Дроздова.English Grammar

Т. Ю. Дроздова, А. И. Берестова, В. Г. Маилова

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

REFERENCE & PRACTICE

WITH A SEPARATE KEY VOLUME

Учебное пособие для старшеклассников

истудентов неязыковых вузов

суглубленным изучением английского языка

Изданиедевятое, исправленное идополненное

Антология

Санкт-Петербург 2005

ББК 81.2Англ-2 Д 75

Рецензент: J1. П. Чахоян, профессор, доктор филологических наук

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Москва [phone]; 964-0210

Дроздова Т. Ю., Берестова А. И., Маилова В. Г.

Д 75 English Grammar: Reference and Practice: Учебное пособие. - Издание девятое, исправлен­ ное и дополненное. - СПб.: Антология, 2005. - 400 с.

ISBN 5-94962-075-5

Учебник по грамматике английского языка для школьников и студентов с различным уровнем подго­ товки. Оригинальная сопоставительная методика; опора на родной язык; многообразие примеров и таблиц; более 500 упражнений.

ББК 81.2Англ-2

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ISBN 5-94962-075-5	© Т. Ю. Дроздова, А. И. Берестова, В. Г. Маилова, 1996-2004
	© ООО «Антология», 2005

ОТ АВТОРОВ

Предлагаемое вашему вниманию пособие создано на основе фундаментальных классических трудов по грамматике английского языка, изданных в России, а также новых работ английских и американских авторов в русле коммуникативной лингвис­ тики.

Пособие состоит из 15 тематических разделов, в которых приводятся общие све­ дения по каждой теме и объясняются особые случаи употребления. Цель данного сборника - изложить и объяснить в доступной форме существенные морфологичес­ кие особенности грамматического строя английского языка, необходимые для прак­ тического использования.

Воснове структуры учебника лежит принцип сопоставления моделей родного и изучаемого языков, а также дифференциация сходных (для носителей русского язы­ ка), но различающихся по сути грамматических структур английского языка. Лучшему усвоению материала должны способствовать таблицы, схемы и модели, системати­ зирующие материал разделов.

Данное пособие предназначено для учащихся школ и гимназий, а также для сту­ дентов неязыковых вузов с углубленным изучением английского языка. Оно может быть успешно использовано для работы со студентами любой формы обучения и уровня языковой подготовки, поскольку достаточно подробные объяснения снабже­ ны большим количеством примеров, таблиц и моделей, закрепляемых в разнообраз­ ныхупражнениях. Упражнения построены по принципу нарастания языковых трудно­ стей и предназначены для студентов начинающих (А), продолжающих (В) и продвину­ тых (С) групп. Упражнения индексированы соответствующими обозначениями.

Кбольшинству упражнений предлагаются ответы-ключи, изданные отдельной кни­ гой “The Keys”. Цифровые обозначения вупражнениях соответствуют ответам, поме­ щенным в книге “The Keys”.

Втечение нескольких лет материал пособия успешно использовался в различных целевых программах при обучении студентов с разным уровнем языковой подготовки.

Т.Ю. Дроздова A. И. Берестова B. Г. Маилова

		CONTENTS
		THE VERB
1. The Verb “to be” .....................................................................................				8
2. “There is (are)” Construction....................................................................				11
3. The Verb “to have”		..................................................................................		13
4. English Tenses Active ..............................................................................				16
5. The Indefinite (Simple) Forms.....................................			.............................	18
5.1	The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.....................................................			18
5.2	The Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense.........................................................			20
5.3	The Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense.......................................................			24
6. The Continuous Forms.............................................................................				27
6.1	The Present Continuous Tense..............................................................			27
6.2	The Present Continuous and Present Indefinite (Simple).............................			31
6.3	The Past Continuous Tense..................................................................			34
6.4	The Past Continuous and Past Indefinite (Simple)......................................			35
6.5	The Future Continuous Tense...............................................................			39
6.6	Revision............................................................................................			41
7. The Perfect Forms		..................................................................................		42
7.1	The Present Perfect Tense..................................................................			42
7.2	The Present Perfect and Past Indefinite (Simple).......................................			47
7.3	The Past Perfect Tense.....................................................................			52
7.4	The Future Perfect Tense.....................................................................			58
8. The Perfect Continuous Forms .................................................................				60
8.1	The Present Perfect Continuous............................................................			60
8.2	The Present Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous...........................			61
8.3	The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.................................			62
8.4	Revision............................................................................................			65
8.5	The Past Perfect Continuous.................................................................			67
			I
8.6	The Past Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous.....................................			69
8.7	The Future Perfect Continuous..............................................................			71
9. The Revision of Tenses............................................................................				72
10. Tests ....................................................................................................				80
11. Talking about the		Future........................................................................		82
11.1 Present Tenses with a Future Meaning.....................................................				82
11.2“to be going to		...” ............................................................................		84
11.3The Future Indefinite (Simple) ................................................................				85
11.4“be to”, “be about to”, “be due to” ......................................................				88
11.5Revision............................................................................................				88
		THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
1. General Rules.........................................................................................				91
2. Revision.................................................................................................				96
3. Tests .....................................................................................................				97

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1.	Indirect Statement....................................................		............................. 98
2.	Indirect Command and Request.............................................................		100
3.	Indirect Questions...............................................................................		101
	3.1	Indirect General Questions....................................................................	101
	3.2	Indirect Special Questions...................................................................	102
4. Revision..............................................................................................			103

THE PASSIVE VOICE

1.	The Formation of the Passive Voice......................................................	107
2.	Uses of the Passive VoicePeculiar to the English Language......................	108
3.	Revision..............................................................................................	118
4. Tests ..................................................................................................		120

THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1.	Conditional Sentences.........................................................................		122
	1.1	Revision.........................................................................................	130
	1.2	Test...............................................................................................	131
2.	Making a Wish....................................................................................		132
3.	Revision..............................................................................................		135
4.	Tests	..................................................................................................	136

			MODAL VERBS
1.	Definition............................................................................................		137
2.	Can....................................................................................................		138
	2.1	Revision.........................................................................................	143
3.	M ay	...............................................................	................................... 144
4.	Must...................................................................................................		147
	4.1	Revision.........................................................................................	154
5.	Should and Ought...............................................................................		155
6.	Need..................................................................................................		158
7.	Revision..............................................................................................		160
8.	Tests	..................................................................................................	164

					THE NOUN
1.	Formation of Nouns			.............................................................................	166
2.	Classification		of Nouns........................................................................		169
3.	The	Category	of ................................................................	Number	172
4. The		Category	of ....................................................................	Case	177
5.	Tests	..................................................................................................			181

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			THE ARTICLE
1. The	Use of Articles with Common Nouns ...............................................			182
1.1	The Use of the Indefinite Article (a/an)...................................................			182
1.2	The Use of the Definite Article (the)......................................................			184
1.3	The Zero Article.................................................................................			186
1.4	Revision...........................................................................................			191
2. The	Use of Articles with Nouns of Material and Abstract Nouns..............			193
3. The	Use of Articles with Proper Nouns .................................................			196
3.1	Geographical Names..........................................................................			196
3.2	Names of Persons.............................................................................			197
3.3	The Use of Articles in the Names of Places, Some Buildings,
	public organizations, etc......................................................................			198
3.4	Revision...........................................................................................			200
4. Special Difficulties in the Use of Articles.................................................				201
5. The Use of Articles with Nounsin Some Set Expressions...........................				205
6. Tests ....................................................................................................				207
			THE PRONOUN
1. Classification		of	Pronouns ....................................................................	209
1.1	Personal and Possessive Pronouns........................................................			209
1.2	Reflexive Pronouns.............................................................................			212
1.3	Demostrative Pronouns........................................................................			215
1.4	Interrogative Pronouns.........................................................................			216
1.5	Defining Pronouns..............................................................................			217
1.6	Indefinite and Negative Pronouns...........................................................			224
1.7 “Much/many”, “little/few”,“a little/a few” ..........................................				231
2. Tests .................................			..................................................................	234
			THE ADJECTIVE
1. Formation of Adjectives.........................................................................				235
2. Word Order: adjective + noun................................................................				238
3. The Comparison of Adjectives...............................................................				241
4. Tests .................................			..................................................................	249
			THE ADVERB
1. Definition and		Forms............................................................................		250
2. Classification		of Adverbs......................................................................		254
2.1	Adverbs of		Manner........................................................................	254
2.2	Adverbs of		Time...........................................................................	256
2.3	Adverbs of		Frequency.....................................................................	258
2.4	Adverbs of		Place andDirection..........................................................	259
2.5	Adverbs of		Degree, Measureand Quantity...........................................	260
2.6	Viewpoint Adverbs.............................................................................			266
3. Revision................................................................................................				268
4. Tests ....................................................................................................				270

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	THE VERBALS (the non-finite forms of the verb)
1. The Gerund.........................................................................................		272
1.1	Forms. Tense/Voice Distinctions............................................................	272
1.2	The Use of the Gerund.......................................................................	273
1.3	Verbs Used with the Gerund and the Infinitive............................................	281
1.4	The Gerundial Construction...................................................................	285
1.5	The Gerund and the Verbal Noun...........................................................	287
1.6	Revision...........................................................................................	289
1.7 Tests..............................................................................................		291
2. The	Infinitive..................................................................................	293
2.1	Forms. Tense/Voice Distinctions............................................................	293
2.2	The Use of the Infinitive without the Particle “to” .......................................	294
2.3	The Functions of the Infinitive in the Sentence..........................................	295
	2.3.1 Revision..................................................................................	303
2.4	The Infinitive Constructions...................................................................	306
	2.4.1 The Complex Object.................................................................	306
	2.4.2 The Complex Subject.................................................................	312
	2.4.3 The For-to-Infinitive Construction....................................................	319
2.5	Revision...........................................................................................	323
2.6	Tests..............................................................................................	325
3. The	Participle......................................................................................	327
3.1	Forms and Functions..........................................................................	327
3.2	The Functions of the Participle in a Sentence...........................................	328
3.3	Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes..................................	329
3.4	Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers......................	330
3.5	Have Something Done........................................................................	339
3.6	The Absolute Participial Construction......................................................	340
3.7	Revision...........................................................................................	341
3.8	Tests..............................................................................................	343

SOME CONFUSED OR CONFUSING ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Some Prepositions Confused...................................................................			345
2. The Complex Sentence........................................................................			349
3. Revision Exercises.................................................................................			358
4. Emphasis...............................................................................................			360
5. Additional Exercises. Miscellaneous.........................................................			364
Appendix	1.	List of IrregularVerbs.....................................................	371
Appendix	2.	Irregular Verbs:Difficult Cases.........................................	375
Appendix	3.	Regular Verbs: Spelling Rules...........................................	376
Appendix	4.	List of Adverbs and AdverbialPhrases...............................	377
Appendix 5. Place of Adverbs...... ....................................................			383
Appendix 6. Verbs Followedby the Infinitive..........................................			384
Appendix 7. American English.............................................................			390
Appendix 8.		List of Grammar Terms and Key Words...............................	391
Appendix 9.		Punctuation.....................................................................	395
Literature..........................................................................................			400

THE VERB

1. THE VERB TO BE4

		THE VERB TO BE' IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
POSITIVE FORM					NEGATIVE FORM		QUESTIONS
I	am (I’m)		I	am	not	(I’m not)	Am	I?
You	are (you’re)		You	are	not	(you’re not or you aren’t)	Are you?
He	is	(he’s)	He	is	not	(he’s not or he isn’t)	Is	he?
She	is	(she’s)	She	is	not	(she’s not orshe isn’t)	Is	she?
It	is	(it’s)	It	is	not	(it’s not or itisn’t)	Is	it?
We	are	(we’re)	We	are	not	(we’re not orwe aren’t)	Are we?
You	are	(you’re)	You	are	not	(you’re not oryou aren’t)	Are you?
They are		(they’re)	They	are	not	(they’re not orthey aren’t)	Are they?

□I’m small but I’m not helpless.

□Where are you from?

□Howmuch are these stamps?

EXERCISES (A)________________________________________________

Ex. 1
I. Write short forms (she’s/we’re, etc.).
1. he is	he’s	3. she isnot____________	5.1am not___________
2. they are__________		4. it is not ______________	6. you are not_________
II. Write the full forms (she is/we are, etc.)
7. we aren’t	we are not	9. you’re ____________	11. it isn’t____________
8. I’m ______________		10. they aren’t __________	12. she’s ____________

Ex. 2. Put in am, is or are.

1.The sky /§ very blue today. 2 .1______ not tired. 3. This shelf_________ very heavy.

4.These shelves_____ very heavy. 5. The child______ asleep. 6. Look! This______

Mabel. 7.1____cold. Can you shut the window, please? 8. The castle____ one thousand years old. 9. My brother and I____good tennis players. 10. Amy____ at home but her parents___ in church. 11.1____ a student. 12. My sister_____ an archeologist.

Ex. 3. Write full sentences. Use am/is/are each time.

1.(my grandparents very old) Mv grandparents are veryold.

2.(my desk very comfortable)__________________________________________

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3.(your spectacles in your bag)

4.(I not very clever today)___

5.(this house very expensive) _

6.(the shops not open today) _

7.(Mr Wren's grandson six years old)

8.(the houses in this street very big)

9.(the examination not difficult)____

10.(those flowers very beautiful) ___

Ex. 4. Write positive or negative sentences. Use am/am not/is/isn’t/are/aren’t.

1.	Brussels...the capital of Belgium) Brussels is the capital of Belgium.
2.	1...1nterested in hockey) Iam not interestedin hockev.

3.L.angry)___________________________________________

4.It...cold today)_______________________________________

5.The Hague...in Switzerland)______________________________

6.	1...afraid	of dogs)
7.	My hands...	dirty)_____________________________________
8.	Russia...a very big country)
9.	The Amur...	in Europe)___
10.	Diamonds...	cheap)
11.	Motor-racing...a dangerous sport)
12.	Squirrels...	big animals)________

Ex. 5. Write questions with What/Who/How/Where/Why...? Use am/is/are.

1.(What colour vour house?) What colouris vourhouse?

2.(Where my key?)________________________________________________ ?

3.	(Where my trousers?)__________________________________________	?
4.	(How old your grandmother?)______________________________________	?
5.	(What colour his hair?)___________________________________________	?

6.(How much these shoes?)_________________________________________?

7.(Who your favourite actor?)________________________________________ ?

8.(Whyyou always late?)___________________________________________ ?

Ex. 6. Ask questions. (Read the answers to the questions first.)
1.	(his name?) What’s his name?	Robert.
2.	(single or married?) Are vou single or married?	I’msingle.
3.	(British?)	No, I’mnot.
4.	(where / from?)	FromAustralia.
5.	(howold?)	I’m 18.
6.	(astudent?)	No, I’ma secretary.
7.	(your mother a teacher?)	No, she’s a lawyer.
8.	(where / from?)	She’s Italian.
9.	(her name?)	Rachel.
10.	(howold?)	She’s 40.

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