2 семестр / Работа № 4 / Вариант 7

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Вариант 7

1.Прочитайте и переведите текст письменно

Foundation

It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the ac­tion of the weather - rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very spe­cial. It may be both rather complex or very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually much simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is known to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

2. Выпишите из текста термины, дайте транскрипцию и перевод

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. For what reason does every building need stability?

2. What functions of a foundation do you know?

4. Выберите более грамотный вариант:

1. I_________ go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me to.

A) needn't to; B) must; C) haven't got to.

2. You _________ tell Nick about the party. He already knows.

A) mustn't; B) needn't; C) don't have to.

3. You _________ keep out of that room. It's private.

A) don't have to; B) mustn't; C) must.

5. Выберите более грамотный вариант:

1. There's someone at the door. It ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________the postman.

A) can be; B) must be.

2. Jones ____________ president if Smith has to resign.

A) could be; B) must be.

3. In Russia you ____ vote at the age of eighteen.

A) aren't allowed to; B) are allowed to.

4. I'm afraid, they_________ to attend the meeting next week.

A) may not; B) will not be allowed.

6. Дополните предложения глаголами can, can't, could or couldn't, to be able to.

1. I generally leave work at seven, but I _______ leave ear­ler on Fridays.

2. He read the message but he ________ understand it.

7. Дополните предложения модальными глаголами can, can't, could or couldn't.

Пример: It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we couldn't hear very well.

1. I ____ count to twenty in Italian.

2. Put up your hand if you_________ hear me.

8. Дополните предложения нужной формой оборота be able to.

Пример: Our baby will be able to sit in a few weeks.

1. It was rather cheap I ____________ buy it.

2. It took a long time, but in the end Frank ______________ buy his own car.

9. Выразите разрешение. Перепишите предложения, начиная их с данных слов

Пример: You're allowed to do whatever you like. => You can do whatever you like.

1. It's all right to have visitors after four o'clock.

You can ___________ ___________ ______________________ .

2. You can all go home as soon as you've finished work. You may ___________ ___________ ______________________ .

10. Измените предложения, попросите разрешение, используя глагол can.

Пример: Is it all right if I go to a disco? => Can I go to a disco?

1. Is it OK if I borrow your bike for half an hour?

____________________________________________________________________

2. Do you mind if I close the window just a little?

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11. Дополните предложения глаголами have (got) to или must. Используйте нужную видовременную, утвердительную, вопросительную или отрицательную форму.

Пример: I have (got) to/must stop smoking. I'm sorry, you mustn't smoke here.

1. You __________ get a visa before you go abroad next

2. The children are happy because they __________ do any homework tonight.

12. Дополните предложения правильной формой глагола need.

Пример: The teacher says we needn't go to school tomorrow, (negative)

Do I need to have a license to drive a car in this country? (question)

You've got a terrible cough. You need to see a doctor, (positive)

1. My mother says that I _________ work harder, (positive)

2. _________ he phone you before he comes to see you? (question)

13. Дополните предложения глаголами should/ought to и предложенными в скобках словами.

Пример: These windows are dirty, (you/clean them/more often).

• You should clean them more often.

1. Ted drives too fast, (he/drive/more carefully)

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2. There won't be much food at the party, (we/take something/to eat?)

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14. Дополните предложения, используя выражение shall I и наиболее подходящий из следующих глаголов:

paint, invite, get, tell, say, put

Пример:: Whom shall I invite to my party?

1. How much money________ from the bank?

2. What colour _______ my living room?

3. What__________ if someone asks for you?

15. Дополните предложения, используя глагол can и наиболее подходящий из следующих глаголов:

cause, ski, make, live, reach, survive

Пример: In some cases this can cause difficulty.

1. Temperatures near the South Pole ………………………… minus 43 de­grees centigrade.

2. Camels…………………….. for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water.

5. Monkeys …………………………… for up to 40 years.

16. Измените предложения, выразите возможность с помощью глаголов may/might/ could

Пример: Perhaps my parents will be at home tomorrow. - My parents may/might/could be at home tomorrow.

1. Perhaps you are right.

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2. Perhaps she will be working today.

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17. Измените предложения, выразите возможность с помощью глаголов may /might/ сould

Пример: They have left already.

-They may/might/could have left already.

1. Mr Smith went on business to France last night.

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2. He has been working all day.

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18. Дополните предложения глаголами may/might/ could, так чтобы выразить возможность в прошлом. Используйте слова из скобок.

Пример: Where was Sally last night? — (she/be/at the cine­ma) - She may/might/could have been at the cinema.

1. She walked straight past me. (she/not see/me)

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2. I can't find my purse anywhere. (I/leave/at home)

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19. Измените каждое предложение, так чтобы оно содержало глаголы must, can't or couldn't.

Пример: I'm sure that Jack feels really lonely. - Jack must feel really lonely.

1. I'm sure that Helen is over twenty.

_________________________________________________________________

2. I'm sure he's not feeling very well.

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20. Измените каждое предложение, так чтобы оно содержало глаголы must/can't/ couldn't и выражало уверенность в событиях прошлого

Пример : Obviously it was a long journey. –

It must have been a long journey.

1. I'm sure she's passed her driving test.

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2. Certainly she saw us.

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21. Дополните каждое предложение глаголом must, can't или couldn't.

1. The cat_________ __ be somewhere in the house.

2. Tom_____________ have been at the theatre yesterday! I know he is in hospital.