Petr Charvát - Mesopotamia Before History (2008, Routledge)

Index 331

Qom 125

Quartz 20, 22, 45, 51–52, 161, 198

Quartzite 168

Qufa see Ships and related craft

Quseir Amra 27

Ramages (=conical clans) 206 Ras al-Amiya 60, 62, 76

Ras al-Junayz 195 Ras Shamra 40

Rations 118, 121, 124, 141, 148, 165, 177, 218 Rawanduz 1,6

Reciprocity 72, 74, 86–87, 96, 115–116, 149–150, 173, 194, 204, 210, 222, 236, 238; Chalcolithic 52, 72–74, 83, 87, 96;

Early Dynastic 204, 210, 222; Jemdet Nasr 200, 222; Neolithic 35;

Palaeolithic 5;

Uruk 101, 115–116, 149–150

Redistribution 74, 115–116, 130, 141, 146, 148–150, 153, 159, 173, 194, 202, 204, 210–212, 222, 237–238;

Chalcolithic 52, 74, 87;

Early Dynastic 202–204, 210–212, 222, 237–238; Jemdet Nasr 200, 222;

Uruk 101, 112, 115–116, 122, 130, 141, 146, 148–150, 153, 159, 237 ‘Reihengräberfelder’ 212, 217

Religion 92–96, 137, 140, 145, 153–155, 157, 173, 228, 231, 233, 236–237; see also Shrines

Retinue, ‘royal’ see Entourage, ‘royal’ Ritual 84–85, 92–94, 97, 143, 158;

Chalcolithic 52, 84–85, 90, 92–94, 97; Early Dynastic 229;

Mesolithic 12;

Neolithic 34;

Uruk 102–103, 115, 143, 158; see also Magic

Roads 42–44, 81 Rome 158

Rock crystal 18, 113, 161, 167–168, 175, 192–193, 198

Sakheri Sughir 173, 179–184, 186, 188, 191–193

Salinization 21, 35, 59, 117–118, 176–177, 182 Samarra 22, 29, 35

Samarra culture 18, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32–33, 37–40, 65, 235 Sandstone 101

Sanga (Sumerian temple official, registrar) 218, 231 Sangam literature of Tamil India 223

‘Scarlet Ware’ pottery, ED I period 183, 233

‘Schilfringbündel’ (a ringed bundle of straw, likeness of the goddess Inanna) 161 Schist 169

Index 332

Script 91–92, 100–101, 104, 106, 117, 126, 134–136, 138–139, 145, 147, 150–154, 156–157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 173, 176, 182, 195, 196, 202–203, 205, 209, 214–215, 219–221, 229– 230, 237, 239

Sculpture (monumental) 102, 106, 123, 129–140, 142, 148, 161, 167, 169–170, 171, 232; see also ALAN (Sumerian for ‘statue’)

Seals and sealings 72, 86–89, 96, 129, 142–143, 145–146, 148, 150, 173, 177, 195, 207, 210, 235; Chalcolithic 43–44, 45, 46, 47, 50–52, 54–55, 69, 72–73, 81, 84, 86–89, 95–96;

Early Dynastic 162, 164–165, 166–169, 171, 188, 190, 195, 201–202, 207–211, 215, 219; Jemdet Nasr 163, 166, 173, 177, 178, 200, 208–209;

JN to ED 167, 189;

Neolithic 17, 20, 23, 24, 32, 36, 39, 235;

Uruk 36, 99, 101, 104, 108–113, 115–116, 124, 126–127, 130, 142–143, 145–146, 148–150, 153;

see also ‘City-league seals’, Cylinder seals

Sedentarization 5, 58, 60, 62, 64, 73–76, 81, 94–95, 182, 235–236 Sennacherib 157

Serpentinite 129

Sex 5, 11, 14, 23, 35–36, 39, 92, 113, 115, 170, 186, 206–208, 221–222, 227, 233, 238–239 Shale 198

Shams ed-Din Tannira 62, 69, 76, 78, 80 Shanidar 1, 3, 4, 6, 9

Shell 18, 46, 51–52, 55, 108, 161, 163–164, 166–169, 181–182, 184, 192–193, 199, 200, 233 Shell inlays 162, 169

Shells, marine 15, 31, 43, 88, 92, 122, 161, 163–164, 166, 183–184, 196

Shells, riverine 1, 2, 7, 13, 23, 28, 62, 126, 144–145, 162, 168, 174

Ships and related navigation craft 49, 71–72, 107, 131, 174, 188, 194–195, 236

Shrines 37, 46–47, 50, 75, 85–86, 93–94, 99, 101–107, 109–113, 132, 134, 136–137, 142, 149–150, 177, 198–200, 202–203, 208–211, 214–215, 217–220, 222, 227, 229–230, 233

Sicily 225

Sickles 47, 48, 54, 59, 67–68, 99–100, 108, 112, 123, 128, 162–163, 166, 175, 191 Silver 107, 125, 136, 161, 169, 171, 172, 179, 188, 190, 195, 197, 200, 207, 214, 228;

see also ‘Hacksilber’ (hoard finds containing broken silver items) Sin (Suen) 106–108, 218

Sinjar 108

Siraran 218

Slavery 143, 207, 231

Sledges for threshing grain see ‘Tribulum’ Smelting of metals 68, 125, 136, 147

Solid-footed goblets (a pottery type of early ED date) 170–171, 185, 198, 203 Soot 183

Specialization 70–72, 76, 78, 81, 89, 96, 114, 126, 161, 187, 199; Chalcolithic 61, 63–65, 69–72, 76, 78, 81, 89, 96;

Early Dynastic 162, 176, 184, 187, 192, 197, 199; Jemdet Nasr 161, 184, 187;

Mesolithic 9;

Neolithic 30;

Uruk 106, 114, 126, 187, 197, 201 Stag 135

Standards see Emblems

Statuettes 91, 96–97, 158, 184, 233;

Chalcolithic 43–44, 45, 46, 48–49, 51–52, 55, 69, 91, 94, 96–97;

Index 333

Early Dynastic 165, 169, 174, 179, 184, 186, 229, 233; Jemdet Nasr 108, 164, 184;

Mesolithic 7, 11;

Neolithic 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41; Uruk 101, 106, 108, 109–113, 115, 158, 229

Steatite 51–52, 108, 129, 168, 171–172, 192–193, 198 Stone industry 199

Stone industry chipped 125, 130, 196;

Chalcolithic 43–44, 45–46, 47, 51, 55–57, 60, 69–70, 90; Early Dynastic 166, 174–175, 190, 192, 196, 200; Jemdet Nasr 163, 165–166;

Mesolithic 6, 7, 8;

14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 38; Palaeolithic 1, 2;

Uruk 99–100, 107–109, 113–114, 116, 123, 125, 128, 130–131, 133 Stone industry ground 2, 6, 7, 8, 9;

Chalcolithic 43–46, 47, 48, 51, 55–57, 81; Early Dynastic 174–175, 192, 200; Jemdet Nasr 163–164, 166;

Mesolithic 2, 6, 7, 8, 9;

Neolithic 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 30, 31, 39; Uruk 99, 108, 111, 114, 128–129, 133

Stone vessels:

Chalcolithic 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 90, 99;

Early Dynastic 162, 164, 166, 168–169, 171, 175, 183, 186, 192, 204, 214; Jemdet Nasr 144–145, 161, 171, 204;

Neolithic 16, 18, 20, 23;

Uruk 99–100, 102, 107–108, 110–111, 114, 131, 135, 140, 162 Storage facilities 138–139, 196–197, 202

Stratification, social 78, 80–81, 83, 85, 88–89, 115–116, 143, 145–146, 159, 171, 181, 198, 202, 204, 211, 217, 221, 224, 237–238;

see also Prestige Sulaimaniyah 2

Sumerian King List (SKL) 212–213

Susa 36, 61, 83–84, 94, 99, 113, 118, 125, 128, 130, 147–148, 163, 187–188, 193, 195, 200, 229 Susiana 132, 146

Syria 23, 26, 27, 34, 36, 59, 67, 75, 85, 87–88, 124, 128, 132, 179, 199, 203 Syro-Cilicia 32, 36

Saša, consort of Uruinimgina of Lagaš 209 SU+HA (fishermen’) 182, 196

Šuruppak 165, 167, 212–214, 221–222, 227–231, 238–239; see also Fara

‘Summa alu’ house omens 85

Talc 161

Tarut 193

Tell Abada 54, 61–62, 76, 78, 81, 85, 91

Tell Abu Husaini 59–60, 63, 70, 81, 91

Tell Afar 18, 45

Tell Agrab 181–182, 187–188, 191–192, 199–200, 208, 210

Tell al-Hilwa 116, 151

Index 334

Tell al-Jir 126 Tell al-Kaum 23

Tell Arpachiyah 42, 60, 63–67, 69–70, 72–74, 81, 87, 90, 92–96, 236–237 Tell Asmar 181, 188, 190, 192, 200–201, 203, 211

Tell Awayli 21, 46, 49, 53, 60, 64, 69–71, 74–75, 83, 94, 123–124 Tell Azzo 90

Tell Basta 234

Tell Bleibis 133

Tell Brak 61, 106, 132, 152, 199, 233 Tell Buqras 23

Tell al-Fara’in (=Buto, Egypt) 131 Tell es-Saadiya 71, 91

Tell es-Sawwan 22, 30, 32, 36, 39, 41, 46, 133, 235 Tell Gubba 190, 198–199, 201, 211

Tell Halaf 62

Tell Hassan 78, 91

Tell Hassuna 16, 65

Tell Inghara 167–169 Tell Judeideh 40

Tell Kannas, 133, 146

Tell Kerkh 87, 95, 236 Tell Kuran 122

Tell Leilan 177, 179, 203

Tell Madhhur 55, 81, 94, 139, 198 Tell Maghzaliya 44, 46, 47, 52 Tell Mohammed Arab 205, 223 Tell Obeid see Al-Ubaid

Tell Owessat 192–193

Tell Razuk 179–181, 183, 198

Tell Rubeidheh 120, 125, 151

Tell Sabi Abyad 60, 73, 75, 87–88, 95, 236 Tell Sheikh Hassan 133

Tell Songor 32, 37, 78 Tell Turlu 60

Tell Uhaimir 167

Tell Uqair 62, 76, 158, 200

Tello 125–126, 143, 158, 184, 195, 229

Tepe Farukhabad 59, 63, 71, 78, 120, 122, 125–126, 128, 130, 179, 181–183, 187, 193, 197

Tepe Gawra 49, 64–65, 67, 69, 71–74, 78, 81, 83, 87, 89, 92, 94–97, 104, 108, 109, 123–124, 130, 133, 143, 145, 148–150, 152, 174, 179, 183–184, 190–191, 196, 236–237

Tepe Guran 28, 32, 33 Tepe Sabz 59–60

Tepe Shaffarabad 33, 119–120, 122, 124, 128, 130, 146, 153 Tepe Yahya 33, 59, 63, 75, 119, 122, 132, 193

Terraced buildings 130; Chalcolithic 47, 54, 75; Early Dynastic 164, 168;

Jemdet Nasr 107, 130, 160–161; JN to ED 161;

Uruk 105, 107, 130 Texts see Script

Textiles 69, 125–126, 130, 135–136, 184, 190, 196, 199, 207;

Index 335

Chalcolithic 44, 47, 51, 54–57, 69, 84, 92;

Early Dynastic 166–167, 169, 174–176, 184, 190, 192, 196, 198–199, 200, 207; Jemdet Nasr 154, 157, 161, 163, 166, 170;

Neolithic 16, 17, 20, 23, 29, 30;

Uruk 49, 102, 108, 110–111, 113–114, 119, 121, 125–126, 128, 130, 135–136, 165 Tholoi (round buildings) 24, 42–43, 45, 49, 55, 80–81, 90, 93, 139, 179–180, 198 Time-reckoning 155–156, 197, 229

Tin 125, 129, 168, 172, 187–188 Toilet sets see Cosmetics

Tokens 44, 51, 56–57, 85, 94, 99–101, 103, 110–111, 113–114, 126, 146–147, 150, 153, 165 ‘Totems’ 136–137

Trees 1, 2, 7, 13, 21, 26, 31, 42, 53, 60, 102, 105, 141, 174, 182, 190, 193 Transhumance 32–35, 40–41, 75–76, 120–121, 126

Trepanation of skulls 6

‘Tribulum’ (a sledge or a harrow for threshing grain) 118, 129, 143 Tuffo 161

Tummal 214

Turkey 152

Turquoise 17, 18, 20, 23, 31, 39, 51, 70–71, 111, 113, 167, 193, 198

Ubaid culture 21, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49–50, 53–55, 57, 59–61, 65–68, 70–72, 74–76, 78–79, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–102, 104, 108, 115, 116, 122–126, 139, 162, 167, 170, 184, 190, 192, 236–238

Ubaidiya 3 UD.GAL.NUN texts 165 Uhub 214

Ulu Burun (Kaş, Turkey) 152

Umm Dabaghiyah 14, 26, 29, 30, 31–33, 36, 65 Umm Qseir 122

Umma 163, 167, 215, 217

Ur 58, 65, 67, 78, 81, 91, 124, 163, 167, 168, 170, 177–179, 182–184, 186–188, 190, 192–193, 195, 199, 201–202, 204–205, 207, 210–215, 218–219, 222–229, 231, 233, 239

Ur III period 76, 120, 162, 167, 179, 202, 205–206, 226 Urbanization 106, 118, 131–141, 150, 196, 198, 211, 237 Urnanše 215, 219

Uruinimgina/Urukagina 207, 209, 218, 220–221, 239

Uruk 92, 95, 98, 117, 123–125, 129, 132–133, 138, 140, 147, 149, 151–152, 154, 160, 163, 179, 182–183, 192–193, 195–196, 201, 209, 217, 221–222, 231, 236–237;

An’s precinct 104–106;

An’s precinct ‘White temple’ 105–106, 134; Eanna 160;

Eanna bath building 104;

Eanna building E (‘palace’) 103–104; Eanna Great Courtyard 104;

Eanna Hallenbau 104; Eanna Kalksteintempel 102; Eanna Opferstättenhof 161; Eanna Pfeilerhalle 104, 146; Eanna Red temple 104;

Eanna Riemchengebäude 102–103, 123, 125, 143, 161, 187, 199; Eanna Sammelfund 161, 167, 184, 187, 199;

Index 336

Eanna Steingebäude 99, 101–102, 105, 122, 155; Eanna Steinstifttempel 101–103, 122–123; Eanna Stiftmosaikgebäude 103;

Eanna temple A 103; Eanna temple B 103–104; Eanna temple C 103–104; Eanna temple D 104; Eanna temple F 103–104; Eanna temple G 103–104; Eanna temple H 103–104;

Stampflehmgebäude (SW of the Eanna terrace) 162, 217

Uruk culture 33, 53, 61, 92, 95–159, 162, 165, 167, 170, 187, 230–231, 236–239 Uruk period 30, 36, 49, 59, 67–68, 74, 92, 183, 191, 195–197, 200, 204, 231 Urzaged 214

Vaisya caste of India 146

Vaulting 113

Vehicles, wheeled 27, 61, 72, 112, 131, 168, 174, 194, 198, 213

Veshnoveh 125

Vineyards 60, 119

Warfare 143–144, 150, 213, 219

Waste disposal 132–133, 163–164, 166, 172, 199, 209

Wax 68, 121, 125, 187

Weights and measures 219, 230

Wells 36, 43, 49–50, 113, 169, 198

Wine see Vineyards

Wittfogel, Karl 142

Woolley, Sir Leonard 224–229

Yarimtepe 18, 19, 23, 25, 30, 32–34, 36, 37–38, 45, 49, 55, 59–60, 63–64, 66, 76, 80, 82, 86, 90– 91, 93, 97

Zababa 168, 214, 230

Zabalam 163, 218, 231

Zarzian 1

Zawi Chemi Shanidar 6, 9

Zettler, Richard 202

Ziggurats 101, 105, 161, 168–169, 172–173, 214