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80	Russian ! English in Writing. # 26

There exists a vector x, a constant ", and matrices Bn's. There exist matrices Bn's and a vector x.

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® ä®à¬ £« £®« exist ¢ ¯¥à¢®¬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ ¯® á®- ¢à¥¬¥--®¬ã ã§ãáã -¥ ¯à¨§- •¥âáï ®è¨¡ª®©. ‚ ç áâ-®áâ¨, Longman Guide to English Usage 㪠§ë¢ ¥â:

\When there introduces a list of items of which the rst is singular, usage is divided: There are/is Bill and the children to consider. There are is correct, though it may be felt to sound odd before the singular

Bill."

• §ã¬¥¥âáï, ¥á«¨ áªàë⮥, ®â«®¦¥--®¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥 ï¢-® | ¢¨§ã «ì- -® | ¢ëà ¦¥-® ¬-®¦¥á⢥--ë¬ ç¨á«®¬, á«¥¤ã¥â ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì ¤®«¦-ãî ä®à¬ã £« £®« :

There are f and g such that f = 0 and g 6= 0:

•®«¥¥ ⮣®, á⮨â à㪮¢®¤á⢮¢ âìáï úª «ìª®©û á àãá᪮£® ¯à ¢¨« :

\The predicate does not take its number from the rst of a series of subjects following it though there is some authority for this." (J. B. Opdycke)

‚ ¦-® ®â¬¥â¨âì, çâ® ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï there is/there are -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ¢¢®¤¨â ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì-ãî ing-ä®à¬ã. „®¯ãáâ¨¬ë «¨èì ®âà¨æ ⥫ì-ë¥ ®¡®à®âë ⨯

There is no denying that the set theoretic stance prevails.

‘ ®¡á㦤 ¥¬ë¬¨ íª§¨áâ¥-æ¨ «ì-묨 ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï¬¨ -¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ᬥ- 訢 âì ¢-¥è-¥ ¯®å®¦¨¥ ¨-¢¥àᨮ--ë¥ ®¡®à®âë ⨯

There holds the equation of state (5.2).

At this stage, there is proved the unicity stated.

ˆ-®£¤ ®в¬¥з ¥вбп, зв® б«®¢® there §¤¥бм | нв® ®бв в®ª ®в ¯®«-®£® гª § -¨п over there. “ª § --л¥ ®¡®а®вл п¢«повбп а §-®¢¨¤-®бвп¬¨ бе¥¬

An adverbial of place + verb + subject.

An adverbial of place + there + verb + subject.

’ ª, ¢ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¨ á í⨬¨ á奬 ¬¨ ¢¯®«-¥ ª®à४â-ë á«¥¤ãî騥 ¢ ਠ-âë ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨©:

In the article [1], there was considered the whole situation. In the article [1] appears the same obstacle.

\There Are" Secrets	81
‚ â® ¦¥ ¢à¥¬ï ‚ ¬ á⮨â 㤥ঠâìáï ®â 㯮âॡ«¥-¨ï ¢ ਠ-â	á there

¨ ᢥá⨠¤® ¬¨-¨¬ã¬ ¯à¨¬¥-¥-¨¥ ¢â®à®£® ¢ ਠ-â . „¥«® ¢ ⮬, çâ® ¯®¤®¡-ë¥ ¯®áâ஥-¨ï -®á¨â¥«ï¬¨ -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª ¢®á¯à¨-¨¬ îâáï ª ª ¢¥áì¬ â®à¦¥á⢥--ë¥.

•¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨¥ ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª¨ ¨á¯ëâë¢ îâ -¥§¤®à®¢®¥ (-® ®¡êïá-¨- ¬®¥) ¢«¥ç¥-¨¥ ª ¯®á«¥¤-¥© ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ (¨¡® ®- ¯®¢â®àï¥â àãá᪨© ®à¨£¨- «). •®¬-¨â¥, çâ® inversion -®á¨â ï¢-ë© í¬ä â¨ç¥áª¨© å à ª- â¥à. ’ ª®¢ ¦¥ ¨ fronting, â. ¥. - à®ç¨â®¥ ¯®¬¥é¥-¨¥ á«®¢ , ®¡ëç-® ¤®¯®«-¥-¨ï, - ¯¥à¢®¥ ¬¥áâ® ¢®¯à¥ª¨ ¯à¨-ï⮬㠯®à浪ã; - ¯à¨¬¥à, \A polyhedron we call the convex hull of nitely many points." —१¬¥à- ï ¦¥ ¢ëà §¨â¥«ì-®áâì áâண®¬ã - ãç-®¬ã ⥪áâã ¯à®áâ® ¯à®â¨¢®¯®ª § - - . …᫨ ‚ë -¥ ¬®¦¥â¥ 㤥ঠâìáï ®â ¨-¢¥àᨨ, å®âï ¡ë ᢥ¤¨â¥ ¥¥• ª ¬¨-¨¬ã¬ã. Œ ⥬ â¨ç¥áª¨© ⥪áâ, ¢ ª®â®à®¬ ª ¦¤ ï ⥮६ áä®à- ¬ã«¨à®¢ - á ¨-¢¥àᨥ©, -¥ ⮫쪮 㦠á¥-, -® ¨ -¥¯à¨¥¬«¥¬. …é•¥ ®¤- ¢ ¦- ï தá⢥-- ï ¤¥â «ì: ¢ áà ¢-¨â¥«ì-ëå ª®-áâàãªæ¨ïå ⨯ \the sooner A the better B" ¨-¢¥àá¨ï ¤®¯ãá⨬ ⮫쪮 ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ B.

•®¬-¨â¥, çâ® -£«¨©áª¨© ï§ëª ¤®¯ã᪠¥â ¢ë¤¥«ïî騥 ª®-áâàãª- 樨 | cleft sentence ¨ extraposition, ¢¯®«-¥ 㤮¡-ë¥ ¤«ï ‚ è¨å -㦤 ¨ -¥ á¢ï§ --ë¥ á ç१¬¥à-ë¬ ªæ¥-â¨à®¢ -¨¥¬. ‚®â ¯à¨¬¥àë:

It was in [1] that P. Cohen introduced the method of forcing. It was P. Cohen who introduced the method of forcing in [1]. It was the method of forcing that P. Cohen introduced in [1].

In [1], it was considered how to resolve the problem in question. We obtain it immediately that A = 0.

As in [1], it is assumed that A holds.

•¥ á⮨⠧ ¡ë¢ âì, çâ® ¨ ®¡ëç-®¥ ¡¥áå¨âà®áâ-®¥ ¯®áâ஥-¨¥ äà §ë ¢ á⨫¥

Following [1], we suppose that A holds.

ᮢᥬ -¥¯«®å®.

• ª®-¥æ, ®â¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® íª§¨áâ¥-æ¨ «ì-ë¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ å®à®è® á®- ç¥â îâáï á ®¡®à®â ¬¨ such that/such as, ¨¡® ¯®á«¥¤-¨¥ â ª¦¥ -¥à ¢-®- ¤ãè-ë ª -¥®¯à¥¤¥«•¥--®áâ¨. ‚®â ®¡à §æë:

There is an algorithm such that you need. There is such a way that you seek for. There is a construction such as claimed.

ˆ ª®-¥ç-®,

There are secrets such as to be revealed!

#27. Žâ-®á¨â¥áì ª á«®¦-ë¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨- ï¬ á¥àì•¥§-®

Šá®¦ «¥-¨î, á ¬ë© - ¤•¥¦-ë© ¤¥¢¨§ úá«®¦-ë¥ | á®áâ ¢-ë¥ | ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï -¥ ¤«ï ¬¥-ïû ᮢ¥àè¥--® -¥ ãç¨âë¢ ¥â ॠ«ì-®á⥩. • -

ãç-ë© ¯¥à¥¢®¤ -¥¬ë᫨¬ ¡¥§ ¬-®£®ç¨á«¥--ëå \If A, then B"; \Consider A such that B"; \For A to become B it is necessary and su cient that A be B"; etc. ‚ ¯à¥¤ë¤ãé¨å ¯ã-ªâ å - ¬ ¤®¢¥«®áì ®¡á㦤 âì ஫¨ -¥ª®â®àëå clauses ¢ á«®¦-ëå £« £®«ì-ëå ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ïå; ¬ë ¢¨¤¥«¨ ®á®- ¡¥--®á⨠®âà ¦¥-¨ï áâàãªâãàë ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ¢ ¯à ¢¨« å ¯ã-ªâã 樨 ¨ â. ¯. Ž¤- ª® ¬-®£¨¥ -¥®¡å®¤¨¬ë¥ ¢ ¦-ë¥ ¬®¬¥-âë ®áâ «¨áì -¥ § - âà®-ãâ묨. ‘⮨⠢®á¯®«-¨âì ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騥 ¯à®¡¥«ë.

Œ-®£¨¥ á«®¦-ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ¢®§-¨ª îâ ¢ १ã«ìâ ⥠coordination ¨«¨ subordination. •ãá᪨¥ - «®£¨ úá«®¦-®á®ç¨-•¥--®¥ ¨ á«®¦-®- ¯®¤ç¨-•¥--®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ïû ¯ à ««¥«ì-ë, -® ®â-î¤ì -¥ ⮦¤¥á⢥--ë ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¬ -£«¨©áª¨¬ â¥à¬¨- ¬. Coordination ®áãé¥á⢫ï¥âáï á®- î§ ¬¨ and, or, but | ¨å - §ë¢ îâ (®á-®¢-묨) ª®®à¤¨- â®à ¬¨ | coordinators. •®¤ç¥àª-¨â¥, çâ® á ª®®à¤¨- â®à ¬¨ á¢ï§ -ë ãáâ®©ç¨¢ë¥ á®ç¥â -¨ï and so, but then, or else/again. •â¨ á®ç¥â -¨ï -¥ ¤®¯ã᪠îâ

¨§¬¥-¥-¨© (¢ëà ¦¥-¨© ⨯ and then ‚ë ¤®«¦-ë ¨§¡¥£ âì). ˆ§¢¥áâ- ï
¢ ਠ⨢-®áâì ¢®§¬®¦-		¢ á«¥¤ãîé¨å ª®¬¡¨- æ¨ïå:
			besides
	and	,!	still
	but		yet
			nevertheless

…é•¥ ¤¥â «ì: ¯®á«¥ but ¤®¯ãá⨬® ¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï, ᮤ¥à- ¦ 饣® ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ conjunct á«®¢ however ¨«¨ although. Ž¤- ª® ¬¥¦¤ã but ¨ â ª¨¬ á«®¢®¬ ¤®«¦¥- ®¡ï§ ⥫ì-® áâ®ïâì -¥¯ãá⮩ í«¥¬¥-⠯।- «®¦¥-¨ï.

•à®æ¥áá ᮯ®¤ç¨-¥-¨ï ¡®«¥¥ à §-®®¡à §¥-. ‘ãé¥áâ¢ãîâ ¯à®áâë¥ subordinators | á®î§ë after, because, if, since, when, etc., á ª®â®à묨 ¬ë 㦥 ¢áâà¥ç «¨áì, ¨ - ª®-¥æ, á®®â-®á¨â¥«ì-ë¥ á®¯®¤ç¨-¨â¥«¨ | correlative subordinators ¢¨¤ if ... then, such ... (that), etc.

Žâ¬¥âìâ¥, ªáâ ⨠᪠§ âì, ®á®¡¥--®áâì á®î§ in order that | ¯®á«¥ -¥£® ¯à¨-ïâ® ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì may/might ¨«¨ ¦¥ shall/should (¯à¨¬¥-¥-¨ï can/could ¨ will/would á«¥¤ã¥â ¨§¡¥£ âì). ‘®î§ so that, ¡«¨§ª¨© ¯® á¬ë- á«ã ª in order that, -® -¥áª®«ìª® ¬¥-¥¥ ä®à¬ «ì-ë©, â ª¨å ®£à -¨ç¥-¨© -¥ âॡã¥â.

Žâ-®á¨â¥áì ª á«®¦-ë¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï¬ á¥àì•¥§-®

83

…᫨ ¡ëâì ¡®«¥¥ â®ç-ë¬, â® -ã¦-® ®â¬¥â¨âì, çâ® á®î§ë in order that, so that ¨«¨ ¯à®áâ® that -¥à¥¤ª® ¢¢®¤ï⠯ਤ â®ç-ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï 楫¨ ( nal or purposive clauses). ”®à¬ «ì-®¥ ¯à ¢¨«® £« á¨â: \Final clauses introduced by that take may with the In nitive in present and future time, might in past time." ‚ ®âà¨æ ⥫ì-ëå purposive clauses ¨á¯®«ì§ã- îâ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ á® á«®¢ ¬¨ that ... not, ¯à¨¬¥-ïï ¯à¥¦-¨¥ ¯à ¢¨« ¯à® £« £®«ë. ‚ ¯à¨-樯¥, ®¡®à®â that ... not ¬¥-¥¥ ¯à¥¤¯®çâ¨â¥«¥-, 祬 lest (¢ ä®à¬ «ì-®¬ ⥪áâ¥). Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® á®®â-®á¨â¥«ì-ë¥ á®¯®¤ç¨-¨â¥«¨ ᮤ¥à¦ â ¤¢ í«¥¬¥-â . Ž¤¨- ¨§ -¨å | íâ® á®î§ ¨ ®- ®â¬¥ç ¥â ¯®¤ç¨-•¥--®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ (subordinate clause), ¤à㣮© í«¥- ¬¥-â | ®¡ëç-® - à¥ç¨¥ (adverb), ®- 䨪á¨àã¥â £« ¢-®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ (superordinate clause). •¥ª®â®à®¥ ®á®¡®¥ ¯®«®¦¥-¨¥ ¬¥¦¤ã coordinators ¨ subordinators § -¨¬ îâ for (ª ª á®î§, ®§- ç î騩 ¯à¨¬¥à-®: and the reason is that) ¨ so (that) (á® §- ç¥-¨¥¬ with the result that).

Š®®à¤¨- â®àë ®âªàë¢ îâ ¯à¨á®¥¤¨-塞®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥. ‘¢ï§ì \A and B" ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¢ëà ¦¥- ¢ ⥪á⥠¨ â ª: \A. And B." •®- ¤®¡-ë¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ á á㡮न- â®à ¬¨ -¥¤®¯ãá⨬ë.

“ïá-¨â¥ ¤«ï á¥¡ï ®¡é¥¥ ¯à ¢¨«®: ¤«ï ᮥ¤¨-¥-¨ï ¤¢ãå ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨© ¢ ®¤-® -¥®¡å®¤¨¬, ¨ ¯à¨â®¬ ¢ â®ç-®á⨠®¤¨-, á®î§.

‘¢¥аппбм б нв¨¬ ¯а¨-ж¨¯®¬, ‚л ®¡- аг¦¨в¥, зв® ª®-бвагªж¨п \If A, B" ¢®§¬®¦- . •¥бб®о§-®¥ б®¥¤¨-¥-¨¥ A ¨ B ¯® бе¥¬¥ \A then B" ¯а¨- ¢¥¤•¥--®¥ ¯а ¢¨«® -¥ ¤®¯гбª ¥в.

Š®-¥ç-®, ¥áâì ᯠá¥-¨¥ á ¯®¬®éìî ¯ã-ªâã 樨 (¨ ®-® ‚ ¬ ¡ë«® 㦥 ¯à¥¤ê¥-®). Œ®¦-® - ¯¨á âì \A; B." ‚ â® ¦¥ ¢à¥¬ï - ¬-®£® - ¤•¥¦-¥¥ ¨ ú¨¤¨®¬ â¨ç-¥¥û ¢ë¡à âì ¢ ਠ-â \A. Then B." ˆ¬¥--® â ª ‚ ¬ á«¥¤ã¥â ¯¥à¥¢®¤¨âì «î¡¨¬®¥ ¬-®£¨¬¨ àãá᪨¬¨ ¬ ⥬ ⨪ - ¬¨ ú•ãáâì A. ’®£¤ Bû. •¨è¨â¥: \Let A. Then B." ‡ ¯®¬-¨â¥: ¬-®- £¨¥ -¥¯à ¢¨«ì-® á®áâ ¢«¥--ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ¨ ¯à¨¬¥-¥-¨ï comma splice ¢ - ãç-ëå ¯¥à¥¢®¤ å ¢ë§¢ -ë -¥¢¥à-ë¬ ã¯®âॡ«¥-¨¥¬ then ¢ ஫¨ á®- î§ . •¥ ¤®¯ã᪠©â¥ íâ㠮訡ªã, ¢¥¤ì then -¨ª®£¤ á®î§®¬ -¥ ï¥âáï.

ˆâ ª, ®¡é¨© ¢ë¢®¤: - à¥ç¨ï -¥ ®¡à §ãîâ - ¤•¥¦-®£® ᮥ¤¨-¥-¨ï

¯à®áâëå ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨© ¢ á«®¦-ë¥. ‚ è¨ ¢ ਠ-âë: â®çª , § ⥬ - à¥ç¨¥; á®î§; á®î§ á - à¥ç¨¥¬; á®î§ á § ¯ï⮩ ¨«¨ á semicolon ¨ â. ¯.

…é•¥ ® úà §..., â®û. ‚ë 㦥 §- ¥â¥, çâ® ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï \Since A, then B" (áà. àãá᪮¥ \•®áª®«ìªã A, § ⥬ B") -¥¤®¯ãá⨬ . (’¥¬ -¥ ¬¥-¥¥, ¢®§¬®¦¥- ®¡®à®â \A, since then B.") ‚¥à-ë© ¢ ਠ-â \Since A; B" ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì à áè¨à¥- ¢ á⨫¥ \Since A; therefore, B."

84	Russian ! English in Writing. # 27

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ®á®¡®¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ - ®¡®à®âë ⨯ as adjective/adverb as. ’®-ª®áâì ¢ ⮬, çâ® ¢â®à®¥ as ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì á®î§®¬ (¨ §- ç¨â, ¢ ¯à¨-æ¨- ¯¥ ᯮᮡ-® ¢¢®¤¨âì ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥), ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¯à¥¤«®£®¬ (¨ ¢ í⮬ ª ç¥á⢥ -¥ ¯à¨-¨¬ âì, ᪠¦¥¬, to-in nitive clause). • ¯à¨¬¥à,

We intend to nd a solution as much as proving its existence. We nd as well as approximate solutions.

•®¤®¡-ë© íä䥪â ᮯ஢®¦¤ ¥â â ª¦¥ quasi-coordinators: rather/more

... than. Žáâ¥à¥£ ©â¥áì ®è¨¡®ª ⨯

Rather than to compare A and B, we prefer to choose at random.

Š®®à¤¨-¨à®¢ --ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ¢ ᢮•¥¬ ¯®¢¥¤¥-¨¨ - ¨¡®«¥¥ ᢮¡®¤-ë ¨ -¥§ ¢¨á¨¬ë. „«ï -¥ª®®à¤¨-¨à®¢ --ëå ᮥ¤¨-¥-¨© ¯®«¥§-® ¯à ¢¨«®: \One Future Is Enough." ’® ¥áâì ¢ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ (â ¬, £¤¥ á®î§) ¯à¨-ï⮠㯮âॡ«ïâì Present, ¢ £« ¢-®¬ | Future. ‚®â ¯à¨¬¥àë.

If the rst step of calculations goes through, then we shall pass to the second step.

Provided that the determinant of A is other than zero, the homogeneous equation Ax = 0 will have the sole solution.

In case the matrix A is invertible, the equation Ax = y will momentarily become solvable for all y.

‚¯à®ç¥¬, ¯®á«¥ assume, suppose, hope ¨ ¯®¤®¡-ëå £« £®«®¢ Present ¤®- ¯ãá⨬® ¨ ¢ £« ¢-®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨, ¢ëà ¦ ï â®â ¦¥ ¨áª®¬ë© ᯥªâ -¥ª®â®à®© ¡ã¤ãé-®áâ¨. (•à¨¤ â®ç-ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ⨯ that-clauses ¨ wh-clauses ¬®£ã⠨ᯮ«ì§®¢ âì ª ª Future, â ª ¨ Present, -® ¯à ¢¨«® \One Future Is Enough" ®¡ëç-® ¢á•¥ à ¢-® ¤®«¦-® ¡ëâì ᮡ«î¤¥-®.)

Žâ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¢ á«ãç ¥, ¥á«¨ ¢ £« ¢-®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ - áâ®ï饣® ¢à¥¬¥-¨ ᮤ¥à¦¨âáï ¢ëà ¦¥-¨¥ âॡ®¢ -¨ï, ãá«®¢¨ï, ¯à¥¤¯®«®¦¥-¨ï, à¥è¥-¨ï ¨ â. ¯. (advise, ask, demand, insist, propose, require, suggest, wish, etc.), ¢ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¬ that-clause ¢®§-¨ª ¥â ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï Present Subjunctive.

It is necessary that X be a complete space.

We require that the embedding operator should be compact.

Žâ-®á¨â¥áì ª á«®¦-ë¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï¬ á¥àì•¥§-®

85

‚ à §-®¢¨¤-®á⨠American English ¨ ®á®¡¥--® ¢ ä®à¬ «ì-ëå ⥪áâ å ¯¥à¢ë© ¢ ਠ-â Subjunctive (á ú£®«ë¬û ¨-ä¨-¨â¨¢®¬) à á¯à®áâà -•¥- ¢¥áì¬ §- ç¨â¥«ì-®. • ¢á直© á«ãç © - ¯®¬¨- î ‚ ¬, çâ® ú¢¨¤¨â ®ª®, ¤ £« § -¥©¬•¥âû! ‡- âì ® Present Subjunctive ¯®«¥§-®, -® ®â ¥£® (¢® ¢á类¬ á«ãç ¥, è¨à®ª®£®) ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨ï ¢ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å ¯¥à¥¢®¤ å ‚ ¬ á⮨⠢®§¤¥à¦ âìáï.

•а ¢¨«м- п а ббв -®¢ª ¢а¥¬•¥- ¢ ®б-®¢-®© ¨ ¯а¨¤ в®з-®© з бвпе п¢«п¥вбп ¢ ¦-л¬ ¬®¬¥-⮬ ®а£ -¨§ ж¨¨ «о¡®£® б«®¦-®£® ¯а¥¤«®¦¥- -¨п. ’аг¤-®бв¨ ¨ ®£а -¨з¥-¨п ¢®§-¨ª ов, ª ª ¯а ¢¨«®, ¯а¨ ¯®п¢«¥- -¨¨ ¢ £« ¢-®¬ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ¢а¥¬•¥-, ¨¬¥ой¨е Past ¢ б¢®•¥¬ - §¢ -¨¨. ‚ ®бв «м-ле б«гз пе ‚л б¢®¡®¤-л ¢ ¢л¡®а¥ ¢а¥¬•¥- (¨§¢¥бв-л¥ в®-ª®- бв¨ ®в-®бпвбп ª гб«®¢-л¬ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨п¬, ® ª®в®але ¯®©¤•¥в ®в¤¥«м-л© а §£®¢®а ¢ б«¥¤гой¥¬ ¯ а £а д¥).

•а¨ ¯®бв -®¢ª¥ Past ¢ ®б-®¢-®¬ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ¢®§-¨ª ¥в ва¥¡®¢ - -¨¥ ъ¡®«¥¥ £«г¡®ª®£®ы Past ¢ ¯а¨¤ в®з-®¬ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨. ˆ- з¥ £®¢®ап, ¢бвг¯ ¥в ¢ §а¨¬л¥ ¯а ¢ § ª®- \Sequence of Tenses." ‚ б®®в¢¥вбв¢¨¨ б -¨¬ ¢ ¯а¨¤ в®з-®¬ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ¨б¯®«м§говбп в®«мª® ¢а¥¬¥- б Past

¢- §¢ -¨¨ ¨, ¡®«¥¥ ⮣®, -ã¦-®¥ ¯® á¬ëá«ã ¢à¥¬ï § ¬¥-ï¥âáï -®¢ë¬

¢á®®â¢¥âá⢨¨ á® á奬®©

Present ! Past; Past ! Perfect; Perfect ! Perfect

(¢ ç áâ-®áâ¨, (Simple) Past ¯¥à¥©¤¥â ¢ Past Perfect). Œ ⥬ ⨪ § ¬¥- â¨â, çâ® §¤¥áì à¥çì ¨¤•¥â ®¡ ®¡ëç-®¬ ®¯¥à â®à¥ ᤢ¨£ .

\Sequence of Tenses" ®è¨¡®ç-® ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì ¢ adjectival clauses (ªáâ - ⨠᪠§ âì, ‚ ¬ -¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¢ -¨å Perfect Participles);

¢á«ãç ¥, ª®£¤ ¢ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ®âà ¦•¥- a universal or habitual fact, ¨ - ª®-¥æ, ¢ áà ¢-¨â¥«ì-®¬ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¬ (á® á«®¢ ¬¨ than, as well as, etc.).

•§ã¬¥¥âáï, ¯® ¯а¨-ж¨¯г ъ«®£¨ª ¢ ¦-¥¥ д®а¬лы ¯а ¢¨«® б®£« - б®¢ -¨п - аги ов, ¥б«¨ ®вбгвбв¢г¥в п¢- п еа®-®«®£¨з-®бвм ¯®б«¥¤®-

¢â¥«ì-®á⨠¤¥©á⢨©. • ¨¡®«¥¥ ç áâ® í⠮ᮡ¥--®áâì á¢ï§ - á £« - £®«ì-묨 ä®à¬ ¬¨ be ¢ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨.

•à ¢¨«® \Sequence of Tenses" ¤¥©áâ¢ã¥â ¨ ¤«ï ¡ã¤ãé¨å ¢à¥¬•¥-, ¨ ¯à¨ ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ -¨¨ ¯àאַ© à¥ç¨ ¢ ª®á¢¥--ãî. Š ª ¡ë«® ®â¬¥ç¥- -® ¢ëè¥, í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ªã á«¥¤ã¥â ¤¥à¦ âìáï ¯®¤ «ìè¥ ®â

ᮯãâáâ¢ãîé¨å ¯®¤¢®¤-ëå ª ¬-¥©.

‚è ¤¥¢¨§ ¯à¨ ¢ë¡®à¥ ¢à¥¬¥-¨:

•áâ®ïé ï ¯à®áâ®â | § «®£ ãᯥå !

A; A ! B:

B

#28. Š ª ¡ëâì á ú¥á«¨ (¡ë)û?

Žá®¡®¥ ¬¥áâ® ¢ - ãç-ëå ¨, ¯à¥¦¤¥ ¢á¥£®, ¬ ⥬ â¨ç¥áª¨å ¯¥à¥¢®- ¤ å § -¨¬ îâ ®¡®à®âë, ¢ëà ¦ î騥 ¨¬¯«¨ª æ¨î A ! B (¯®-àãá᪨: ¥á«¨ A, â® B) ¨ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騥 ¥© ᮯ®¤ç¨-¥-¨ï, ãá«®¢¨ï ¨ «®£¨- ç¥áª¨¥ § ¢¨á¨¬®áâ¨. ”à § \if A, then B" | -£«¨©áª¨© íª¢¨¢ «¥-â A ! B | 㦥 ®¡á㦤 « áì. Š ª ‚ë -¥á®¬-¥--® § ¯®¬-¨«¨, •. • «- ¬®è ४®¬¥-¤ã¥â -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ®¯ã᪠âì ¢ -¥© á«®¢® then (á«¥¤®¢ âì íâ®- ¬ã ᮢ¥âã «¥£ª® ¨ ¯®«¥§-®).

• áᬮâਬ ⥯¥àì á¢ï§ --®¥ á A ! B §- ¬¥-¨â®¥ ¯à ¢¨«® ¢ë¢®¤ modus ponens:

ˆв ª, ‚л г¦¥ ¤®ª § «¨ ¨ б®б« «¨бм ¢ в¥ªбв¥ - в¥®а¥¬г, £ а -в¨- агойго ¨¬¯«¨ª ж¨о A ! B, ¨ е®в¨в¥, ®¯¨а пбм - ¬®¤гб ¯®-¥-б, § - д¨ªб¨а®¢ вм - «¨з¨¥ B ¢ б«®¢¥б-®© д®а¬¥. ‘ ¯®¬®ймо because ¨ since нв® ¬®¦-® ¯а®¤¥« вм б«¥¤гой¨¬¨ б¯®б®¡ ¬¨ (¡лв®¢л¬¨ нª¢¨¢ «¥-в - ¬¨ A ! B):

Since A holds, we have B. We have B because A holds. Because of A we have B. We have B because of A.

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® because of | íâ® ¯à¥¤«®£, because | á®î§, à ¢-® ª ª ¨ since. •à¨ í⮬ á®î§ since ®âªàë¢ ¥â á®áâ ¢-®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ (¥£® ¯®¤ç¨-¥•--ãî ç áâì), because (- 室ïáì, ª®-¥ç-®, ⮦¥ ¢ ¯®¤ç¨-¥•--®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨) á⮨⠯®á«¥ £« ¢-®£® ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï. •â® ¢ ¦-®¥ ®¡é¥¥ ¯à ¢¨«®. Because of A | íâ® adverbial ¨ ¯®¤ç¨- -ï¥âáï ®¡é¨¬ § ª®- ¬ à ááâ -®¢ª¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìáâ¢. ‡ ¯®¬-¨â¥ â ª¦¥, çâ® á®î§ because -¥ ¯à¨-ï⮠㯮âॡ«ïâì ¢ ®âà¨æ ⥫ì-®¬ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥- -¨¨. (Œ ⥬ ⨪ ¬, ¯à¨-¨¬ î騬 ¯à¨-樯 ¨áª«îç•¥--®£® âà¥â쥣®, íâ® ¯à ¢¨«® ᬥè-®: «î¡®¥ A ¥áâì ®âà¨æ -¨¥ ᢮¥£® :A.) ˆ¬¥¥âáï ¢ ¢¨¤ã, ç⮠ᮤ¥à¦ 饥 ú-¥£ ⨢-ë¥û ¯à¨§- ª¨ ¢ ï¢-®¬ ¢¨¤¥ ¯à¥¤«®- ¦¥-¨¥ -¥ ¤®«¦-® á«¥¤®¢ âì § because. ‘ª ¦¥¬, ª®-âà ¯®§¨æ¨¨

Because B is not true we have :A: We have :A because B is not true.

| í⮠᮫¥æ¨§¬ë. •à¨¥¬«¥¬ë¥ ¢ ਠ-âë:

Š ª ¡ëâì á ú¥á«¨ (¡ë)û?

87

:A holds, for :B. Since :B we have :A.

(Œ¥¦¤ã ¯à®ç¨¬, §¤¥áì ¯à®ï¢«ï¥âáï 㯮¬ï-ãâ ï ¢ëè¥ ®á®¡ ï ¯à¨à®¤ for.) •®¤ç¥àª-¨â¥, çâ® ú-¥£ ⨢ëû ⨯ \if :B, then :A", \if :B, then :A", etc. ¬®¦-® ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¡¥§ ®£à -¨ç¥-¨©.

‚¥à-¥•¬áï ª ®á-®¢-®¬ã ¢¨-®¢-¨ªã í⮣® ¯ã-ªâ | ¨¬¯«¨ª 樨 A ! B. Žá®¡¥--®áâì -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª ¢ ⮬, çâ® if-clause ¢ ®¡ëç-®© à¥ç¨ -¥á•¥â ¢ ᥡ¥ ᨫì-ë© ®ââ¥-®ª -¥®¯à¥¤¥«•¥--®á⨠(¯®-àãá᪨ \if ..." ¡«¨- ¦¥ ª ú㦠¥á«¨ ...û, 祬 ª úª ª ⮫쪮 ...û). •â® ¯à¨¢®¤¨â ª ⮬ã, çâ®

¢if-clause ¬®£ãâ ᮤ¥à¦ âáï nonassertive words (any, ever, etc.).

‚ਠ-âë

If A equals B then A2 equals B2:

If A is solvable, then B will be solvable.

If A was closed then f (A) was closed as well.

¢ла ¦ ов а¥ «м-л¥ гб«®¢¨п (A ¬®¦¥в а ¢-пвмбп -г«о, ¨«¨ A ¬®¦¥в ¡лвм а §а¥и¨¬л¬ ¨«¨ § ¬ª-гвл¬ (¢ ¯а®и«®¬)). •¥®бгй¥бв¢¨¬л¥ (-¥- а¥ «м-л¥) гб«®¢¨п ¢ла ¦ овбп в ª:

If A equaled 0 then A2 would be 0.

(…᫨ ¡ë A à ¢-ï«®áì -ã«î, â® A2 ¡ë«® -ã«¥¬. •à¨ í⮬ ï¢-® ¯®¤à - §ã¬¥¢ ¥âáï, çâ® A - á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥ -¥ à ¢-ï¥âáï -ã«î. Ÿá-®, çâ® à¥çì ¨¤•¥â ®¡ unreal condition ¢ - áâ®ï饬.)

If A = 0 had been soluble nontrivially, then jAj would have been other than zero.

(…᫨ ¡ë A = 0 ¡ë«® à §à¥è¨¬® -¥âਢ¨ «ì-®, â® jAj ¡ë« ¡ë -¥ -ã«ì, -® A, à¥è ¢è¥¥ ãà ¢-¥-¨¥ A = 0, - á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥ ¡ë«® -ã«•¥¬. •à¨ í⮬ ®¡á㦤 ¥âáï -¥ª®¥ unreal condition ¢ ¯à®è«®¬.)

ˆ-®£¤ ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ ¢ ਠ-âë ¡¥§ á®î§ if ¢ á⨫¥

Had C([0; 1]) a weakly compact neighborhood of zero, this space would be re exive.

‘ãé¥áâ¢ã¥â ¥é•¥ ®¤- ¢®§¬®¦-®áâì ®âà §¨âì àãá᪮¥ ú¥á«¨ ¡ëû (á -¥à¥- «ì-ë¬ ãá«®¢¨¥¬) á ¯®¬®éìî were | ¢ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ Past Subjunctive:

If the function A were B, then C would equal D.

(•®-àãá᪨: ¥á«¨ ¡ë äã-ªæ¨ï A ¡ë« B, â®C à ¢-ï«®áì ¡ë D. Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ - were.)

88	Russian ! English in Writing. #28

Ÿá-®, çâ® ¢ ਠ-âë, ¯®¤®¡-ë¥ ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¬ ®¡®à®â ¬, «¥£ª® ¯à¨- ¬¥-ïâì ¢ ¤®ª § ⥫ìáâ¢ å ®â ¯à®â¨¢-®£®. ‡ ¯®¬-¨â¥, çâ® were | íâ® ¥¤¨-á⢥-- ï (ã-¨¢¥àá «ì- ï ¨ ã-¨ª «ì- ï) ä®à¬ Past Subjunctive. …é•¥ ¤¥â «ì: ¥á«¨ ¯® á¬ëá«ã if = whether, â ª®¥ were -¨ª®£¤ -¥ 㯮- âॡ«ï¥âáï. ‡¤¥áì ¦¥ á⮨⠢ᯮ¬-¨âì ® ¯à¥¤«®£¥ but for, ¢ëà ¦ î- 饬 àãá᪮¥ ú¥á«¨ ¡ë -¥ ...û ( -£«¨©áª¨© íª¢¨¢ «¥-â if it were not ...).

• ¯à¨¬¥à,

But for completeness, we would readily nd a divergent Cauchy sequence.

•¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ â ª¦¥, çâ® áâ¥à¥®â¨¯-ë¥ ¨¬¯«¨ª 樨 ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì § ¬ á- ª¨à®¢ -ë. ‚®â ¢ ਠ-âë.

Granted A, prove B.

Heeding A, deduce B.

Basing (it) on A, derive B.

Leaning on A, infer B.

Grounded on A, the claim B appears.

Founding (it) on A, we conclude that B is true.

With A available, B is immediate.

Provided (that) A holds, B results.

In case of A, we have B.

In case A is valid, B transpires.

Š®-¥ç-®, íâ®â ᯨ᮪ ‚ë ¬®¦¥â¥ ¯à®¤®«¦¨âì. ‚á•¥ ¦¥ ¤«ï ¨§¡¥¦ -¨ï ®è¨¡®ª ¨ ¢ á«ãç ¥ ¬ «¥©è¨å ª®«¥¡ -¨©, ®£à -¨ç¨¢ ©â¥ ᥡï ã¯à®é•¥-- -묨 ¯à ¢¨« ¬¨:

MINICOURSE úIF{THENû

‚ᥣ¤ ¯¨è¨â¥ if ... then ...

•¥ ¨á¯®«ì§ã©â¥ were (á he, she, it, I).

‹¨¡® if + Present, then + Present/Future; «¨¡® if + Past, then Past/Modal Past.

„àã£¨å ¯à ¢¨« -¥â.

#29. €-£«¨©áª¨© ⥪áâ á àãá᪮© ¯ã-ªâã- 樥© ¡¥§®¡à §¥-

’®ç-¥¥, ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¡¥§®¡à §¥-. Œ¥¦¤ã ¯à®ç¨¬, â® ¦¥ ®â-®á¨âáï ¨ ª àãá᪮¬ã ⥪áâã, - ¤¥«•¥--®¬ã ¯ã-ªâã 樥© - -£«¨©áª¨© ¬ -¥à.

Š®-¥ç-®, ¢ ¯à ¢¨« å ¯ã-ªâã 樨 ®¡®¨å ï§ëª®¢ -¥¬ «® ®¡é¥£®: â®ç- ª ¢ ª®-æ¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï, ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¥ ¢®¯à®á¨â¥«ì-®£® ¨ ¢®áª«¨æ - ⥫ì-®£® §- ª®¢, ¨§®«¨à®¢ -¨¥ ¢¢®¤-ëå á«®¢ ¨ â. ¯. Ž¤- ª® ¨¬¥îâáï ¯à¨-樯¨ «ì-ë¥ ®â«¨ç¨ï, ® áãé¥á⢮¢ -¨¨ ª®â®àëå ‚ ¬ -ã¦-® ¯®- ¬-¨âì.

‚ ¯®¤ ¢«ïî饬 ç¨á«¥ á«ãç ¥¢ -¥¯à¨¥¬«¥¬ ï ¯ã-ªâã æ¨ï ¢ ¯¥à¥- ¢®¤¥ ¢®§-¨ª ¥â ¯à¨ á®áâ ¢«¥-¨¨ á«®¦-ëå ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨©, â ª¦¥ ¯à¨ ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¨ à §¤¥«ïîé¨å ¨ ¨§®«¨àãîé¨å § ¯ïâëå.

•à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï A ¨ B ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥ ¬®£ãâ ¡ëâì ®¡ê¥¤¨-¥-ë ¢ ®¤-® á«®¦-®¥ á«¥¤ãî騬¨ ᯮᮡ ¬¨:

A conjunction B. A, conjunction B.

A; B.

A; conjunction B.

(‘â¨à -¨¥ â®çª¨ ¢ ª®-æ¥ A ¨ ¢®§¬®¦-®¥ ¨§¬¥-¥-¨¥ § £« ¢-®© ¡ãª¢ë ¢ B ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ îâáï.)

Conjunction | íâ® á®î§ (¯à®á⮩ á®î§ ⨯ and, but, for, if, since, etc.; á®áâ ¢-®© (compound or derived) á®î§ ⨯ | however, indeed, notwithstanding, etc.; ¨«¨ phrasal conjunction ⨯ as if, in case that, provided that, inasmuch as, according as, etc.).

•¥а¢л© ¢ а¨ -в ¯®¤е®¤¨в в®«мª® ¤«п ба ¢-¨в¥«м-® ª®а®вª¨е ¯а¥¤- «®¦¥-¨©, -¥ ᮤ¥а¦ й¨е ¢-гва¥--¥© ¯г-ªвг ж¨¨. ‚в®а®© £®¤¨вбп ¨б- ª«оз¨в¥«м-® ¤«п ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨© ¡¥§ ¢-гва¥--¨е §- ª®¢ ¯а¥¯¨- -¨п. ‚® ¢б¥е ®бв «м-ле б«гз пе ¯а¨¬¥-повбп бе¥¬л б semicolon (в®зª®© б § - ¯пв®©).

‘®¥¤¨-¥-¨¥ A ¨ B ¢ ®¤-® ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ¡¥§ á®î§ ¯® á奬¥ A, B - §ë¢ îâ comma splice. ‚ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ‚ë -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ¤®«¦-ë ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì comma splice. (•à¨ç¨- : â¥, ªâ® -¥ «î¡¨â comma splice, ¬®£ãâ ®¡¨- ¤¥âìáï.)

Žâ¬¥âì⥠⠪¦¥, çâ® ¢ ¯ à ««¥«ì-ëå ª®-áâàãªæ¨ïå, ¨¬¥îé¨å ¯à®- ¯ã᪨, ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬ ⥪á⥠§ ¯ïâ ï áâ ¢¨âáï â ¬, £¤¥ ¢ àãá᪮¬ 㬥áâ- -® â¨à¥: