английский

1. Describe the main components of the underground medical education in Russia and in Great Britain. What are the differences and similarities?

The medical education in Russia and in Great Britain is the similar. Students begin their medical studies usually at the age of 18 or 19 both in Russia and in Great Britain. Entry to a medical school is highly competitive and the number of candidates is usually much higher than the number of places. At the end of each term students take exams. Most exams are written and include academic and practical problems. But medical education in Russia and in Great Britain has differences. In Great Britain the course of undergraduate education lasts 5 years. Usually it includes 2 years of pre-clinical training and 3 years of clinical work at a teaching hospital. In Russia undergraduate education lasts 6 years and includes 3 years of pre-clinical training and 3 years of clinical work at a teaching hospital. Latin is not taught in Britain but it’s required. To become General Practitioners doctors in Great Britain take postgraduate training. They have to complete 2 years as Senior House Officers in different hospital specialties. But in Russia having received a diploma GP doctors may either take a one-year internship course qualifying them as general health care specialists, or two –year residency course qualifying as narrow specialists.

2. Describe GP’s practice team and GP’s working day.

A typical GP practice employs receptionists. They are responsible for initial patient contact, making appointments, taking requests for repeat prescription, taking message from patients and other health care providers, and for filing and scanning documents into patient records. The practice manager has responsibility for finance and sometimes for IT, supervises reception staff, hires locums, and helps prepare the practice development plan. Practice nurses run asthma, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease clinics as well as one-to-one clinics for those who wish to give up smoking. In addition to practice staff, GPs work with a number of health professionals. District nurses visit temporarily housebound patients, to change dressing. Health visitors visit families to carry out check-ups on young children to make sure they’re healthy. Midwives run clinics for antenatal patients. Physiotherapists provide hands-on treatment.

A GP doctor’s working day begins at 9 o’clock in the morning at the polyclinic, where he sees about 10 and sometimes even 15 out-patients during his consulting hours. In the afternoon he usually makes his daily round of visits to the district. He examines all those patients, who are seriously ill and come to the polyclinic. These patients must follow a strict bed regime. During the consulting hours the district doctor sees those patients who can come to the polyclinic by themselves. After his consulting hours at the polyclinic the GP doctors makes several calls at the patient’s homes.

3. Discuss the problem of missed appointments. Suggest the problem solutions.

Persistent DNAs are people with behavior problems. They are excessively self-centred, have a total disregard for others, demands major attention for minor illnesses, and are often rude to the receptionist, but smile sweetly at the doctor. They are careless about medical service and don’t think twice about emergency calls or using out-of-hours services. It must be said that 95% of patients are perfectly reasonable, decent people who may sometimes simply forget an appointment. Persistent DNAs are actually stealing time from other people and sometimes I wish I could refuse them treatment, but I know that’s not practical because it just passes on the problem to someone else. My solution is this: we provide patients with an answering service so they can leave massage and on top of this we send a text message reminding them of their appointment time. After that thought, anyone who misses two appointments should deposit a sum of money before making their next appointment. The money would be returned to them if they turned up. If they don’t turn up, the money would go to a local hospice. .

7. Describe the work of a typical chemist’s shop. What departments does it include? What types of medication do you know? In what doses are they prescribe? What should the doctor remember when prescribing drugs?

Chemist’s shops are specialized shops where medicines are sold. They have a hall for visitors, two departments for selling drugs and proper working rooms. The department for reception if prescription and delivery of drugs is called a prescription department. The other one is called a chemist’s department. At the prescription department medicines are sold or made according to prescription. At the chemist’s all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, on the open shelves and in the refrigerators. Poisonous drugs are kept in the drug cabinet with the letter “A”. Strong effective drugs are kept in the drug cabinet having the letter “B”. Every small bottle or box has a label with the name of the medicine. There are labels of 4 colors for the drugs prepared at the chemist’s. The single dose and the total are indicated on the label or the signature.

10. Discuss the importance of keyhole surgery. What complications and risks does it reduce?

The invention of the laparoscope has led to the development of a whole new way of doing things, commonly known as “keyhole” surgery. There are many merits of keyhole surgery such as opportunity to see images on screen, keyhole surgery means less pain and less scaring, recovery time is much faster. There are fewer wound complications like infections, hematoma, hernias, there is less risk of a potentially fatal blood clot in the veins. But there are some risks of the keyhole surgery. These include are limited range of motion in the operated region leads to loss of dexterity a surgeon, the need to use the tools to interact with the tissue, rather than work directly hands, the most significant risks of damage to blood vessels and trocar bowel, problems with blood clotting, as well as scars from previous operations may pose additional risk during laparoscopic surgery and is considered a relative contraindication to conduct such operations.