Экзамен зачет учебный год 2023 / SLC, Report on land registration. Vol 1

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Part 5	Mapping
Introduction		5.1	44
The Base Map – the Ordnance Map		5.5	45
Seabed		5.12	47
Everything mapped once but not more than once		5.13	47
No registration without mapping		5.14	47
Tenements		5.19	48
The "subjects within" formula		5.24	49
Cadastral units should not overlap		5.25	50
Section 19 agreements		5.31	51
Water boundaries		5.33	52
Rules for interpretation?		5.36	53
Obligation to carry forward supplementary data?		5.37	53
Red edging		5.38	54
New developments and the OS Map		5.39	54
Quality of deed plans		5.40	55
Electronic conveyancing		5.41	55
Discrepancies between deed plan boundaries and OS boundaries		5.42	55
Three dimensions?		5.43	56
Part 6	Common areas
Introduction		6.1	57
A common area should have its own title sheet (and cadastral unit)		6.6	57
Shared plots		6.7	58
Leases		6.10	59
Common areas: the Keeper’s practice up to 2009		6.11	59
The PMP Plus decision		6.13	60
Mapping the common area: the Keeper’s practice since 2009		6.14	60
No registration without mapping		6.16	61
The problem that faces developers		6.19	61
A scheme		6.21	62
Stage 1: the opening of the provisional shared plot title sheet		6.23	62
Stage 2: the progress of the development		6.24	63
Stage 3: registration of the ascertainment deed		6.25	63
Time limit		6.26	63
Some comments on the scheme		6.27	64
The offside goals rule		6.34	65

ix

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Part 7	Overring interests and off-register rights
Introduction		7.1	66
The current law		7.3	66
The double function of the concept		7.8	67
Critique		7.9	68
The first function of the concept: our recommendation		7.13	69
Which off-register rights should be capable of being noted?		7.16	70
Mechanics of noting and the required evidential standard		7.20	71
May and must		7.23	72
Noting and rectification		7.24	72
Effect of inclusion or omission		7.26	72
A summary		7.27	73
Information from the Register of Sasines		7.29	73
Part 8	Extracts, data, fees, privacy
The existing legislation as to information provision		8.1	74
Only current title sheet data is available		8.9	75
Should there be an obligation to provide past data? (i) the Title Sheet
Record and Cadastral Map		8.10	75
Should there be an obligation to provide past data? (ii) the Archive
Record		8.14	76
Paper and electronic extracts		8.16	76
Should certificates of title be retained?		8.17	77
Reports and other data		8.18	77
P16 Reports (property definition reports)		8.19	77
Official reports and independent reports		8.20	78
Online access and other forms of access to registered data		8.22	78
Regulation of data provision and fees		8.23	78
Data protection		8.24	79
Use of public sector information		8.27	80
Part 9	Leases
Introduction		9.1	82
The current law, with historical background		9.4	83
The disapplication of the 1449 Act to registrable leases		9.8	83
How long should a long lease be?		9.10	84
Noting of short leases		9.11	84
The relationship of the 1857 Act to the land registration system		9.12	84

x

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Alterations to registered leases: (i) What can be registered?		9.15	85
Alterations to registered leases: (ii) What is the effect of registration?		9.21	86
Alterations to registered leases: (iii) What is the effect of non­
registration?		9.24	87
Alterations to registered leases: conclusions and recommendations		9.28	88
Registered leases and the guarantee of title		9.31	89
Principal and subsidiary title sheets		9.32	90
Other implications of the concept of plot registration		9.36	91
Long leases granted by proprietors holding on a Sasine title		9.42	94
Fishing and shooting leases		9.45	95
Part 10	Servitudes and real burdens
Introduction		10.1	97
Servitudes: introduction		10.2	97
Double noting of servitudes		10.4	97
Extinction of servitudes		10.6	98
Alleged prescriptive servitudes of way		10.7	98
Real burdens: section 58 of the Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003		10.19	101
Part 11	How the Register is changed
Introduction		11.1	105
Registration		11.3	105
Rectification		11.5	106
Miscellaneous		11.9	107
The registration/rectification overlap		11.10	107
Part 12	Registration of transactions
Introduction		12.1	108
Meaning of “registration”		12.2	108
Advance notices		12.6	109
What can be registered?		12.7	109
Effect of registration		12.18	112
Ranking		12.19	112
Date of receipt = date of application = date of registration		12.23	113
The hour of registration		12.27	114
Order in which applications are taken		12.41	118
The criteria for acceptance: validity		12.42	118
“Valid”		12.52	120

xi

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
The criteria for acceptance: other matters		12.56	121
Formalities of execution		12.57	122
Evidence: (i) the evidential burden		12.58	122
Evidence: (ii) the evidential standard		12.59	123
The absence of a notarial system		12.60	123
The “state of the legal universe at application date” principle		12.61	124
The “one shot” principle		12.71	126
Death and dissolution		12.78	128
Souvenir plots		12.82	128
Delays in registration		12.86	129
Three special cases		12.95	132
Wrongful rejection		12.100	133
Duties owed to the Keeper		12.101	133
Application forms		12.110	136
Notification of the Keeper’s decision		12.113	137
Keeper’s warranty (indemnity)		12.119	138
Part 13	Effect of registration
Introduction		13.1	139
The 1979 Act: title flows from the Register		13.2	139
Inaccuracies: actual and bijural		13.7	140
Terminology		13.9	141
A question of technique		13.10	141
The problems of the Midas touch		13.11	141
Subordinate real rights		13.27	146
Evaluation of the Midas touch		13.28	146
Section 3’s one-size-fits-all problem		13.29	146
Recommendations		13.34	148
Part 14	Advance notices
Introduction		14.1	149
Letters of obligation		14.4	149
The alternative: advance notices		14.5	150
The Reid Report and the Henry Report		14.6	150
DP 130 and responses		14.7	150
Subsequent developments		14.8	151
Complexity		14.12	152
Cost		14.13	152
Optionality		14.14	152

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Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Terminology		14.15	152
Types of protectable transaction		14.16	153
Should there be a time limit?		14.17	153
If so, how long?		14.18	153
Property still in the Register of Sasines?		14.19	154
Must there already be a contract between the parties?		14.20	154
Form		14.21	154
Who should be able to grant an advance notice?		14.22	155
Application Record – title sheet – Archive Record		14.24	155
Would an advance notice freeze the register?		14.25	156
Some relatively unproblematic situations		14.26	156
The notice’s protective effect		14.30	156
No inaccuracy arises		14.34	157
More than one advance notice for same transaction		14.35	158
A theoretical point		14.36	158
Competing advance notices		14.37	158
Competition between an advance notice and an application for
registration		14.38	158
Keeper's powers		14.39	159
The Register of Inhibitions		14.40	159
Sequestrations		14.41	159
Trust deeds for behoof of creditors		14.43	160
Limitations to the protection		14.44	160
Exceptions to the protection		14.46	160
The “offside goals rule”		14.47	161
The statutory examples		14.48	161
The race to the register		14.49	161
Conveyancing practice		14.51	162
The future of letters of obligation		14.55	163
A wider role for advance notices?		14.58	163
Abolition of the offside goals rule?		14.61	164
Conclusion		14.66	165
Postscript: the view as it might be seen from the Department		14.67	166
of the Registers
Part 15	Uncompleted titles
Background		15.1	170
Clauses of deduction of title		15.3	170
Notices of title		15.4	171
Use of notices of title to evade policy about completion of the Register		15.12	172

xiii

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Part 16	A non domino dispositions
Introduction		16.1	174
A non domino cases and the 1979 Act		16.3	174
Three possibilities: door open, door shut, and door slightly ajar		16.4	174
Current practice		16.8	176
Our overall approach		16.9	176
The approach taken in Discussion Paper 128		16.11	177
The task		16.14	177
The two filters		16.16	178
Notification or advertisement?		16.22	179
The consequences of an a non domino registration		16.26	180
Successors		16.30	181
Two final comments		16.32	182
Part 17	Inaccuracy in the Register
Introduction		17.1	183
Inaccuracies under the 1979 Act		17.5	183
Inaccuracies: actual and bijural		17.6	184
Bijural inaccuracies		17.7	184
Actual inaccuracies		17.10	185
Voidability		17.12	186
Rectifiability: the current law		17.13	186
A cross-table		17.19	187
The effect of rectification		17.20	187
The effect of non-rectification		17.23	188
Register error and transactional error		17.28	189
Bijural inaccuracies		17.33	190
The continuing guarantee of title		17.37	191
In the new scheme, what is an inaccuracy?		17.40	191
Voidable titles		17.43	192
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act 1985		17.44	193
Administrative mistake		17.45	193
Which parts of the Register can be inaccurate?		17.47	195
Part 18	Rectifying the Register
Introduction		18.1	196
Current law and practice		18.2	196
Our provisional proposals in DP 128		18.8	197

xiv

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
The way forward: procedure		18.10	198
The way forward: the evidential standard		18.16	199
Litigation		18.26	202
Prescription		18.28	202
Intervention by the Keeper		18.29	202
Part 19	The guarantee of title: (A) general
Overview of this group of parts		19.1	203
Defects in title: the general law		19.2	203
Defects in title: the general law about compensation		19.8	204
Title insurance from commercial insurers		19.10	205
The 1979 Act		19.11	205
When the title guarantee does not apply		19.15	206
Title guarantee and title registration systems		19.17	206
Title insurance and the Land Register		19.20	207
Evaluation		19.22	207
No requirement of actual reliance		19.27	209
Donations and other non-onerous transactions		19.29	209
Part 20	The guarantee of title: (B) voidable titles
Introduction		20.1	210
The mud guarantee		20.2	210
The money guarantee		20.8	212
Is the result paradoxical?		20.12	213
Is the doctrine of notice a threat to land registration objectives?		20.13	213
Voidability: the general law and the Keeper’s liabilities		20.16	214
Part 21	The guarantee of title: (C) the mud or the money
Introduction		21.1	215
Immediate indefeasibility in the Torrens systems		21.3	215
England and Wales		21.10	217
The 1979 Act		21.11	218
The mud/money question		21.14	219
The first difficulty: the position of the true owner		21.16	219
The second difficulty: insecurity of title ("easy come, easy go")		21.18	220
The “proprietor in possession” test of the 1979 Act: some difficulties		21.22	221
Lack of notice in the current system		21.26	223
The need for notice		21.30	224

xv

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Outline recommendation about Register error		21.32	224
The mud should be real mud		21.36	225
Protecting the grantee: the curtain principle		21.38	225
Discretion?		21.39	226
Terminology: the integrity principle and realignment of rights		21.40	226
Subordinate real rights		21.41	227
Transactional error		21.42	227
Is the money/mud choice neutral from the standpoint of the Keeper's
purse?		21.44	228
Retrospective		21.45	228
Part 22	The guarantee of title: (D) the Keeper’s warranty
	of title
Introduction		22.1	230
Current law and its drawbacks		22.2	230
The warranty’s two prongs		22.5	231
Limitations on the Keeper’s warranty		22.8	232
Warranty only on registration		22.9	232
Warranty in whose favour?		22.15	234
Title warranted as at which date?		22.17	234
Warranty only against inaccuracy		22.23	235
What is not warranted: windfall caused by administrative error		22.24	235
What is not warranted: freedom from off-register rights		22.25	236
What is not warranted: that registered pertinents are of a registrable
type		22.27	236
What is not warranted: that a pertinent has not been extinguished off-
register		22.28	237
Servitudes and real burdens: an overview		22.30	238
Mineral rights		22.31	238
Alluvion		22.32	239
Leases		22.33	239
A non domino cases		22.34	239
Caveats		22.35	239
Default warranty, sub-warranty and super-warranty		22.36	239
Warranty upgrade		22.41	240
Warranty downgrade		22.43	241
If warranty is given to one person, must it be given to a successor?		22.44	241
When liability crystallises		22.45	241
Compensation for rectification?		22.47	242
Quantification of compensation: introduction		22.48	242

xvi

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Quantification of compensation: A ceiling to claims?		22.49	242
Quantification of compensation: when?		22.55	244
Compensation: scope		22.56	244
First port of call?		22.57	244
Non-patrimonial loss		22.58	245
Failure to mitigate		22.60	245
Remoteness		22.61	246
Inaccuracy caused by breach of duty of care		22.63	246
Bad faith		22.64	247
Inaccuracy due to fault in base map		22.65	247
Part 23	The guarantee of title: (E) indefeasibility
	(realignment of rights)
Introduction		23.1	248
Background		23.1	248
Indefeasibility deferred, not immediate		23.2	248
The issues: an overview		23.3	248
Dispositions: (1) Validation of a defective title		23.4	248
The granter		23.4	248
Disposition to be valid in other respects		23.5	249
Possession		23.6	249
“Fraud or carelessness” or bad faith?		23.8	250
Timing		23.15	252
Caveats and exclusions of warranty		23.16	252
Dispositions: (2) Omission of encumbrances		23.19	253
Introduction		23.19	253
Good faith and possession		23.21	253
Which encumbrances?		23.22	253
Interaction with Keeper's warranty against omitted encumbrances		23.23	253
Leases		23.24	254
Servitudes		23.32	256
Compensation		23.37	257
The right to compensation for those who suffer from realignment		23.37	257
When the right emerges		23.38	257
Quantum and defences		23.39	257
Heritable security		23.42	258

xvii

Contents (cont'd)

		Paragraph	Page
Part 24	The guarantee of title: (F) Keeper’s rights of
	recovery
Introduction		24.1	259
The current law		24.2	259
Two examples under current law		24.5	260
Evaluation: the two bases of claim		24.9	260
Might the wrong person end up suffering the loss?		24.12	261
Evaluation: the mechanics of the derivative claim		24.16	262
Part 25	The guarantee of title: (G) some worked
	examples		263
Part 26	Title Insurance		275
Part 27	The Keeper's liabilities

An overview	of the Keeper's statutory liabilities	27.1	278
Compensation for the rectification of an inaccuracy (breach of Keeper’s
warranty of title)		27.2	279
Compensation for the non-rectification of an inaccuracy (compensation
for the victims of the realignment of rights)		27.3	279
Compensation for the loss or destruction of documents		27.4	279
Compensation for the issue of erroneous information		27.5	279
Re-imbursement of expenses		27.7	280
Compensation to those in whose favour an inaccuracy is rectified		27.13	281
Other grounds of liability		27.17	282
Indemnity statistics		27.18	282
Part 28	Challengeable deeds (A): reduction
Introduction		28.1	284
Reduction of voidable deeds and the Register of Sasines		28.3	284
Reduction of voidable deeds and the Land Register: the current law		28.5	285
Reduction of void deeds and the Land Register: the current law		28.7	285
Should the reduction of a voidable deed result in an inaccuracy?		28.9	286
Section 46(1) of the Conveyancing (Scotland) Act 1924		28.18	288
Reductions of void deeds		28.19	288
Ownership and other rights		28.20	288

xviii