studies, 7	Esophageal trauma, 19
bronchopneumonia, 154	use of, 274f.	Esophagram
pneumonia, 151, 153, 184	Comparison views	positive contrast, 192
Atelectasis, see Lung lobe	use of, 274	Esophagus
Atrophic change	Congenital anomaly	dilation, 156, 160, 195
pencilling, 442	German Shepherd, 427	diverticulum, 197
Avulsion	spine, 395	perforation, 181
bone, 376	sternum, 45, 391	radiodense foreign body, 181
fracture, see Fracture, avulsion	xiphoid, 101	radiopaque foreign body, 185
ischiatic tuberosity, 376, 462	Contrast	rupture, 184
	radiographic, 5	stricture, 158, 161, 190
B	Contrast agent, 203	wall, 187, 189
Barium enema, 439	leakage, 245, 267	Excretory urography, 202
Barium sulfate	retention, 237

F

Feces

impacted, 433 Femoral neck

partial resorption, 465 Femur

malunion fracture, 433 non-union fracture, 445 trauma, 360

Fetus

mummified, 259 Film

density, 5, 8 speed, 8

Film-screen combination, 8 Fistula

perianal, 262 Flail chest, 29, 388 Fluid

peritoneal, 37, 46, 201, 215f., 219, 230, 238, 240, 246, 257, 323, 495

pleural, 14, 47, 57, 60, 69, 77, 92, 105, 256, 549

Foreign body, 181, 185 arrow shaft, 532 bronchial, 176 linear, 213

metallic, 212, 524, 526, 531 gastroesophageal, 529 linear, 529

radiopaque, 528 needle, 525, 527 radiopaque, 521 small bowel, 213 thorax, 167

trachea, 129, 168, 170 Fracture

apophyseal, 440, 466 avulsion, 285, 380, 383, 447

acute, 469 chronic, 467 bimalleolar, 380

C2, 396 chronic, 311

classification, 276 comminuted, 520 delayed, 440–447 elbow joint, 289 epiphyseal, 425 femoral head, 357

femoral neck, 107, 229, 249, 343 femur, 219, 362, 371

fixation devices, 276f. forelimb, 298 fragments, 327 “greenstick”, 300 hemipelvis, 321

multiple, 324

556 Subject index

humerus, 289 infected, 377

intraarticular oblique, 386 ischium, 331f. (compression) L3, 410 L4, 109

malleolar, 381

malunion, 299, 304, 418, 425, 430, 433, 435f., 449

chronic, 419 mandible, 394, 515

metacarpal bones, 303f., 316 metatarsal bones, 373 non-union, 303, 319, 440–447

radius and ulna, 442 olecranon, 285 patella, 366

pathologic, 328, 364, 379 multiple, 352

pelvis, 339 multiple, 326

phalangeal, 305 physeal, 356, 440, 449

chronic, 458f.

primarily trabecular bone, 311 pubic, 323

radiocarpal bone, 311 radius, 294–297 radius and ulna, 219

rib, 27, 36, 42, 49, 108 sacroilium, 219

sacrum, 219, 329, 337, 349, 409 Salter Harris, see Salter-Harris fracture

scapula, 134, 278, 281–283 simple oblique, 297

stress, 301 tibia, 441 transverse, 386 ulna, 294, 296f. vertebra, 520

Fracture line epiphysis, 368 shoulder joint, 288 unusual pattern, 331

Fracture-luxation carpometacarpus, 314 L4, 105

sacrum, 411 T5, 83, 399 T12, 401f.

tibiotarsal joint, 437

G

Gastric distention, 206 Gastric foreign body, 203, 204

radiopaque, 205 German Shepherd

congenital anomaly, 427 Glenoid cavity, 287

incomplete ossification, 287 Grid, 8

technique, 4 Growing bones

traumatic injuries, 448–469

Gunshot injury/wound, 31, 489, 492–522

abdomen, 495 femur, 519

forelimb, 497, 502, 517 head, 499, 501, 516 high-energy bullet, 510, 512 lung, 502

mandible, 515 pelvis, 496 peritoneal fluid, 495 rifle bullet, 509, 513 thorax, 494

tissue damage, 492 Gunshot pellet, 521

H

Hair balls Head

gunshot injury, 499, 501, 516 trauma 392

Healing delayed, 440

Heart shadow, 124 Hematoma

lung lobe, 87 pulmonary, 17

Hemipelvis, 423 Hemithorax

fluid dense mass, 77 mass, 196

mass-like lesion, 102 Hemomediastinum, 18, 27, 284,

506 Hemopericardium, 509 Hemoperitoneum, 239

Hemorrhage, 57, 75, 78, 141, 409 fluid, 549

mediastinum, 139 pericardial, 546 pulmonary, 71f., 111, 256

Hemothorax, 36, 541 etiologies, 15

Herbicide poisoning, 552f. Hernia, 145

abdominal wall, 49, 434 diaphragmatic, 16, 91–107, 363, 433

gastric hiatal, 193, 195

inguinal, 37, 220, 222, 224, 229, 234

paracostal, 47, 51f. pericardio-diaphragmatic, 107 perineal, 236

Hindfoot, 382

Hip dysplasia, 335, 346, 511 bilateral, 355, 368

Hip joint

radiographic signs of trauma, 340 Hip luxation, 460

Hook, 187 Hyperparathyroidism

secondary, 352

I

Ileus

paralytic, 216 Ilium

malunion fracture, 425, 435 Infection, 501

Inflammation, 471 Injury

chronic, 292 shearing, 293

Intensifying screen, 4 Intercostal muscles

tearing, 24 Intramedullary pin, 420 Intraperitoneal air, 264 Ischiatic tuberosity

avulsion, 376, 462

J

Jejunum perforated, 217

Joint disease post-traumatic, 291

Joint effusion, 366

K

Kidney rupture, 245

Kirschner apparatus, 422 kVp, 8

L

Lesion granulomatous, 89 post-traumatic, 308

Ligament collateral, 367

Limb

amputation, 364 disuse, 443

Lucency, 8

Lumbosacral segment, 427 Lung

air-filled cyst, 112 foreign body, 85

Lung field

(increase in) fluid density, 542 hyperlucent, 134, 281

Lung lobe, 16, 17, 36, 38, 118, 120, 149

abscessation, 61 accessory, 61 contusion, 29, 65

(increase in) fluid density, 553 hematoma, 87 hyperinflation, 69, 87 infiltrative pattern, 31

lucent cyst, 71 mass lesion, 85

obstructive, 153, 176, 184 passive, 27

pneumonic, 85

right middle lobe, 113

“right middle lobe syndrome”, 65f.

soft tissue mass, 87 Lung parenchyma

damage, 15–18 Lung torsion

chronic, 77 Luxation

costovertebral, 51 coxofemoral, 333, 341

bilateral, 333 head, 348

femoral head, 342, 345, 349, 353, 357f., 376

joint, 383 sacroiliac, 337

bilateral, 220 sternum, 390

Lymphosarcoma, 97

M

Malalignment of fragments, 373 Malunion fracture, see Fracture,

malunion

Mandibular symphysis, 393 mAs, 8

Mass

effect, 100f. epidural, 407

thoracolumbar, 409 intrathoracic, 94, 98, 197 Mediastinal shift, 54, 124, 129

Mediastinum

fluid, 141, 547, 549 hemorrhage, 139 thickness, 141 widening, 550

Metallic fragments, 520 Metallic pellets, 132 “Morgan’s line”, 368

Muscle atrophy, 358, 430, 458 Musculoskeletal injury

use of radiographic examination, 270

Myelomalacia, 415

N

Necrosis avascular, 459

Needle

foreign body, 525, 527 Non-union fracture, see Fracture,

non-union

O

Opacity, 8

Osteochondritis dissecans, 437 Osteochondroma, 355 Osteomyelitis, 445, 471–486,

501

chronic, 478f., 481, 497 differential diagnoses, 475 multicentric, 477 periapical, 483

Osteopenia, see Osteoporosis Osteoporosis, 384, 443

disuse, 277, 442f.

			Subject index 557
femoral head, 333	Pulmonary infiltrate, 80	distorsion, 397	foreign body, 129, 168, 170
Osteosarcoma, 364, 421	Pulmonary nodules, 136, 148	dural tearing, 415	perforation, 181
		edema, 413	radiopaque foreign body, 165
P	R	extradural mass, 417	stenosis, 179
Palatine bones, 393	Radiographic contrast, 5	hemorrhage, 413, 415	Tracheal wash, 142
Paracostal hernia, see Hernia, para-	Radiographic density, 8	L6, 33	Trauma
costal	Radiographic evaluation, 6	lumbar, 33	chronic, 309
Paraquat, 553	skeleton, 272f.	stenosis	old, 313
toxicity, 553	thoracic studies, 10–12	congenital, 335	types, 1
Pelvis	Radiographic features	subluxation, 314	Trochanter
malunion fracture, 430	appendicular skeletal injury, 276	T12, 405	injury, 511
trauma, 320	thoracic trauma, 12–19	T13, 405
Pencilling, 443	Radiographic indications	Splen	U
atrophic change, 442	musculoskeletal trauma, 273	rupture, 239	Ulna
Perianal fistula, 262	Radiographic (image) quality, 3	Spondylosis deformans, 347, 413,	non-union fracture, 446
Peritoneal air, 201	factors influencing, 273f.	417	physeal injury, 457
Peritoneal bleeding, 78	Radiographic technique, 4	Stenosis	premature closure, 420
Peritoneal fluid, 37, 46, 201, 215f.,	Radiographic viewing, 4f.	spinal canal	Ureter, 243
219, 230, 238, 240, 246, 257,	Radiological report, 6f.	congenital, 335	rupture, 267
323, 495	Radiolucent, 8	Sternum	Urethra, 241
Physeal fracture, see Fracture, physeal	Radiopacity, 8	congenital anomaly, 45, 391	penile, 253
Physeal growth injuries, 448	Radiopaque, 8	Stifle joint, 365	rupture, 235, 241, 247, 255
Physeal growth plates, 441	Radius	stress view, 367	tear, 249
Physeal slippage	growth plate, 455	Stomach	Urethrocystogram
Type I, 457	non-union fracture, 446	air-filled, 93	retrograde, 248
Pleural adhesion, 38	physeal injury, 457	ingesta-filled, 95	Urinary bladder
Pleural bleeding, 54	physeal plate, 453	Stress radiograph	calcification, 250
Pleural effusion, 53, 541	Rectum	tibiotarsal joint, 437	rupture, 225, 231f., 235, 323
Pleural fluid, 14, 15, 47, 57, 60,	diverticulum, 433	Stress studies, 9	Urogram
69, 77, 92, 105, 256, 549	Retrograde urethrography, 203	Stress view	intravenous, 242
Pleural scaring, 38	Retroperitoneal air, 202, 230	stifle joint, 367	retrograde, 221
Pleural space, 12	Retroperitoneal fluid, 201, 232,	tarsus, 383	Uterus
Pleural thickening, 40	242	Subcutaneous air, 88	gravid, 425
Pneumatocele, 17, 54, 79, 155	Rickets, 379	Supraglenoid tubercle, 279	tear, 264
traumatic, 71	Rodenticide poisoning, 539–551	Surgical sponge, 439
Pneumomediastinum, 18, 32, 43,			V
130–132, 134, 146, 188, 281	S	T	Valgus deformity, 298
causes, 19	Sacrum	Tarsus
Pneumonia	fracture, 219, 329, 337, 349, 409	stress view, 383	W
airway-oriented, 153	Salter-Harris fracture	Terms in radiology, 7–9	Wallerian degeneration, 415
aspiration, 151, 153, 184	Type I, 448, 450, 461	Thoracic radiographs	Warfarin, 541
inhalation, 157	Type II, 448	positioning, 11
post-traumatic, 18	Type III, 448	Thoracic wall
secondary, 75	Type IV, 448, 451, 488	disruption, 12
Pneumoperitoneum, 226	Type V, 448	injury, 13, 387
Pneumothorax, 12–14, 21, 24, 27,	Type VI, 448	Thoracocentesis, 541
42, 49, 78, 108, 111f., 115f.,	Secondary hyperparathyroidism,	Thorax
120, 124, 129, 136, 143, 149,	352	foreign body, 167
155, 234, 284	Sequential radiographic studies, 275	malformed cavity, 45
causes, 14	Sequestration, 481	Thrombocytopenia, 541
radiographic features, 14	Sesamoid bone, 285	Tibia
tension, 123	Shock, 36	avulsion fracture, 447
types, 13	Shotgun injury, see Gunshot in-	greenstick fracture, 375
Poisoning	jury/wound	injury to the growth plate, 452
herbicide, 552f.	Skeletal injury	malunion fracture, 436
rodenticide, 539–551	appendicular	midshaft fracture, 373
Prematury growth plate, 455	radiographic features, 276	open, 376
Pseudoarthrosis, 345, 428, 519	Skyline view, 9	oblique fracture, 374
Pulmonary bullae, 17	Soft tissue	spiral fracture, 372
Pulmonary contusion, 27, 47, 32,	air, 537	trauma, 369
68, 71, 81	mineralization, 490	Tissue density, 5, 9
Pulmonary fluid, 549	Spinal cord, see Spine	Toxicity
Pulmonary hematoma, 17	Spine, 395–417	paraquat, 553
Pulmonary hemorrhage, 71f., 111,	congenital anomaly, 395	Trachea
256	contusion, 415	elevation, 98