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2 семестр / Работа № 4 / Вариант 8

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Вариант 8

1.Прочитайте и переведите текст письменно

Foundation

It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the ac­tion of the weather - rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very spe­cial. It may be both rather complex or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually much simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is known to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

2. Выпишите из текста термины, дайте транскрипцию и перевод

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

  1. What may cause cracking in the walls of buildings?

  2. What are the loads supported by foundations?

4. Выберите более грамотный вариант:

1. You _________ fall asleep when you drive a car.

A) mustn't; B) needn't; C)must.

2. You _________ wear a uniform in the army.

A) have to; B) don't have got to; C) needn't.

3. You _________ ride a bicycle on a motorway in Britain.

A) mustn't; B) don't have to; C) needn't.

5. Выберите более грамотный вариант:

1. Let's tell Diana. She ___________ know.

A) could not; B) might not.

2. In my opinion, the government something about this.

A) might do; B) should do.

3. Until the 19th century, people ________ travel freely between most countries without a passport,

A) may; B) could.

4. In Britain you ________ drive a car until you are seven­ teen.

A) cannot; B) couldn't.

6. Дополните предложения глаголами can, can't, could or couldn't, to be able to.

  1. Clare ________ sing really well when she was a young girl.

2. Look! You _________ see the mountains from this window.

7. Дополните предложения модальными глаголами can, can't, could or couldn't.

Пример: It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we couldn't hear very well.

1. There was a woman with a big hat in front of me. I _______ see a thing,

  1. My mother_________ understand sign language.

8. Дополните предложения нужной формой оборота be able to.

Пример: Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.

  1. I____________ come tomorrow. I'm afraid, I'm too busy.

  2. Our teacher says we__________ speak English fairly well in a few months,

9. Выразите разрешение. Перепишите предложения, начиная их с данных слов

Пример: You're allowed to do whatever you like. => You can do whatever you like.

  1. You can all go home as soon as you've finished work. You may ___________ ___________ ______________________ .

  2. You are allowed to choose your major. You can ___________ ___________ ______________________ .

10. Измените предложения, попросите разрешение, используя глагол can.

Пример: Is it all right if I go to a disco? => Can I go to a disco?

  1. Do you mind if I close the window just a little?

____________________________________________________________________

  1. Is it all right if I get in touch with you some time later?

____________________________________________________________________

11. Дополните предложения глаголами have (got) to или must. Используйте нужную видовременную, утвердительную, вопросительную или отрицательную форму.

Пример: I have (got) to/must stop smoking. I'm sorry, you mustn't smoke here.

1. __________ (you /do) military service in this country?

2. Mr Butler's office is close enough to his apartment. He __________ take a bus. He only takes it in bad weather.

12. Дополните предложения правильной формой глагола need.

Пример: The teacher says we needn't go to school tomorrow, (negative)

Do I need to have a license to drive a car in this country? (question)

You've got a terrible cough. You need to see a doctor, (positive)

3. You can go home now, you _________ stay any longer. (negative)

4. How much money _________ we _________ save up for the trip? (question)

13. Дополните предложения глаголами should/ought to и предложенными в скобках словами.

Пример: These windows are dirty, (you/clean them/more often).

  • You should clean them more often.

  1. It's going to be a cold day. (you/wear/an overcoat)

_________________________________________________________________

  1. Pam is a bit overweight, (she/not eat/between meals)

_________________________________________________________________

14. Дополните предложения, используя выражение shall I и наиболее подходящий из следующих глаголов:

paint, invite, get, tell, say, put

Пример:: Whom shall I invite to my party?

  1. What do you think? _________ my friends what has hap­pened?

  2. What colour _______ my living room?

  3. What__________ if someone asks for you?

15. Дополните предложения, используя глагол can и наиболее подходящий из следующих глаголов:

cause, ski, make, live, reach, survive

Пример: In some cases this can cause difficulty.

  1. Anyone …………………………… mistakes.

  2. Temperatures near the South Pole ………………………… minus 43 de­grees centigrade.

16. Измените предложения, выразите возможность с помощью глаголов may/might/ could

Пример: Perhaps my parents will be at home tomorrow. - My parents may/might/could be at home tomorrow.

  1. Perhaps Liz will help us if we give her a ring.

_________________________________________________________________

  1. Perhaps they don't know the address.

_________________________________________________________________

17. Измените предложения, выразите возможность с помощью глаголов may /might/ сould

Пример: They have left already.

-They may/might/could have left already.

  1. She didn't catch the 8 o'clock bus.

_________________________________________________________________

  1. The secretary forgot about the meeting.

_________________________________________________________________

18. Дополните предложения глаголами may/might/ could, так чтобы выразить возможность в прошлом. Используйте слова из скобок.

Пример: Where was Sally last night? — (she/be/at the cine­ma) - She may/might/could have been at the cinema.

  1. John is late, (he/miss/the train)

_________________________________________________________________

  1. What was Peter doing yesterday? (he/work)

_________________________________________________________________

19. Измените каждое предложение, так чтобы оно содержало глаголы must, can't or couldn't.

Пример: I'm sure that Jack feels really lonely.

  • Jack must feel really lonely.

  1. I'm sure she is playing tennis now.

_________________________________________________________________

  1. I'm sure it's not nine o'clock.

_________________________________________________________________

20. Измените каждое предложение, так чтобы оно содержало глаголы must/can't/ couldn't и выражало уверенность в событиях прошлого

Пример : Obviously it was a long journey. – It must have been a long journey.

  1. I'm sure you've heard the news.

_________________________________________________________________

  1. I'm sure the bus has left.

_________________________________________________________________

21. Дополните каждое предложение глаголом must, can't или couldn't.

1. They____________ be waiting for Jane at the airport. It's half past six now and her plane arrives at 7 p.m.

2. Annie______________ be asleep. There's a light on in her bed­ room.

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