Лебединская. Динамика материальной точки
.pdf« . . . . »
!. ". #, $. %.
&
' %
- ((% '& ))
* *(
2008
3
– 531 (075.8) # 332
, . . %
[+] : . / !. ". #, $. %. . –
: . . - , 2008. – 81 .
, 15 ²
*². , * , *
* *, *
* . %* , ,
- *
. ,
- .
,
* ** .
, * *( .. 41, . 20, 7 .
' (:
.. . ", - .- . , (, .,& % / '. ;
0. . #, . .- . , (, % &
#!. "., $. %., 2008 ISBN
. . . .
4
..…………………………………..…………………………. 4 I. !"#$! % # '(&) !'* # % 5
§1. + …………….………………….………………….. 5
§2. ' **...………….………... 5
§3. ' **…………..…..….. 8
§4. 1 ………….…………. 10
§5. 1 ……….…………………………………………. 11
§6. + ( 2 ( !- …….…………………….………... 12 II. +#! %$ '* # &) , # !#,……………………………. 13
§1. 3 (.……………………………………………………. 13
§2. ……….……………………………………………………. 15
III. #- # !"!&! #(" ! . !%! ( -
1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.14)….. 16 IV. !# !# ,# ! ,…….………………………………………… 23
§1.0. / ..…………………………..…. 23
§1.1. 4 -
4- / ( I – -
()…………..…………………….………….. 25
§1.2. / ( * ...….……..………. 28
§1.3. / ( * -
…………………………………………………………………….. 31
§1.4. / ( …...…….…. 34
§1.5. 4 -
4- / ( II – - -
()..…….…… 37
§1.6. / -4
…………………..………………………................................... 40
§ |
1.7. …..………………………………..…………… 43 |
§ |
1.8. / ( |
…………….…………...………………………….…... 47
§1.9. ( .….……………….. 50
§1.10. / 4- -
….....…………………………. 54
§1.11. 4 -
4- / ( III –
)……………………..…………………………. 60
§1.12. / 4- -
….……………………………………………………………….… 63
§1.13. / 2 ( ……… 68
§1.14. (
4…………...............….…….... 75
5
# - (. / -
( ):
1);
2)2
;
3).
' -
( ). , 2,
- , * ²'
².
2 - : (,.1), (,.2) . .,
²,² ² ².
², ²
- 4 : ( .1) . .,
² ² ² ².
+ *
( *,
( ) * . + -
-4 ,
²4 ².
2 - (+.1), (+.2) . ., ²+²
² ².
* * * (
(²1² ,
– * –
*). / ( –
. , 1.12 , 5 12
²*². ²# ²
.
** -
. , (12.3) – 2 5 12.
6
+ /
+0 0, !"#$! %
, ( ), *,
: , .
, * – 2 . %- , , - .
! -
* ( , 4 )
. 6 -
, 2* * .
,
.
! ,
|
|
|
|
( |
|
|||||
|
3 |
, |
, |
, |
|
. .). |
||||
2 |
|
|
|
, |
|
|
||||
|
* - |
|||||||||
1 |
1 |
|||||||||
|
|
* |
. |
, |
|
|||||
3 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
( . ,.1). , ,
(1-1, 2-2 3-3) ² ². '. ,.1 ! -
- , * (. / 2 * -
, .
- . |
|
|
!"#$! % # # *,1'* # 1 |
%, |
- n |
. |
- * 1, 2, |
3… n ,
x , *
* ,
n
= |
xi |
= |
x1 + x2 + ... + xn |
|
|
i=1 |
, |
(,.1) |
|||
n |
|
||||
|
|
n |
|
||
– , i – , n – . |
|
||||
, x – , . |
|
. D x ,
* -
. 6 .
7
, ,
, (
(
). ,
* . /
( ,
7- , |
). |
/, |
|
*4. |
|
" , |
* |
( x − xi ) - , -
- --
- |
|
. |
||||||
8 |
|
|||||||
(n < 30). - !- |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n |
(x − x )2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
x |
= ±tn, |
i |
|
, |
|
|
(,.2) |
|
|
|
i=1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n(n |
−1) |
|
|
|
|
tn,p – 2 ( !- , 4 |
n |
|||||||
. |
|
|
|
(, |
|
|
, |
|
1 2 ( !- |
* |
|
* * (
) n .
, * 3–5
, - 0,68 0,70.
, * * -
. , 5 5
. + , 2 , . 6 ,
( ) δ.
,
, . . (
(( – )
( (
( ).
+ i - δ,
, - - |
|
|||
- |
|
|
|
|
x = ± |
|
|
. |
(,.3) |
x2 |
+δ 2 |
|||
|
c |
|
|
|
8, (,.3) * 3
, - .
8
.- *
. , ( ² -
0,002 ² , *
. , *
e, - -
- . / , - -
- . 1 ,
- - ( *
e = |
x |
100 %. |
(,.4) |
|
x |
||||
|
|
|
' . , d 4-
, d = 0,01 .
* -4 : d1 = 2,42 , d2 = 2,44 , d3 = 2,48 .
, (,.1) -
d = 2,42 + 2,44 + 2,48 = 2,447 » 2,45 .
3
8 ( 2 ( !- *,
0,68 **tn,p = 1,3. ,
(,.2) - - d
Dd = ±1,3 (2,42 - 2,45)2 + (2,44 - 2,45)2 + (2,48 - 2,45)2 = 0,023 . 3(3-1)
+
- , * -
d (,.3) - ,
,
Dd = ±0,0232 + 0,012 = ±0,025 » ±0,03 .
, * ,
, 0,01 .
, :
d = (2,45 ± 0,03) .
% ,
(2,42 ¸ 2,48) - 68-70 % .
/ e (,.4)
e = ± 0,03 = ±0,012 = ±1,2 %. 0,245
9
!"#$! % #! ,1'* # 1
(-
4- , - * , . + -
.
(
r = |
4m |
, |
(,.5) |
|
pd 2h |
||||
|
|
|
r – , m – , d – (, h – . 8(,.5) 4 -4 :
Y = f ( 1, 2 ,..., n ) , |
(,.6) |
Y – , (,.5) 2 r; X1, X2,..., Xn – , (,.5) 2m, d, h.
' ,
* X1, X2, ..., Xn
. , 2 * *, *,
* ( ( - - )
Y - e.
, *
:
1)<X1>, < X2>,
…,< Xn>;
2)<Y>, -
(,.6) * ;
3)( -* *
X1, X2, ..., Xn, (,.2) (,.3);
4)(,.6), -
- Y ;
5)- ε = Y / Y ;
6).
, -4
- , ( (,.6):
|
n |
|
∂Y |
2 |
|
|
¶Y |
|
2 |
|
¶Y |
|
2 |
|
∂Y |
2 |
|
|
|||
DY = |
|
Xi = ± |
|
|
DX1 |
|
+ |
|
DX2 |
|
+ ... + |
|
DXn , |
(,.7) |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
i=1 |
∂Xi |
|
¶X1 |
|
|
¶X2 |
|
|
∂X n |
|
|
¶Y¤¶X1 . . – Y
X1, X2, … , Xn ( , X1,
Xi - ), DXi – -
* , (,.3).
10
' Y, * - ε = |
Y / Y . |
/ ( (,.6) , |
|
- , – - -. %, (,.7) Y,
ε = Y = |
|
|
∂Y |
2 |
|
|
|
|
∂Y = ∂(lnY ) , |
||
Xi . |
|
|
|||||||||
|
n |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y |
i=1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
∂X |
||
Y∂Xi |
|
|
Y |
∂X |
ε = |
Y = ± |
∂(lnY ) |
||
|
|
n |
|
|
|
Y |
|
|
|
|
i=1 |
∂Xi |
2
X
i
= ± ∂(lnY)
∂X1
|
|
2 |
|
∂(lnY) |
|
X |
|
|
+ |
||
1 |
∂X2 |
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
2
X +... . (,.8)
2
+, - , - - - Y = ε Y .
4, (,.5). , (,.5) -
, , , 4 - -
(,.8). (,.8) *
* |
, 2 |
|||||||||
ρ: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
ln ρ = ln 4 + ln m – ln π –2 ln d – ln h, |
|
||||||||
(,.8) , |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ε = |
Δρ = ± |
m 2 |
+ 2 d |
2 |
+ |
h |
2 . |
(,.9) |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
ρ |
m d |
h |
|
|||||
1 , |
(,.9) |
- * |
||||||||
* - , |
|
* |
(,.3). ,, - π, ,
-, -4
** . ' ε, * Δρ = ε ρ .
0 - (
-42 - 4),
Y - 2. ,n
, - n Yi. %, Yi ( i –
) , - <Y>
* , (,.2), – Y.
/ *, *
:
Y = ( Y ± Y )10m u , |
(,.10) |
m – , u – ( Y.
11
# &) !! #("& ) ' )# '(&)
, * ,
*
. ,
<m> = 7,628 . 6 , -
(( ).
…
( ).
.- - - *4 *(,
1 2, 4 ( − 3
. , , m = ±0,0259 , -
, - m = ±0,026 , , m = ±0,0638 ,
, - m = ±0,06 .
+ - , (
( . +
,
m = (7,63 ±0,26) ,
−
m = (7,63 ± 0,06) .
% . ,,
<V> = 1758,68 3, V = ± 42,51 3. + -
* , , -
* . ' 2
V = (1760 ± 40) 3,
V = (1,76 ± 0,04) 103 3 .
/ ,
, , 7
* .
04 . %, - , <d> = 3,5 , d = ±0,03 . 2 -
-
d = (3,5 ± 0,1) .
: 1) -
. + ( ,
3–4 ( ; 2)
,
.
12