The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion by John Hinnells

596â Index

autonomy			215
Azzi, C. and Ehrenberg, R. G. 467, 468
Babri Mosque, Ayodhya								7, 58, 359
Bainbridge, W. S. 312–13, 469–70; and Stark,
R.	464–5
Bakan, D.			200
Banna, Hasan al-						449, 451
Barbour, I.			511–12
Barker, E. 263, 266–7, 343, 348, 349
Barrett, J.			51
Barthes, R. 276, 277, 281, 284–5
Barth, K.			102, 423
Bartholomew I					496
Barton, J.			402–3
Bastian, M.				169
Basu, P.		484
Baudrillard, J.					276–7
Baumann, G.					564, 566
Baumann, Martin						562, 563–4, 566
Baumann, Michael and Klauber, Martin I. 57
Beattie, J.			75
Beaudoin, T.				547
Becker, G.			462, 463–4
Beckford, J.				156–7
Bede (Venerable Bede)								58
behavioral economics							463, 538
behaviorism				198
belief: religious see religious belief; ritual as
expression of						388–90; ritual as instillment
of	391–3
Bellah, R. 79, 150, 151
Bell, C.		168
Benson, T.			126, 127–8
Berg, David (Moses David)									465
Berger, P. 76, 79, 151, 315–16, 354
Bernard of Clairvaux							325, 326
Beyer, P.		160
Bhabha, H.				298, 565
Bhagavadgita 26, 329, 332, 359, 404
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)									7, 358, 359
Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh										358
Bible: astronomy and							510; demythologized
380–1; and the environment										494–5;
evolution and						510; experience of the
numinous					329–30; film and					546–7; foreign
religions				23; gender issues 249, 252; and
historical consciousness									400; historico-
critical study						52, 404; and the history
of religion school							29; interpretation see
hermeneutics; miracles 532; myth 373,
374, 375; politics							446–7; profit 467–8;
Song of Songs						326; theological history 58;
truth and chronology								27
Big Bang			118
bin Laden, Osama 365–6, 456

Biruni, al-	59
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) 7, 358, 359
Blair, Tony	8

Bleeker, C. Jouco 35, 205–6, 212–13 Boas, F. 33, 166

body/embodiment: body/mind/soul relationship

81–2, 520–1, 538; embodying the
anthropological field						172–3; and the spatial
study of religion					485–6; subjectivity and
285–6
Bonaventure			95–6
Boorstin, D.			25
Bousset, W.			29
Bouyer, L.		324
Bowie, F.		172
Boyer, P.	393, 531
bracketing (phenomenological epoché)										209,
216–17, 220
brain research				51, 538, 539
Braybrooke, M.				132
Britain: diaspora communities								558–60, 573;
Islam		67; religious studies						131–4; Sikhs in
11; university theology							98
Brooke, J. H.			514–15
Brown, C.		68
Brown, K. M. 50, 170
Bruce, S. 157, 314–15, 319, 354–5
Buber, M.		393n1
Buddha	407, 437
Buddhism: diaspora communities									107;
environmentalism and							495–6, 497, 499;
feminist thought					47; gender power struggle
in a Japanese Buddhist movement										250;
Mahayana 331, 449; NRMs									346; pre-
modern politics and						449; religious pluralism
and	437; Sangha				449; theology 107;
Theravada				331; Tibetan				449; Western
Orientalism and					336
Bultmann, R. 102, 380–2, 423
Burkert, W.			390–1
Bush, George W. 8, 456, 502
Butler, J. 246–7, 254, 285
Büttner, M.			480
Calvinism		148
Calvin, John			414
Campbell, J.			230, 383
Canada, religious studies							129–31
Cano, Melchior				96
Cao Dai		346
capitalism		146, 147, 148–9, 156, 327,
500; Protestantism and							473; religious
environmentalism and							500, 505–6
Capps, W. H. 99, 136
Casanova, J.			157, 318

Catholicism see Roman Catholicism

Indexâ 597â

Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) 545

Chantepie de la Saussaye, P. D. 35, 210, 231

charisma 406–7
charismatic Protestantism 158
Cheetham, D.		432
Children of God/The Family 10, 345, 346
China	25, 41, 52, 149, 238, 333, 454
Cholvy, G. and Hilaier, Y.-M. 63, 67
Christendom		24, 228, 447, 451
Christianity: allegorical interpretation			227,
324, 403, 412, 413, 414; Bible see Bible;
economic triumph over paganism			471; and
the environment 496–8; Freud on			189;

fundamentalism in the USA 360–1, 450–1; hermeneutics see hermeneutics; as model for conception of religion 86–7; modernization and civil religion 149–51; modern politics and 450–3, 454; nationalism 455–6; perceived superiority of 90; pre-modern politics and 447–8; Protestantism see Protestantism; religious history 56–7, 58, 60, 61–2, 65; Roman Catholicism see Roman Catholicism; separation of Church and State 152, 299, 327, 453; strategies for comparative

religion		227–8; theology see theology;
transformations of					399
civil religion			130, 149–51, 454
civil rights movements					137, 360, 452, 498
Clark, S.	553
Classen, C.		171
clinical psychology 199–200
Clooney, F.		435
Cobb, J.	495
cognitive science 526–39; and behavioural
economics				538; and the comparative study
of religion			536–7; ethological research 537;
and the historical study of religions 536;
history of			527–8; nature of 526–7; religion
and	51, 526–39; religious actions/rituals
and	529–30; religious ideas and 531–2;
religious persistence and						532–3; ritual as
the ordering of the world						393; significance
for study of religion					534–8; sociobiological
research			537
Cohen, A.		566, 572
Cohen, R. 562–3, 570–1, 572
Coleman, J.			466
Coleman, S. and Eade, J. 483–4
Cole, W. Owen				132
Collins, P. 269, 270
colonialism		66, 89, 175, 282, 295; and ‘the
mystic East’				336; see also postcolonialism
Comaroff, Jean				65, 169, 172–3
Comaroff, John				65, 169
commonality, human					237

Communism

452, 453–4

Community Religions Project (CRP), Leeds

567

comparative study of religion

14–15, 35, 90,

225–40; as an academic field

228–33;

in ‘chota Punjab’

559–60; Christian

strategies

227–8; cognitive science and

the comparative study of religions

536–7;

comparativism as suppressing difference

233–4; comparativism as untheoretical

234;

contemporary comparativism elements

235–9; Eliade’s comparative patterns

231–3; human-level commonality

237–9;

inventories

231; periodic renewal rites

238;

phenomenologies

231; regional comparison

234; Religiongeschichte

30, 57; religious

forms of comparison

226–8; religious

patterns in secular life

239; sacred histories

237–8; sacred order

238–9; selectivity

226;

taxonomies

231; universalism

228

Confucianism

58, 149

Constantine the Great

447, 448

constructivism

280; see also structuralism

consumer culture

301, 545

consumers of religion (economic theory)

461–4

contingency argument for existence of God

117, 118

conversion, religious

192–3, 199

Cornford, F. M. 385, 386

cosmological arguments for existence of God

117–18, 120

cosmology, Big Bang

519

Coward, H. and Foshay, T. 283

Cragg, K.

435

creation

510; Big Bang cosmology and

519

creationism/creation science

374, 519–20

crisis of representation

49–50

Csordas, T.

168

cults: anti-cultists

349; entrepreneur model of

cult formation

464–5; as a label

340–2;

see also New Religious Movements (NRMs);

sects

cultural identity

34, 177, 358, 562; in the

global postmodern

564–6; Islamic 365;

Orientalism and cultural identity of the West

291; veiling and identity politics

246

cultural translation

558, 561; tradition and

564, 565, 569–70

cultures of everyday life see popular culture

Cunningham, A.

129, 133

Dada Lekraj

351

Dalai Lama

437, 449, 497

Daly, M.

251–2

dance 238, 392, 399

Darwin, Charles

28, 33, 519

598â Index

Darwinism 28, 33, 510, 511, 515–16; and design 519–20; social 528–9

Dasam Granth 408 Davie, G. 153, 315–16 Davis, C. 131

Dawkins, R. 51, 513, 520 D’Costa, G. 431, 437 death and dying 486–7

deconstruction 46, 82–3, 249, 281, 282–3, 421–2

defining religion 6–7, 534–6; ethnic and universal traditions 570–2; functional definitions of religion 154, 159, 160, 534, 547–8, 553; ‘minimum definition of religion’

535, 539n1
Deikman, A.		328
deism 25–6, 430
Delitzsch, F.		30
Delphy, C.	246–7
demythologization 380–2
Dennett, D.		51
Derrida, J. 46, 47, 82, 276, 277–8, 280–1,
282–3, 287, 421–2
Desai, K.	51
Descartes, R.		117, 430

design: arguments for existence of God 118–19; Darwinism and 519–20

Devisch, R. 173

diaspora communities 558–76; academic study

of diaspora 562–4; Buddhist			107; ‘ethnic’
and ‘universal’ traditions and theorising
religion and diaspora 570–2; and the global
postmodern 564–6; Hindu			7, 107; Irish
Catholic		558–9, 560; Jewish	562; and
migration		10–11, 484–5, 568–72, 573–5;
religious studies research agendas of religion,
migration and ethnicity 568–70; religious
transmission in 566, 574; Sikh				11, 558,
559–60; and the study of religion				566–8;
summary patterns and trends of religion and
diaspora		572–5
Dijk, R. van and Pels, P. 171
Dilthey, W.		415–16
Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite 324–5
Dobbelaere, K. 154–5
Doniger, W.		44
Donner, F.	66
Dosse, F.	277, 279
Douglas, M. 45, 79, 166, 172, 388
drama see drama 7, 171, 386, 462; ritual and
389–90, 391, 392, 394n6 see also ritual
dreams 76, 166, 196, 230; Jung			187

dress 7, 173, 485, 486, 569, 575; veiling 246, 485–6

drug-induced mysticism/religious experience 32, 333–5

Dryden, John		25
Dubuisson, D.		85–7, 88, 90
Dupuis, J.	426, 433
Durkheim, É 30, 44, 79, 147–8, 172, 539n2,
540n3; account of religion					80, 81, 82, 83,
85, 87, 90n2, 166; continuing significance of
religion	308–9; NRMs 346; ritual						387;
sacred symbols			34; totemic principle				230
Eck, D. L.	560
Eckhart, Meister			325, 331, 333
ecology see religious environmentalism
economics of religion				461–73; behavioral
economics		463, 538; consumers				461–4;
investors 466–8; markets					468–73;
producers		464–6; rational choice theory see
rational choice theory
Egypt: and the Bible				23, 375; and the history of
religion school			30; nationalism			454–6
eidetic vision/reduction 209–10, 217, 220

Eliade, M. 45, 50, 52, 83, 205–6, 260; characteristics of his phenomenology of religion 213–14; comparative patterns

231–3; critiques of	45, 48, 82, 84, 213–14,
219, 233–4, 480; myth		379–80, 386;
religionist theory	77, 79–80; sacred space
479–80; Smith, J. Z. and		233–4, 480; the
study of religions	42–3, 44, 233

emotion: emotionally charged rites 187; role in religion 537

empathy, epoché and 216–17 empiricism 208, 274; phenomenology of

religion and 214–15, 218, 219 Engnell, I. 385

Enkhbayar, N. 499

Enlightenment: as antecedent to secularization 308; impact of religious history study 60–2; pluralism and 431

environmentalism see religious environmentalism

epoché	209, 216–17, 220
Erasmus, D.		96
Erastianism		448
Erikson, E.		79
eschatology, demythologized 381
essentialism		89, 249, 295
Ethical Monotheism 115
ethics	87, 103–4, 149, 176, 195; and the

relationship of religion, science and politics 521–2; see also morality

ethnicity	11, 561, 565, 568–72; see also race
Eusebius of Caesarea 58, 447–8
Evans, D.	333
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 167
evil, problem of 120–2
evil spirits	23, 381

Indexâ 599â

evolution, theory of 27–8, 510, 511, 515–16, 519–20; extended to sphere of religious

phenomena			207
exclusivism		114–15, 427, 432, 434, 436
existence of God: arguments for and against
77–8, 116–20; religionists and 77–8
Fabian, J.	169, 175
Falun Gong		342
Falwell, J.	361
Farley, E. and Hodgson, P. C. 404
Faure, B.	48
feminism	46, 47, 129, 172, 245, 249, 422;
feminist deconstruction 249; feminist
hermeneutics of suspicion					252, 420; feminist
theology		452; first-wave			256n1; and the
gendering of religion 251–5; Jantzen’s
feminist analysis of Christian mysticism 336;
post-structuralist				285; second-wave 246,
256n1; third-wave				256n1
Fernandez, J.		174
Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W. and Schachter, S.
262–3, 264–5
Feuerbach, L.			420
Fickeler, P.	478–9
fideism 116
figural interpretation				412–13

film 544, 546–7, 550, 551 Finer, S. 445

fine-tuning arguments for existence of God 118–19

Finke, R. 470 Finnström, S. 176

Fitzgerald, T. 88, 90, 282, 567

Flood, G. 222, 270, 567, 576 Forman, R. 333

Foucault, M. 46–8, 88, 247, 248, 280, 281, 283–4, 287, 293–4, 422, 480

Fowler, J. W. 195–6 Foxe, J. 59

Fox, R. G. 297

France 63, 208, 275, 350, 379, 544; poststructuralism and 276–7, 278, 281 see also post-structuralism

Francis of Assisi 286, 493 Fraser, B. 130

Frazer, J. G. 29, 79, 166, 230, 376–7, 385, 393–4n3

Frei, H. W. 101, 104, 413 Freitag, U. 297

Freud, S. 30, 33, 44, 76, 79, 81, 82–3, 88, 112, 188–91, 199; and Freudians on myth 33, 382–4; religious patternings 230; ritual 387–8

functionalism: functional definitions of religion 154, 159, 160, 534, 547–8, 553; functional

explanations of possession									171; functionalist
fallacy		76, 84; Malinowsky							167–8;
structural-functionalism								167, 171
function of religion					75–6, 77, 78, 79–80, 84,
190, 568–9				157–8, 354–68; American
fundamentalism
Christian			360–1, 450–1; gender relations
and	255; and Hindu nationalism										358–60;
identity over belief						357–8; Islamic					355–6,
364–7, 451; Islamic militancy in the Middle
East	364–7; Islamism and								300; politicized
Jewish Orthodoxy in Israel									361–4;
Protestant Unionism in Northern Ireland
357–8; Sikh militancy in India										358; see also
creationism/creation science
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints (FLDS Church)									339
Gadamer, H.-G. 417–18
Galen 400
Galileo affair			510, 515
Gandhi, Mahatma					8, 328, 450, 455
Gaunilo of Marmoutiers							117
Geertz, C. 44, 79, 165, 168, 388
Gelasius I		448
gender/sex		172, 245–56; category of gender
245–7; continuing study of									255–6;
elaborating model of							248–9; feminism
see feminism; fundamentalism and											255;
historicity and					254–5; historicizing of sex
and sexuality				247–8; importance in study
of religion			249–51; Orientalism, religion
and	301–2; performance and									254; politics
and	255; queer theory							249, 545; religious
ideologies and					251–3; religious practices
and	253
geography: diasporas and migration										484–5,
568–72, 573–5; homeland, and ethnic/
universal traditions of religions										571–2;
pilgrimage and movement									483–4; and the
spatial study of religion								476–88
Ghazali, al106, 117, 331
Ghosh, A.		50
Gibbon, E.		60
Gilliat-Ray, S. 487–8
Gill, S.	48, 170–1
Gilroy, P.	564, 565
Girard, R.		374, 386–7
globalization			18, 177, 255, 347; diaspora and
the global postmodern								564–6; economic
500; and the environment									504
Gobind Singh			407, 408
God: as archetype (Jung)							197; arguments for
and against the existence of									77–8, 116–20;
belief about see religious belief; encountered
through the sacred						77; as exalted father

600â Index

(Freud)			199; of the gaps						519; ‘God-images’
230; love of					210; physics and divine action
518–19; and the soul								326, 331; see also gods;
Ultimate Reality/the Absolute, plurastic
hypothesis of
Gödel, K.		280
gods: Christian interpretation of pagan gods as
demons			227; as personifications of natural
phenomena					375; universalist interpretations
of 228
Granth Sahib see Adi Granth
Grayson, J. H.					66
Greeley, A.			312
Griffiths, P.			426, 437
Grof, C. and S. 194
Gross, R.		47
Guadalupe, Virgin of							238
Guilday, P.			62
Gunkel, H.			29
Haar, T.		563
Habermas, J.				418
Haddad, Y. Y.					67
Halbfass, W.				295
Hall, S.	564
Hamas	364, 367
Hanafi, H.			300–1
Hanson, S.			315
Hardacre, H.				250
Harnack, Adolf von							30
Harrison, F.			176
Harrison, J.			386, 394n7
Hart, D. G. 134–5, 136
Hart, R.		135
Hasan al-Banna						449
Hastrup, K.			175
Hawkes, T.			278
Hebdige, Dick					545
Hegel, G. W. F. 146, 206, 296
Heidegger, M.: hermeneutics									416–17; influence
284, 380, 382, 417–19
Heiler, F.		35
Heilman, S.			267–9
Hempel, C.			85
Henry, Maurice						277
hermeneutics					411–24; ad hoc 422–4;
allegorical interpretation									227, 324, 374,
403, 412, 413, 414; feminist hermeneutics
of suspicion					252, 420; Heidegger’s
hermeneutical legacy								417–19; interpretation
and appropriation of one religion’s texts
by another					403; mystical experience and
interpretation						332–3; the mystical/hidden
meaning of scripture								324; origins and
etymology					412–14; postmodernism and

421–2; rise of modern hermeneutics 414–17;

of suspicion				252, 419–20; techniques of
scriptural interpretation								403; typological/
figural interpretation							412–13
Herodotus		23, 228
Hervieu-Léger, D.					153–4
Herzfeld, M. 167–8, 169–70, 175, 176
Heusch, L. de				167
Hezbollah		364
Hick, J. 112, 113–14, 426, 427–8, 430, 433
hierophany			231–2
Hildegard of Bingen						325–6, 328
Hill, C.	62, 63
Hillman, J.			384
Hinduism: Advaita Vedanta								331, 332, 333,
334; colonial influences								295; diaspora
communities					7, 107; Enlightenment
approach			61; environmentalism and
495–6; homeland						571; nationalism				7, 295,
358–60, 455; parable of the blind man and
the elephant					113–14; pre-modern politics
and	449–50; raptures						328; relations with
Islam	7, 359; religious history								66; Samkhya
332; temples					7, 12, 359; tensions from
critical studies of						52–3; texts			7, 26, 58,
329, 335, 359, 403–4, 450 see also specific
texts; theology					107; Western Orientalism
and	336
Hinnells, J. R. 566, 569, 571, 573, 576
historical consciousness 399–402; and
reappraisal of scripture							404–5
historicization				169–70, 176, 255; of sex and
sexuality			247–8
history: of cognitive science								527–8; historical
approach of phenomenology of religion
215, 219; historical diffusion 227; post-
structuralism, power, knowledge and										283–5;

religion and the history of science 514–16; religious see religious history; sacred histories 237–8; theological 58–9

history of religion school 29–30, 260 Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. 406

Hodgson, D.	172
holiness/the holy			33, 34; and experience of the
numinous		329–30; experiential realization
of the Holy		186–7, 210, 329–30 see also
religious experience; phenomenology of
religion and			210, 211; see also sacredness/
the sacred
Holloway, J.	486–7
Hollywood, A.		286
Hooke, S. H.		385
Horton, R.	167
Hubbard, L. Ron			465
human rights		176–7
Hume, David		120
Husserl, E.	208, 209, 219, 223

Indexâ 601â

Huxley, A.		331, 334
Huxley, T.		509–10, 516
Iannoccone, L. R. 466, 470
Ibn Khaldun			449
Ibn Taimiyya			449
idealism	81
identity, cultural see cultural identity
inclusivism		426, 427, 432, 434
Inden, R.		295, 297
India: colonial characterization of 89, 295;
nationalism 7, 295, 297; Orientalism 296
see also Orientalism; Sikh militancy 358
individualism			31, 150, 327, 433, 521
individuation			197
Inge, D.	326

insider/outsider perspectives in study of religion 259–71; participant observation and 262–9

intentionality 209, 215–16

interactionism, mind–body relationship 81, 82 Interfaith Power and Light 499

International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR) 135–6

International Society for Krishna Consciousness

(ISKCON )			342, 345, 349–50
interpretation see hermeneutics
intuition		208, 217, 220; of essences (eidetic
vision)		209–10, 217, 220
investors in religion (economic theory)										466–8
Iran/Persia		8, 13, 29, 451; Parsi identity								571;
Persian language				26
Iraq 8, 13, 456
Ireland: Irish Catholics overseas 558–9, 560;
Protestant Unionism in Northern Ireland
357–8
Islam: in America 67; British							67; exclusivism
114–15; Hindu relationship with									7,
359; internet resources						549; Islamic
fundamentalism				355–6, 364–7, 451;
Islamism 300–1; jihad						364–6; jurisprudence
106; Ka’ba and sacred space							232; media
and	543, 554; Mernissi’s participant role
in Islamic studies				263–4; militancy in
the Middle East				364–7; mosques					7, 58,
359; Orientalism and the study of									300–1;
philosophy			106; pre-modern politics
448–9; religious pluralism and								436; religious/
theological history					58–9, 66, 67; science
and Islamic culture					515; secular nationalism
and	454–5; terrorism and						456; texts 58–9,
106 see also Qur’an/Koran; theology										105–7;
transformations of					399; veiling			246, 485–6;
and Western historical criticism								404–5
Israel	8, 23, 455; kosher mobile phone network
549; politicized Jewish Orthodoxy in										361–4
see also Zionism

Ivakhiv, A.			482–3
Jackson, M. 170, 172, 176
Jackson, R.			132
James, W. 30, 31–2, 76–7, 192–3; and the
modern study of mysticism									326–8
Jantzen, G.			286, 336
Japan	41–2, 49, 309, 310, 453; new religions
250, 340, 346, 351; religious markets 468
Jeffrey, P. and Basu, A. 255
jihad	364–6
John Paul II			452, 495, 497
Johnson, A.			385
Johnson, B.			283
Johnson, R.			550–1
Jonas, H.		380, 382
Jones, Sir William					296
Judaism: ancient attitude to foreign religions
23; diaspora communities									562, 563; as
a ‘discreet ethnic group’								571; and the
environment					494, 498; feminist thought
47; fundamentalism							354, 361–4; Haredim
362–3; Heilman’s autobiographical account
as participant-as-observer									267–9; Jewish
contribution to science								515; Mizrahim
363; politicized Jewish Orthodoxy in Israel
361–4; pre-modern politics									446–7; religious/
theological history							58, 66; Shas (Sephardim
Guardians of the Torah)								363–4, 367; texts
401–2; theology						104–5; Zionism				361–4,
367, 455
Julian of Norwich					326
Jung, C. G. 79, 196–7, 230; and Jungians on
myth		33, 382–4
Ka’ba	232
kabbalah		105
Kahane, Meir				455
kalam argument for existence of God										118
Kant, Immanuel					101, 113, 117, 206, 308, 414,
478; influence on Hick								427–8
Kapferer, B.			173
karma, and the problems of evil and suffering
121–2
Katz, S. 332–3
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah									364–5, 451
Kiblinger, K. B.				437
Kierkegaard, S.				116
King, Martin Luther						8
King, R. 88–9, 293, 295, 299–300, 336
King, S.		333
King, U.		131–2
Kitagawa, J.			135–6
kitsch	544–6, 548
Knitter, P.		429
Knott, K.		568, 569–70

602â Index

knowledge/power relationship							88, 283–5,
293–4, 422
Kong, L.	479, 484
Kopf, D.	296
Koran see Qur’an/Koran
Koresh, David			407
Kramer, S. N.			375
Kristensen, W. Brede					35, 205–6, 211, 260
Kristeva, J. 276, 277, 281, 286
Kuhn, T.	517
Lacan, J. 276, 281, 285–6
Lakatos, I.		517
Lambek, M. 168, 173; and Stathern, A. 172
Lane, B. C.		480
Lang, A.	28
language: post-structuralist rethinking of
language and text					282–3; religious see
religious language; semiotics 278–9, 286
Laqueur, T.		247–8
Lash, N.	430
Lawson, E. Thomas					529–30
Leach, E. 45, 391, 394n7
Leary, T.	334
Leeds, local study of religion							477–8
Legenhausen, M.				436–7
Leibniz, G. W.: Leibnizian sufficient reason
argument 117–18
Lekraj Kripalini, Dada Lekraj							351
Levinas, E.		221
Lévi-Strauss, C. 44, 167, 277, 281, 378–9, 391
Levitt, P.	560–1
Lévy-Bruhl, L.			167, 378
Lewis, B.	296, 297
Lewis, C. S.		400
Lewis, I. M. 166, 171
Lewis, R.	301, 302
liberalism	157, 453
liberation theology 452
limit situations			192, 194
Lincoln, B.		48
liturgy 173, 324; green						503
local studies of religion						477–8
logical positivism				111
Lopez, D.	48
Lowe, L.	298
Luckmann, T.			153, 318
Ludden, D.		295
Luther, Martin			96, 413–14
Lyotard, J.-F. 276–7
Macauley, T. B. 296–7, 298
McCaughey, R. A. 139
McCauley, R. N.				529–30
McClintock, A.				302
McCutcheon, R.				84, 261–2

McFague, S.		495
McGrane, B.			431
MacIntyre, A.			434
McLeod, W. H.				260
magic 62, 169; Frazer						166, 230, 385; Freud
188–9; magical religion							87; ritual and
166–7, 391
Magliola, R.		283
Mahabharata 7, 58, 404; see also Bhagavadgita
Mahikari	351
Mahmood, C.			176
Mahmood, S.			285
Maimonides, Moses					105, 117, 447, 493
Malinowsky, B. 79, 166–7, 373, 374, 377,
385–6; ritual				387–8
Mandair, A.-P. S. 270, 275, 283
Mani, L.	301
Marett, R. R.			28
Marion, J.-L.			206, 221, 222
markets, religious (economic theory)								468–73
Marsilius of Padua 448
Martin, D. 151–2, 158, 312
Marty, M. 63; and Appleby, R. S. 356
Marxism	453–4, 535
Marx, K. 79, 82, 146–7, 308, 387–8, 419,
453–4
Maslow, A.		193
Masquelier, A.			171–2
Masuzawa, T. 46, 82–3, 89–90
material cultures				174
materialism		81
Mead, M.	33
media: anthropology and media cultures									174–5;
emergence of academic study of								543–6;
emergence of study of relationship of religion,
popular culture and						546–9; film		544,
546–7, 550, 551; key questions for future
study of religion, popular culture and									549–
52; Orientalism and						301; religion, popular
culture and 543–55; study of contemporary
society, religion and						552–5
meditation		51, 194, 199, 333, 347, 351, 407
Meissner, W. W.				195
Melton, G.		344, 351
Mendelssohn, Moses					105
Merkur, D.		194
Mernissi, F		262, 263–4
Mesopotamia			30
Metcalf, B.		66
methodological agnosticism							43, 214, 261, 267,
270
Metz, J. B.	451
Middle East: identity politics and the veil									246;
Islamic militancy					364–7; politicized Jewish
Orthodoxy in Israel						361–4; see also specific
countries

Indexâ 603â

migration		10–11, 12, 327, 484–5, 561;
ethnicity, religion and 568–72, 573–5; see
also diaspora communities
Milbank, J.			431
Miller, D.		384
Milman, H. H.				61
mind–body relationship 81–2, 520–1; brain
research and				538
miracles		15, 196, 238, 343, 381, 398, 532
mission	65, 401, 469–70, 558
Mithraism 14
Mizrahim		363
modernity, Western culture and					300
modernization, civil religion and					149–52
Mohammed see Muhammad
Mol, H.		568–9, 572
monasticism			95–6, 349; Buddhist Sangha 449
Monotheism 115
Moonies see Unification Church
Moore, H. 165, 172, 176
morality		158, 307, 450, 496, 535; ritual and
392; soul and 520; see also ethics
Morinis, E. A.				483
Morphy, H.			174
Moses	190–1, 374, 375, 406–7, 413, 472
Mosheim, J. L. von 60
mosques		7, 58, 359
Moulton, J. H.				17
Mowinckel, S.				385
Muhammad			58, 205, 407; Danish cartoons of
543, 554
Müller, Max			14, 21, 27, 77, 78, 82, 229, 260,
398
Murphy, N,			518
Murray, G.			385, 386
music: devotional 462, 478, 550; Gospel
550; popular				547–8; Romantic 26;
subversive use of Christian imagery 553
Myers, F.		174

mysticism 323–37; drug-induced experience 32, 333–5; meaning of 323–4; medieval conceptions of the mystical 324–6; modern notions of spirituality and 336–7; mystical experience and interpretation 332–3; and the numinous 328–31; origins of term ‘mystical’ 324; privatization of the mystical 336; psychology and the mystics 30–4; and spirituality 323–37; types of 331–2; W. James and the modern study of 326–8

myth 187, 195, 372–84; definition 373–4; demythologization 380–2; Eliade 77, 83; Jung 197; non-explanatory functions of 377–80, 382–4; non-literal meanings of 380–4; ritual and 384–7; as science 374–7

mythic time		77, 83, 232
Nachmonides		494
Nanak, Guru		407
narcissism	189, 347
nationalism	7, 454–6; Christian 455–6; Hindu
7, 295, 358–60, 455; India 7, 295, 297;

Jewish 455 see also Zionism

native American religion 12, 48, 53, 61, 64, 65,

120, 187, 227, 333, 501
naturalism 39, 111, 119–20, 513
natural religion		25–6; versus revealed religion
227
natural theology		511
nature: sacrality of			232–3; worship of natural
phenomena		23, 227
Nesbitt, E. 132
Neufeldt, R. W.		130
New Age movements/thought 174, 228, 323,
513
Newberg, A.	51
New Religious Movements (NRMs)				10–12,
250, 349–52; academic study of				345–8, 349,
351–2; characteristics 343–4; charismatic
407; cultural assumptions and 348–51;
the label 340–3; and rapid social change
346–7; researchers and 347–8
Newton, I. 518
Nhat Hanh, Thich			496, 503
Nicene Creed	510
Nicholson, L.	246
Niebuhr, H. Richard			471
Nietzsche, F.	293, 308, 419
Nigeria 503–4
Nordstrom, C.		176

Northern Ireland, Protestant Unionism 357–8 NRMs see New Religious Movements numinosity/the numinous: the mystical and the

numinous 328–31; Otto 34, 186, 211, 328–9, 330

Nygren, A. 326

object relations 191–2

Oedipus complex 189; myth and 383, 386–7 Olson, A. 127, 128

omniscience	115–16
ontological arguments for existence of God
116–17
open theism	116
Orientalism	47, 88, 89, 291–302; affirmative
297–8; Anglicists and Orientalists 296–7;
Asiatic Society of Bengal		296; definition
and dimensions of 292–3; gender, religion
and 301–2; hybridity and the diversity
of Orientalist discourses		298; knowledge
and power	88, 293–4; and problems with

604â Index

the notion of ‘religion’			299–300; the
real Orient ‘out there’			294–5; religious
pluralism and		429; and the study of
Islam	300–1; ‘the mystic East’ stereotype
336
origin of religion		75–6
Orsi, R.	50
Osho 342; see also Rajneeshism

the Other/other: exclusion of 282; subject, body, and the return of 285–6

Otto, R. 34, 35, 49, 186, 260, 328–9; characteristics of his phenomenology of religion 211–12

outsider/insider problem see insider/outsider

perspectives in study of religion
Paine, Thomas				308
Paisley, I.		357–8
Pakistan	11, 571; Hindu nationalism and
358, 455
Palestinians			8, 364, 366, 367, 455
Palmié, S.		170
Panikkar, R.			435
parallelism, mind–body relationship										81
Pargament, K. I.					199–200
Parsis 6–7, 11, 15–16; in diaspora										571; see
also Zoroastrianism
Parsons, T.		149–50
participant observation							262–9
passage, rites of				44, 230, 239, 484, 574
Pausanias		23
Peacocke, A.			512, 518
Peacock, J.		166, 173
Pearson, J.		269
Penner, H.		44
Pennington, B.				48
Pentecostalism				108, 173, 452–3, 550
Persia see Iran/Persia
Persinger, M.			51
Pettazzoni, R.			210
Pfister, O.		191, 192						34–6, 203–7,
phenomenology of religion
210–23; antireductionism									208,
215, 219; background to								206–7;
characteristics					214–17; controversial
issues		217–20; descriptive versus
normative claims						217–18; empiricism
and	214–15, 218, 219; group exercise
on religious experience								203–5; major
phenomenologists							210–14; philosophical
phenomenology						208–10; recent
developments					220–3; understanding
versus explanation claims									218; uses of
the term			205–6; verification questions
220; see also religious studies
phenomenology, philosophical									208–10, 221

Philo 403, 412						111–22; arguments for
philosophy of religion
and against the existence of God										77–8,
116–20; philosophical theology										115–16;
problems of evil and suffering									120–2;
religious belief and language								111–13;
religious diversity					113–15
Piaget, J.		278, 279–80
Pieris, A.		429
Pigg, S.	173
pilgrimage		483–4
Pinker, S.		520
Plantinga, A. 111, 117
Plaskow, J.		47
Plato 117, 118, 374, 401
pluralism: plurality and ‘religion and science’
513–14; religious see religious pluralism
Pluralism Project, Harvard							560
politics and gender					255
politics and religion					7–8, 445–57; identity
politics and the veil						246; in the modern
period		450–7; politicized Jewish
Orthodoxy in Israel						361–4; politics and
the study of religion						457; in the pre-
modern world				446–50; technology, ethics
and	521–2
Popper, K.		318–19, 517
popular culture: circuit of culture									550–1;
emergence of academic study of										543–6;
emergence of study of relationship of
religion, media and						546–9; key questions
for future study of religion, media and
549–52; Orientalism and							301; popular
music		547–8; religion, media and									543–
55; study of contemporary society, religion
and	552–5
postcolonialism			47–8, 66, 246, 282, 301
postmodernism			46, 82–5, 276; hermeneutics
421–2
post-secularity			337
post-structuralism				46–8, 274–87; emerging
themes in 1960s French thought										276–7;
future challenge to religious studies											286–
7; history, power and knowledge, and the
will to authority					283–5; language and text
282–3; Saussure and semiotics									278–9;
shift from structuralism and constructivism
to	279–81; structuralism and								277–8;
subject and the body, and the return of the
other		285–6
power/knowledge relationship								88, 283–5,
293–4, 422
prayer	17–18, 51, 194, 349, 399, 453; banning
of school prayer					359, 361, 450–1, 453;
Islamic		448, 515; ritual and							503; Sikh
408

Indexâ 605â

Preus, J. Samuel		85–6
priestly religion		17
privatization of religion 152–4, 157;
deprivatization and the resurgence of religion
156–8; privatization of the mystical			336
process theism		116
producers of religion (economic theory)			464–6
prophetic religion 17–18, 149, 265, 521
prophets	17, 24, 87, 187, 406–7, 436, 514

Protestantism: capitalism and 473; charismatic

158; nationalism			455; phenomenology
of religion theologians 35; Protestant
Unionism in Northern Ireland					357–8;
Reformation see Reformation
Prozesky, M.	138
Pruyser, P. W.	192
Pseudo-Dionysius		324–5
psychoanalysis/psychotherapy: myth and 33,
382–4; religion and				190–2, 195–7; religion
as psychotherapy			196–7; transpersonal
psychotherapy		194–5; see also Freud, S.;
Jung, C. G.				186–200; academic
psychology of religion
psychology	197–9; clinical psychology 199–
200; conversion		192–3, 199; and the mystics
30–4; object relations and the revalorization
of religion	191–2; psychology in service of
history of religion			186–8; religion as group
pathology	188–91; religion as psychotherapy
196–7; religious development					195–6;
spiritual awakening				192–4; transpersonal
psychotherapy		194–5

psychotherapy see psychoanalysis/psychotherapy purification rites 231, 239

Pye, M. 129, 138, 139

queer theory 249, 545
Quilliam, W. H.	67
Qur’an/Koran	58, 106, 114, 119, 398, 399, 404,
436; and the environment 493–4
race 250–1, 282, 298, 302, 574; see also
ethnicity
racial prejudice	9

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 167, 387

Raglan, FitzRoy Somerset, Lord Raglan 385, 386

Rajneeshism 342, 350

Ramayana 7, 58, 404 Rank, O. 383 Rappaport, R. 391–3

raptures 328; see also trance

rational choice theory 155–6, 159, 314–15, 462–3, 466, 538

rationalization 148–9, 308 realism 112–13, 197, 280

reality: pluralistic hypothesis of the Ultimate

Reality 113–14, 427–9; reality-testing						192;
unconditioned awareness of 333
reductionism		81, 91n3; cognitive science and
538–9; eidetic reduction/vision					209–10,
217, 220; reductionist universalism 429; see
also antireductionism
Reformation		60, 96, 148, 316; hermeneutics
413–14, 424
Reik, T.	190
reincarnation: and the problems of evil and
suffering		121–2
Reines, Isaac Jacob			362
relativism: cultural			176, 431; post-structuralism
and	276–7; religious			114, 115, 220
religious authority			397–409; authorship			402–
3; charisma 406–7; historical consciousness
399–402; science and				509–11; scripture
398–9, 402–5, 408; in Sikhism					407–8;
tradition		405–6

religious belief: arguments for and against the

existence of God			77–8, 116–20; diversity
and see religious diversity; religious pluralism;
fundamentalist belief see fundamentalism;
language and		111–13; ritual as expression of
belief	388–90; ritual as instillment of belief
391–3; sociology and					81, 91n3
religious coping		200
religious development				195–6
religious dialogue 228; between religion
and science		512–14; and the theology of
religions 435–7
religious diversity: philosophy of religion and
113–15; pluralism see religious pluralism;
religious history and					65–8
religious environmentalism						492–506; activism
498–9; capitalism and					505–6; the greening
of religions 499–502; hindrances							504–6;
institutional commitment 496–8; Joint
Declaration on the Environment							500;
religious cultures and					502–3; ritual and
503–4; theology and the environment								493–6
religious experience: brain research and								51,
538; creativity and				194; drug-induced
experience and			32, 333–5; Eliade and the
experience of the sacred						213–14; emotion
and	537; group experience and						80;

mystical see mysticism; of the numinous 328–31; psychological studies of religion and 187; psychology and the mystics 30–4; studied by phenomenology of religion see phenomenology of religion

religious history 56–68; cognitive science and the historical study of religions 536; history of religion school 29–30; impact of the Enlightenment 60–2; psychology in