Английский язык. Упражнения по грамматическим моделям методические указания для подготовки бакалавров по направлениям 54.03.01, 35.03.10, 08.03.01, 15.03.02

Министерство образования и науки РФ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ЛЕСОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени С. М. Кирова»

Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИМ МОДЕЛЯМ

Методические указания для подготовки бакалавров по направлениям

54.03.01, 35.03.10, 08.03.01, 15.03.02

Санкт-Петербург

2014

Рассмотрены и рекомендованы к изданию Научно-методическим советом

Санкт-Петербургского государственного лесотехнического университета

17 июня 2014 г.

Составители:

ст. преподаватель Н. Ю. Степанова, ст. преподаватель Г. А. Новицкая,

ст. преподаватель Н. Ф. Иванова

Отв. редактор ст. преподаватель Г. А. Новицкая

Рецензент

кафедра иностранных языков СПбГЛТУ

Английский язык. Упражнения по грамматическим моделям:

методические указания для подготовки бакалавров по направлениям

54.03.01, 35.03.10, 08.03.01, 15.03.02 / сост.: Н. Ю. Степанова,

Г. А. Новицкая, Н. Ф. Иванова. – СПб.: СПбГЛТУ, 2014. – 28 с.

Цель настоящих методических указаний – повторение и закрепление грамматического материала в процессе перевода предложений, основанных на грамматических моделях.

Темплан 2014 г. Изд. № 152.

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PASSIVE VOICE

1.An individual body of timber of similar age and composition is called a

stand.

2.The forest is composed of several crown layers.

3.Pine timber is used chiefly for building.

4.Hitherto most of the birch timber has been used for fuel.

5.Oak is found mostly in the southern coastal districts.

6.Part of the output of oak timber is of good quality, and at present great interest is taken in the rational treatment and utilization of oak stands.

7.All trees 9.6 inch d.b.h. and larger were harvested.

8.Bark characteristics are best learned by actual observation.

9.Dyes, tannins, alkaloids and other pharmaceutical compounds are extracted from the bark of certain species, and cordage and paper fibers are obtained from others.

10.That part of a stem to which a leaf is attached is called a node.

11.Wood rays are connected through cambium with phloem rays and form important avenues for trans location and storage of food.

12.Sprout reproduction is only used successfully with certain hardwoods in the West.

13.Suckering is relatively unimportant and is not relied upon to reproduce our forests with any very important species.

14.The best seed is produced when the energy of the tree is greatest.

15.Seeds are dispersed in many different ways.

16.Shoots from the roots of trees are called suckers.

17.Practically all aspen trees are reproduced by suckering.

18.Each tree is given the proper space for growth which in the end means a greater and better product.

19.The seeds of plants are distributed in various ways.

20.The springwood cells are well adapted to the upward passage of sap because they are formed with thin walls and large central cavities.

21.In summer and autumn the tree growth slows up and less moisture is

needed.

22.Increase In diameter is achieved by means of cambium layer which lays on a ring each year.

23.Occasionally when the growth of the tree has been occured in midsummer because of a drought or defoliation, an extra ring may be laid on.

24.Even before the seeds are collected, they may be attacked and injured by certain insects.

25.Annual growth in height is determined by the quality of the site, that is, climatic and soil conditions.

26.Growth in diameter is determined by the quality of the site and the density of the stand.

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27.Planting on lands that have been cultivated is usually done without special preparation of the planting site.

28.After planting for restocking the trees are cared for to ensure they do not succumb to competing vegetation.

29.The forest is protected from fires by lookouts, patrols and stand by so that outbreak can be rapidly detected and promptly dealt with by trained men.

30.Other possible sources of lose in the forest, such as insect and fungal attack are guarded against by regular inspection and careful study of likely pathogens.

31.Where natural developments of tree are not interfered with,their individual characteristics are most apparent.

32.Other conifers, especially Norway spruce and several North American species, have been planted extensively in Denmark.

33.Floods often are followed by extremely low stream flows in summer.

34.Low flows are accompanied by excessively high water temperatures.

35.Forest fires are sometimes followed by rains that pour large quantities of ash and other debris into streams and make them strongly alkaline so that fish are killed.

36.The clear-cutting in past years has harmed many trout waters, and conservation agencies are faced with a major problem in keeping migratory routes open.

37.Attacks of the equally destructive Engelmann spruce beetle, however, are not followed by the browning and reddening of foliage.

38.In handling the small trees, the roots should never be allowed to dry

out.

39.Air pockets about the roots should be avoided.

40.This cutting system is not followed in spruce forests.

MODAL VERBS

1.Forests may be reproduced either naturally or artificially.

2.Each Individual tree has certain characteristics which must be studied and determined before it can be decided to which system of reproduction it is best suited.

3.Trees left for seed production should be young or middle-aged rather than old, defective specimens.

4.Where all ages are represented, the young trees will have to come up under partial shade at least.

5.A fruit may be defined as seed-bearing organ of a plant.

6.The seeds must have mineral soil for best growth.

7.The poor and defective trees should be cut as seen as they interfere with the growth of trees of better forms and values.

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8.Injuries to trees by fire, disease, insects, man and beast should be kept at a minimum.

9.The crop trees should be pruned while young.

10.In fact one of the first things a forester should realize is that an extremely close watch must be kept on the condition of the forest soil in order to encourage the growth of the desired species.

11.If the land that has to be used for a nursery is rather shallow, it should be gradually deepened by ploughing from year to year.

12.This year afforestation work was started on a large scale on both banks of the Volga from Saratov to Astrakhan - 5,376 hectares are to be planted out and it is planned to complete the work in 1965.

13.The actual shape of trees depends on the space they have to grow in, on the soil, situation, and on the age of the trees.

14.There are seen to be great variations in the amount of water which has to be evaporated in reaching a moisture content of 17 per cent in the seasoned timber.

15.Nitrogen as found in the atmosphere cannot be used by the tree, it has to be converted into ammonia or into nitrates and only in this form (mostly as nitrates) can nitrogen be absorbed by the roots.

16.The production of seedlings for Chippewa Forest had to be concentrated at another nursery to reduce overhead costs to a minimum.

17.Still, areas of natural reproduction will always exist and they will have to be thinned at the right time.

18.More permanent roads are needed on areas where cutting has to be done or where cutting should be done.

19.A specialist should be consulted before any trace element is added to

the soil.

20.Judgement ought to be used to decide where each plant should go.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES

1.Some foresters realize that certain hereditary factors could cause some of the off springs to be of an inferior quality.

2.Other early work by geneticists showed that many characteristics of plants and animals were determined by many hereditary factors.

3.In areas of better rainfall or where experience showed that narrow belts would survive, single row plantings of willow are satisfactory.

4.The present owner, the son of the original owner, felt that he could not manage his property successfully without carrying on his own logging and marketing operations.

5.When the forest was established, it was thought that local demands would be sufficient to use the entire allowable cut.

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6.The dry summers and the lightning storms soon made it apparent that something would have to be done about forest fires or there would be no forest left.

7.F.Plummer estimated that 10 percent of the area was covered by new burns and that probably 90 percent of the entire forest at some remote period had suffered from fires.

8.Through experience, men learned that in this region slash could be burned safely only at certain periods of the year.

9.It was thought that one could remove 70 percent of the volume of the stand in trees that were 10 inches or more in diameter at breast height.

10.Foresters convinced the timber-using industries that regulation of cutting were imperative if those industries were to survive.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

1.If a tree grows fast, it will not produce much fruit or seed.

2.If our forests are not to be protected from the devastation of forest fires and ravages of insects and fungous diseases, there will be little opportunity to practice forestry.

3.If individuals of different species of the same age and size could be grown side by side, their production would be scarcely comparable because of varying age at which each attains maximum bearing.

4.Should a serious outbreak be discovered, action such as spraying is promptly taken to protect the forest.

5.If we could prevent floods from carrying earth along, we could decrees the flood's power to do harm.

6.Alpha and beta radiation have limited usefulness as an external source, because of their low penetration, but could cause mutations if they were introduced directly into the tree.

7.United action can reduce the insect population more quickly and more effectively than if each person acts independently.

8.The profits from growing trees certainly could be increased if wood of desirable types of figure could be produced at will.

9.If forest trees are pruned, the stand can be kept more open and hence individual trees will grow faster.

10.Time will be saved if the trees are marked for cutting at the same time they are measured for board-feet content.

11.Well-drained and relatively poor soils are satisfactory, provided they are not too thin.

12.Unless a lumber company operates subsidiary plants, it does not enjoy the full fruits of the land.

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13.The fire problem has been solved to the point where a large owner is reasonably sure that he can grow a paying forest crop, provided he pays the cost of protection.

14.Had an adequate post-peeling machine been available, the production of posts probably would have been more economical.

15.If fire were not kept out of the forest, there would be no need to devise complicated sustained-yield plans.

16.In the search for better and faster methods, the idea was advanced that if the observer could use a moving observation point an airplane instead of a mountain top he could cover much more territory in a day. In that case, a tree will not grow properly unless the lacking element is introduced.

17.If the conditions of the site to be planted are such as to call for the use of large-sized transplants neither notching nor dibbling should be attempted.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1.It is important that any contemplated control measures be carried out promptly before the insects can mature.

2.No recommendations regarding airplane seeding are warranted now, except that developments be watched with a critical but open mind.

3.It is important that the harvester learn to identify the poisonous and nonpoisonous varieties.

4.It is necessary that the planting stock be grown from seed produced in the general locality in which the trees are to be planted.

5.Common sense suggests that planting be done only on land that will not restock satisfactorily within a reasonable time.

6.In some part of our country forests give permanent form to sand dunes which otherwise would be constantly shifting from place to place, sometimes burying roads, railways and houses.

7.Surface fires, too, kill the young trees that would grow up to perpetuate the forest.

8.If some woody vegetation covers the planting site, it is imperative that it be removed before planting.

9.One of the requirements of the contract was that the slash be piled by the operator after all tops had been made into cordwood.

10.Until recently, however, extensive areas of clear cutting were common on national forest timber sales, with the provision that seed trees be left.

11.A selective substance that would kill the parasite without harmful effect on the host would be highly desirable.

12.With many high dams already constructed and many others planned or under construction, it is imperative that good forest practices be followed on the watersheds.

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13.It is a basic necessity that drain large forests be fully protected with the best and most modern watershed - management plans.

14.It is of utmost importance that the need for mechanical controls be recognized.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

1.Oaks often have a tap-root extending four feet in depth before the trees have attained a corresponding height above the ground.

2.Coniferous wood consists 90 per cent of tracheids averaging 1 to 6 mm in length and richly provided with pores through which water can pass from one cell to another.

3.As a result, every year's growth produces an annual ring consisting of a light ring of springwood and a dark ring of summerwood.

4.Pith is a soft pulpy core occurring at the structural centre of the trunk.

5.Heartwood is the main central portion of the wood surrounding the pith. 6.Sapwood is the comparatively narrow band of wood enveloping the

heartwood.

7.In temperate regions the cambium layer cuts off new sapwood cells very rapidly in the spring months when the tree is making a quick upsurge of growth demanding and drawing large quantities of moisture from the soil.

8.Many seeds ripening in late summer and fall are incapable of immediate germination even when they fall on a moist warm seed bed.

9.Fuels containing appreciable amounts of bark have a much higher calorific value (up to 15 per cent) than fuels in which bark has not been included.

10.Coniferous forests are typical of the colder part of the Horth Temperate Zone, running northward to latitudes where July temperatures fall to about –50 F.

11.In most soils the total porosity is surprisingly high, running around 50 per cent of the total soil volume.

12.The stand contained between 300 and 400 trees per acre, ranging in diameter from 3.6 to 22 inches.

13.Plants requiring special physical conditions (humidity, air, temperature, light) are grown in greenhouses in summer.

14.The part of watery solutions that is not combined passes out of leaves in the form of vapour, leaving the salts in the leaves and twigs.

15.Of all the factors influencing height growth, light perhaps is of paramount importance since it is absolutely necessary to assimilate plant food.

16.The germination percentages vary exceedingly, being influenced by a large number of factors, such as storage and conditions surrounding actual germination.

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