Учебные задания по английскому языку (90

ББК Ш 13 (англ) я 7

Л 211

Рецензент: канд. филолог. наук, доцент Н.В. Барышев Л211. Ламанская, О.П. Учебные задания по английскому языку для студентов 2

курса специальности «Электроэнергетика и электротехника», 3 семестр/

О.П. Ламанская, О.Н. Хаустов, Е.Ю. Фадина - Липецк: Издательство ЛГТУ,

2012.-45с.

Целью данных учебных заданий является дальнейшее ознакомление студентов с лексикой по специальности на базе текстов средней степени сложности, развитие навыков перевода, реферирования и аннотирования, а также активизация и накопление терминологической лексики.

Материал разбит на четыре модуля, каждый из которых состоит из двухтрех текстов объединенных общей тематикой, серии упражнений, направленных на усвоение терминологической лексики и развитие навыков устного высказывания в виде презентации на заданную тему и письма.

© ФГБОУ ВПО «Липецкий государственный технический университет, 2012

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MODULE I

UNIT ONE

ELECTRICITY

READING

1.Read the text and answer the questions.

a.What is electric charge? What are the types of electric charges?

b.How does electrical activity manifest itself in the universe?

c.Is electricity a many-sided form of energy? How does it make our life comfortable?

d.What are the two forms of electric charge?

e.What is the difference between positively charged objects and negatively charged objects?

f.Can an object be uncharged?

Electricity is one of the basic forms of energy. Electricity is associated with electric charge, a property of certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons, two of the basic particles that make up the atoms of all ordinary matter. Electric charges can be stationary, as in static electricity, or moving, as in an electric current.

Electrical activity takes place constantly everywhere in the universe. Electrical forces hold molecules together. The nervous systems of animals work by means of weak electric signals transmitted between neurons (nerve cells). Electricity is generated, transmitted, and converted into heat, light, motion, and other forms of energy through natural processes, as well as by devices built by people.

Electricity is an extremely versatile form of energy. It can be generated in many ways and from many different sources. It can be sent almost instantaneously over long distances. Electricity can also be converted efficiently into other forms of energy, and it can be stored. Because of this versatility, electricity plays a part in nearly every aspect of modern technology. Electricity provides light, heat, and mechanical power. It makes telephones, computers, televisions, and countless other necessities and luxuries possible.

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Electricity consists of charges carried by electrons, protons, and other particles. Electric charge comes in two forms: positive and negative. Electrons and protons both carry exactly the same amount of electric charge, but the positive charge of the proton is exactly opposite the negative charge of the electron. If an object has more protons than electrons, it is said to be positively charged; if it has more electrons than protons, it is said to be negatively charged. If an object contains as many protons as electrons, the charges will cancel each other and the object is said to be uncharged, or electrically neutral.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Match each word from the box with one of the definitions.

neuron charge molecule proton atom energy particle matter electron cell

a.a very small piece of matter, part of an atom;

b.the smallest unit, consisting of a group of atoms, into which a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature;

c.a very small piece of matter with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nucleus of an atom;

d.physical substance in general that everything in the world consists of;

e.a cell that carries information within the brain and between the brain and other parts of the body;

f.the smallest part of a chemical element that can take part in a chemical reaction;

g.the ability of matter or radiation to work because of its mass, movement, electric charge, etc.;

h.the smallest unit of living matter that can exist on its own;

i.a very small piece of matter with a negative electric charge, found in all atoms;

j.the amount of electricity that is carried by a substance.

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2. Use the correct form of the words from the text to complete the chart.

3. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. a. механическая энергия;

b. простое вещество;

c. вырабатывать электроэнергию;

d. предметы первой необходимости; e. накапливать электричество;

f. основные виды энергии; g. неподвижный заряд;

h. удерживать молекулы.

UNIT TWO

STATIC ELECTRICITY

READING

1. Read the text. The beginnings of some sentences have been removed. Match the beginnings A-H to sentences 1-7. There is one beginning which you do not need to use.

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Electricity occurs in two forms: static electricity and electric current. Static electricity consists of electric charges that stay in one place. An electric current is a flow of electric charges between objects or locations.

(1)_________________________ by rubbing together two objects made of different materials. Electrons move from the surface of one object to the surface of the other if the second material holds onto its electrons more strongly than the first does. The object that gains electrons becomes negatively charged, since it now has more electrons than protons. (2)_________________________becomes positively charged. For example, if a nylon comb is run through clean, dry hair, some of the electrons on the hair are transferred to the comb. The comb becomes negatively charged and the hair becomes positively charged. The following materials are named in decreasing order of their ability to hold electrons: rubber, silk, glass, flannel, and fur (or hair). If any two of these materials are rubbed together, the

the list becomes negative, and the material later in the list becomes positive. The materials

should be clean and dry.

(3)__________________________in either of two ways: by contact or by induction. A charged object transfers electric charge to an object with lesser charge if the two touch. When this happens, a charge flows from the first to the second object for a brief time. Charges in motion form an electric current. When charge flows between objects in contact, the amount of charge that an object receives depends on its ability to store charge. The ability to store charge is called capacitance and is measured in units called farads.

(4)______________________________ by touching an uncharged electroscope with a charged comb. An electroscope is a device that contains two strips of metal foil, called leaves, that hang from one end of a metal rod. A metal ball is at the other end of the rod. When the charged comb touches the ball, some of the charges on the comb flow to the leaves, which separate because they now hold like charges and repel each other. (5)____________________, the leaves remain apart because they retain their charges. The electroscope has thus been charged by contact with the comb.

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This flow of charge between objects with different amounts of charge will occur whenever possible. However, it requires a pathway for the electric charge to move along. Some materials, called conductors, allow an electric current to flow through them easily. (6)_______________________, strongly resist the passage of an electric current.

Under normal conditions, air is an insulator. However, if an object gains a large enough charge of static electricity, part of the charge may jump, or discharge, through the air to another object without touching it directly. (7)____________________, the air becomes a conductor. Lightning is an example of a discharge.

AObjects become electrically charged

BOther materials, called insulators

CCharging by contact can be demonstrated

DAs a result

EStatic electricity can be produced

FWhen the charge is large enough

GIf the comb is removed

HThe object that gives up electrons

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1.Explain the words and the word combinations in bold in the text.

2.Complete each sentence with one of the names of materials from the box.

a.When travelling in Malaysia, we saw a lot of ________plantations.

b.The sable is hunted for its _______.

c.________trousers are used for summer sports and games.

d.A cat with a fine coat of ______ sat graciously beside me, purring.

e.It is better to keep beer in ______ bottles than in plastic ones.

f.Beginners are usually advised to play the guitars with _______ strings.

g.She felt comfortably cool in her _______ blouse.

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3.Complete each sentence (a-f) with one of the endings (1-6).

a.An electroscope is used…

b.In simplified form the electroscope consists of…

c.The amount of the charge…

d.Electric charges are conducted…

e.The capacitance of a capacitor…

f.The capacitance depends only on…

1.…is measured in farads.

2.…two lightweight conductors suspended in a glass container.

3.…to detect the presence of electric charges.

4.…the thickness, area, and composition of the capacitor’s dielectric.

5.…is calculated by measuring the distance the leaves are forced

apart.

6.…to the leaves at the bottom via the metal support.

4.Write out the passage using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

COULOMB’S LAW

Objects with opposite charges (1)_______(attract) each other, and objects with similar charges (2)_______(repel) each other. Coulomb’s law, (3)_______(formulate) by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb during the late 18th century,

(4)________(quantify) the strength of the attraction or repulsion. This law states that the force between two charged objects (5)____(be) directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The greater the charges on the objects, the larger the force between them; the greater the distance between the objects, the lesser the force between them. The unit of electric charge, also (6)______(name) after Coulomb, is equal to the

(7)_______(combine) charges of 6.24 × 1018 protons (or electrons).

If two (8)______(charge) objects in contact have the same capacitance, they

(9)______(divide) the charge evenly. Suppose, for example, that one object

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(10)_____(have) a charge of +4 coulombs and the other a charge of +8 coulombs. When they (11)_____(touch), charge (12)_____(flow) from the 8-coulomb object to the 4-coulomb object until each (13)____(have) a charge of +6 coulombs. If each object originally had a charge of +6 coulombs, no charge (14)_____( flow) between them.

5. Complete the text with words formed from the words in capitals.

UNIT THREE

CHARGING BY INDUCTION

READING

1.Scan the first paragraph of the article and describe the procedure of a neutral object being charged by induction.

2.Scan the second paragraph of the article and explain the reason for a charged object and a neutral object to be attracted.

3.Read the text and mark the statements as TRUE or FALSE. Correct the FALSE ones.

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a.A neutral object may be charged without contact.

b.The positive object induces a negative charge on the far side of the neutral object.

c.The negatively charged side of the neutral object repels the positive object.

d.A negatively charged object and a neutral object cannot be attracted.

e.A neutral object may only be charged by induction permanently.

f.A metal wire helps the electrons of a neutral object flow out into the

ground.

g.Earth is a neutral object.

h.When the wire is disconnected, object B may become neutral again.

A charged object may induce a charge in a nearby neutral object without touching it. For example, if a positively charged object is brought near a neutral object, the electrons in the neutral object are attracted to the positive object. Some of these electrons flow to the side of the neutral object that is nearest to the positive object. This side of the neutral object accumulates electrons and becomes negatively charged. Because electrons leave the far side of the neutral object while its protons remain stationary, that side becomes positively charged.

Since the negatively charged side of the neutral object is closest to the positive object, the attraction between this side and the positive object is greater than the repulsion between the positively charged side and the positive object. The net effect is an attraction between the objects. Similarly, when a negatively charged object is brought near a neutral object, the negative object induces a positive charge on the near side of the neutral object and a negative charge on the far side. As before, the net effect is an attraction between the objects.

The induced charges described above are not permanent. As soon as the charged object is taken away, the electrons on the other object redistribute themselves evenly over it, so that it again becomes neutral.

An object can also be charged permanently by induction. If a negatively charged object, A, is brought near a neutral object, B, the electrons on B are repelled as far as

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