Тема - Здравоохранение в РБ Modern trends
.docModern trends/
Although the Belarusian medical health care is in transition переходный период the changes for the better are obvious. First of all it concerns(касается) big cities, Minsk being one of them. New medical equipment, manufactured both in this country and abroad за границей, has been installed in hospitals; laser technology, ultrasound diagnostic devices, computer tomographs, and computer thermodiagnosis equipment is used. All hospitals have intensive care departments, substitutive therapy labora- tories and medical rehabilitation departments. The problems of applying computers for diagnosis and treatment are being solved.
Because of new drugs, people recover more quickly after operations and by now, many operations, which were once new, and perhaps dangerous, have become much safer.
One of the examples of medical reforms in Belarus may be the establishment of a modern health centre in Krupitsy that is a residential neighbourhood 30 km from Minsk consisting of 22 villages with a total population of 3,500 inhabitants. It was a joint project of two small cities in Germany and the Netherlands supported поддержка by funds from TACIS.
This model practice can serve a cornerstone in the further development of primary health care in Belarus. Since opening the centre new elements of primary care have been introduced: extra hours care by family doctors, accomplishments выполнение of the family planning program, improvement развитие of doctors' service efficiency эффективность who not only treat common diseases but perform minor surgeries. The health authorities of the Minsk region have become interested in this model and intend to create other 15 to 20 centres of this kind. At present there is a tendency towards по направлению к primary health care development and further training of the family doctors in Belarus. Many issues проблем of medical care are to be solved:
• the future model of primary care;
• the status of family practice;
• private practice;
• legislation, regulation and management techniques;
• quality of care;
• education and training
The advances успех in technology have brought приносить about certain innovations in treatment, keyhole surgery (laparoscopy) and microsurgery being good examples.
Keyhole surgery uses an endoscope based on fibre-optic technology. Using miniaturised tools, including a tiny flexible camera, the surgeon can operate remotely, using a television monitor to see what is happening. Many operations can now be performed without making an incision in the body at all - the surgeon can reach the upper parts of the body through the mouth and the lower part through the rectum.
Advances in microsurgery mean that using powerful microscopes, surgeons can now re-join nerves and very small blood vessels. Microsurgery is now routinely used in ear, eye and larynx operations as well as in re-connecting severed limbs.
During в течении the last decades of the 20th century increasingly все больше и больше complicated organ transplantations have been carried out. Transplantations are carried out when an organ is so badly damaged that it no longer works properly должным образом. It may be the cornea, a part of the eye, kidney, liver, heart, lung, brain tissue, bone marrow etc.
For grafting пересадка ткани to be possible there must be organ donors - people who are willing готовый ( сделать что-л. ) for parts of their bodies to be given to others. For a graft to be successful the tissues of the do-nor must be compatible совместимый with those of the patient receiving the organ. If not, the patient's immune system tries to reject the organ by treating it very much like infection. Sometimes the organs are not human, but come from pigs and apes. Some people object to use the animal organs due to ethical issues and they argue it is wrong to forfeit an animal's life.
Creation создание of a biologic artificial искусственный pancreas is the most promising многообещающий direction направление in surgical treatment of insulin de- pendent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Macro encapsulation инкапсуляция of islet островок cells into a semi-permeable проницаемый membrane and transplantation into the blood stream allows to prevent graft rejection, to preserve its vitality and function for a long time without immune suppressive therapy. The obtained results allow using this method both for xeno-and allotransplantation of islet cells under clinical conditions.