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Read the following text and be ready to answer the questions given below.

Special effects

Sреciаl visual effects have been added to motion pictures since the early days of cinema. French director George Melies is considered the most influential pioneer of special effects. His film "A Trip to the Moon" (1902) combined live action with animation, demonstrating to audiences that cinema could create worlds, objects and events that did not exist in real life.

Many of the special effects used in films were invented before World War II. For instance, in the silent film "The Thief of Baghdad" (1924)

Another example is stop-motion photography. The original "King Kong' (1933) used this technique, in which the King Kong figurine was repeatedly filmed for very brief segments and then moved, so that when the film was projected at normal speed, King Kong appeared to move.

Sometimes a film calls for an actor to appear in a place that will be difficult to film or to do something that is impossible, such as flying. In these cases, the filmmaker uses the so-called blue­ screen process, filming the actor in front of a blue screen. During printing the filmmakers then replace this blue background with a completely different image, creating the illusion, that the actors are moving through that setting. In "Superman" (1978) and its sequels blue-screen was used to depict the hero's flight.

In the late 20th century the effects' techniques entered a new era - digitization. In digitization, sounds and images are stored as electronic files and viewed and edited on a computer. Digitizing images allow to be manipulated in almost any conceivable manner, and the computer can also be used to generate its own images. An example of combined imagery is a scene from "Jurassic Park" (1993) where computer-generated dinosaurs are seen charging toward and then leaping over a filmed man and two children.

In the late 1990s, by digitizing "Star Wars" and its sequels, George Lucas was able to add new scenes and creatures and to improve some of the special effects of the original films.

1. What was the first film made with the help of special effects?

2. Why have filmmakers used miniatures to stage their films?

3. What does "blue-screen process" mean?

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