138 Vaccines
Table 2. Influenza vaccines and manufacturers.
Manufacturer |
Brand name |
FDA page |
Package insert |
|
Enzira |
|
http://emc.medicines.org.uk/eMC/ass |
|
|
|
ets/c/html/DisplayDoc.asp?Document |
|
|
|
ID=16606 |
Wyeth |
Agrippal |
|
http://emc.medicines.org.uk/eMC/ass |
|
|
|
ets/c/html/DisplayDoc.asp?Document |
|
|
|
ID=7788 |
Solvay |
Influvac Sub- |
|
http://emc.medicines.org.uk/eMC/ass |
Healthcare |
Unit |
|
ets/c/html/DisplayDoc.asp?Document |
|
|
|
ID=2080 |
|
Invivac |
|
http://emc.medicines.org.uk/eMC/ass |
|
|
|
ets/c/html/DisplayDoc.asp?Document |
|
|
|
ID=15191 |
MASTA |
MASTAFLU |
|
http://emc.medicines.org.uk/eMC/ass |
|
|
|
ets/c/html/DisplayDoc.asp?Document |
|
|
|
ID=12737 |
SmithKline- |
X-Flu |
|
|
Beecham |
|
|
|
MedImmune |
FluMist* |
http://www.fda.gov/ |
http://poisonevercure.150m.com/vacc |
Vaccines |
|
cber/products/inflm |
ines/package_inserts/flumist.pdf |
|
|
ed081805.htm |
|
*FluMist is the only currently available live attenuated influenza vaccine. All others are inactivated.
Strategies for Use of a Limited Influenza Vaccine Supply
Antigen sparing methods
Several methods of reducing the amount of antigen in vaccine preparations have been investigated. Most importantly are the use of adjuvants and the exploitation of a part of the immune system designed to elicit an immune response – dendritic cells.
Adjuvants are used in a number of vaccines in current use, such as those for Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis (DtaP) and Hemophilus influenzae (Hib). Examples of adjuvants include alum (a combination of aluminum compounds), liposomes, emulsions such as MF59, Neisseria meningitidis capsule proteins, immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), and interleukin-2. They enhance the immune response to a vaccine, allowing a lower dose to be given, while maintaining sufficient protective response (Couch 1997, Langley 2005, Potter 2004).
Dendritic cells can be exploited by giving vaccines intradermally, as they induce T cell responses, as well as T cell dependent antibody formation (La Montagne 2004, Steinman 2002). Intradermal vaccination is well established with hepatitis B and rabies vaccines, and has recently been investigated with considerable success for influenza vaccines (and in a study from 1948 (Weller 2005). 40 %, 20 %, and 10 % of the standard intramuscular dose of 15 µg antigen given intradermally produces a response similar to the full dose given intramuscularly (Belshe 2004, Cooper 2004, Kenney 2004). While the antibody titre is protective, the levels may not be as durable as those induced by intramuscular vaccination. Subjects over the age