Contents III

The Human Body

An Introduction to Structure and Function

Adolf Faller, M.D.

Former Professor

University of Fribourg

Fribourg, Switzerland

Michael Schünke, M.D., Ph.D.

Professor

Institute of Anatomy CAU Kiel

Kiel, Germany

Gabriele Schünke, M.Sc.

Dipl.-Biol.

Kronshagen, Germany

Translated by Oliver French, M.D.; edited by Ethan Taub, M.D.

316 colored illustrations

Thieme

Stuttgart · New York

http://www.bestmedbook.com/

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher

This book is an authorized and revised translation of the 13th German edition published and copyrighted 1999 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of the German edition: Der Körper des Menschen: Einführung in Bau und Funktion

Translator: Oliver French M.D., Brooktondal, NY,

USA

Editor: Ethan Taub, M.D., Diplomate of the American Board of Neurological Surgery, Klinik im Park, Zürich, Switzerland

1st Dutch edition 1970 2nd Dutch edition 1974 3rd Dutch edition 1978 4th Dutch edition 1981

1st French edition 1970 2nd French edition 1983 3rd French edition 1988 4th French edition 2000

1st German edition 1966 2nd German edition 1967 3rd German edition 1969 4th German edition 1970 5th German edition 1972 6th German edition 1974 7th German edition 1976 8th German edition 1978 9th German edition 1980 10th German edition 1984 11th German edition 1988 12th German edition 1995

1st Italian edition 1973

1st Japanese edition 1982 2nd Japanese edition 1993 3rd Japanese edition 1998

1st Spanish edition 1968 2nd Spanish edition 1984

© 2004 Georg Thieme Verlag, Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany http://www.thieme.de

Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA http://www.thieme.com

Cover design: Cyclus, Stuttgart Typesetting by primustype Hurler GmbH, Notzingen

Printed in Germany by Grammlich, Pliezhausen

ISBN 3-13-129271-7 (GTV)
ISBN 1-58890-122-X (TNY)	1 2 3 4 5

Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book.

Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed.

Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

Contents V

Preface to the First English Edition

The first German edition of this book, which was later lovingly known as “The Faller,” published in 1966. At this time nobody could ever have imagined that “The Human Body,” written by Swiss anatomist Adolf Faller, would remain uniquely successful for almost 40 years. Thirteen German editions and several editions in other languages speak for themselves. Fifteen years after Faller’s death, the thoroughly and extensively revised 13th German edition published. The current English edition is based upon this German edition.

The new version contains almost 200 more pages than the original. In addition, more than 50 new illustrations have been added to facilitate an easier approach to sometimes difficult information. Where necessary, entire chapters have been rewritten to cover the latest developments in human biology and medicine. All these changes have been made with the reader in mind. In fact, many of the changes were suggestions from the readers which we have happily incorporated. These include a brief summary at the end of each chapter, a fold-out depicting the complete human skeleton, and a table of contents at the beginning of each chapter. We therefore thank our readers for their many helpful suggestions and hope that readers of the English edition will follow suit.

Many thanks go to our translator Oliver French MD, who not only skilfully translated the text but also adapted it to American medical practice. Due to his expertise this book is far more than a simple translation of a German textbook; it has really become an international textbook in its own right. Many helpful suggestions from Ethan Taub MD, a New York-trained neurosurgeon, were also incorporated into the text.

Preparing this English edition was a rewarding experience and we hope that the reader will share our enthusiam when studying the fascinating fabric of the human body. This work has been made particularly enjoyable by the help of the experienced Thieme staff. We would like to express our appreciation to Ms G Kuhn, Mr R Zepf, and Dr C Bergman. Mr

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Markus Voll professionally and skillfully prepared all the new illustrations. Many thanks to them all!

Finally a note on the chapter Evolution. We are aware that many American educational institutions do not teach the theory of evolution and many Americans believe in creationism. However, the theory of evolution is widely accepted in Europe and its application forms the basis of many observations on which medical practice is founded. Its inclusion in this text should therefore not be regarded as “Weltanschauung” but as a rather neutral statement about current biological theory.

Kiel, Spring 2004

Gabriele and Michael Schünke

Contents VII

Contents

A more detailed table of contents can be found at the beginning of each chapter

1	Biology of the Cell	1
	Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	2
	Number, Size, Shape, and Properties of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	2
	Structure of the Cell and Cell Organelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	4
	Cell Division (Mitosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	18
	Reduction or Maturation Division (Meiosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	21
	Exchange of Materials between the Cell and Its Environment . .	24
	Membrane or Resting Potential of a Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	27
	Solid and Fluid Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	28
2	Genetics and Evolution	39
	Genetics (The Science of Heredity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	40
	Evolution (The Science of Development; Phylogeny) . . . . . . . . .	55
3	Tissues	67
	Epithelial Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	68
	Connective and Supporting Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	72
	Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	85
	Nerve Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	97
4 The Locomotor System (Musculoskeletal System)		113
	Axes, Planes, and Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	114
	General Anatomy of the Locomotor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	116
	Special Anatomy of the Locomotor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	129

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	5 The Heart and Blood Vessels		205

The Heart (Cor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

The Vascular System—Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

The Vascular System—Physiological Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

6 Blood, the Immune System, and Lymphoid Organs 259

The Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

The Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

The Lymphoid Organs (Immune Organs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

	7 The Endocrine System		307

Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Hypothalamic−Hypophyseal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Pineal Gland (Pineal Body, Epiphysis Cerebri) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Thyroid Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal Glands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Islet Apparatus of the Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

The Gonads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Other Tissues and Single Cells Secreting Hormones . . . . . . . . . 328

	8 The Respiratory System		333

The Path of Oxygen to the Cell: External and Internal

Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Organs of the Air Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Serous Cavities and Membranes of the Chest and Abdomen . . 348

Lungs (Pulmones) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Ventilation of the Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Contents IX

Gas Exchange and the Blood−Air Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

The Regulation of Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

The Mechanics of Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

	9 The Digestive System		377

Metabolism, Energy Requirements, and Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . 378

The Digestive Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Overview of the Digestive Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

	10 The Kidneys and Urinary Tract		441

Role of the Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

Overview of the Structure and Function of the Kidneys . . . . . . 442

The Kidney (Ren, Nephros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Urinary Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

	11 The Reproductive Organs		471

Function and Structure of the Reproductive Organs . . . . . . . . . 472

Male Reproductive Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472

Female Reproductive Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

	12 Reproduction, Development, and Birth		505

Germ Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Transport through the Uterine Tube and Segmentation . . . . . . 511

Implantation and Development of the Placenta (Afterbirth) . . . 513

Development of the Embryo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Development of the Fetus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Postnatal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

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	13 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems		533

Classification of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Role of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Development of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584

14 The Autonomic Nervous System	605
Function and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	606
Outline of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	608
Sympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	609
Parasympathetic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	613
Nervous System of the Intestinal Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	616
15 Sense Organs	623
Receptors and Sensory Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	624
The Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	625
The Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	644
The Sense of Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	654
The Sense of Smell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	655
16 The Skin and Its Appendages	663
Skin (Cutis) and Subcutaneous Tissue (Tela Subcutanea) . . . . .	664
Skin Appendages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	668
17 Quantities and Units of Measurement	673
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	674

A-Z

Contents XI

The SI System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Multiples and Fractions (Powers of Ten) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 Concentrations and Equivalent Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

Glossary			679
Index			682