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48%!&'"-?,

1%8%!& 9#?% !

 

<X5,

1/"82*=F&1)

-8)

-%&%!& '"9(# )

!"#%;#"3 &";! & &'"9(# ),

!",-( "/ 1(##?% 9?0% "18"@#%# ) #%

,'(F&

1=K%1&9%##"3 '"8 . P8) "/'%-%8%# ) !(& "##?> <X5 9 !(;%1&9% & &'(#&(

1/"82*=F& 1""&9%&1&9=FK % (# "##?% <X5

8

&%&'(E%# 87"'(& #(&' )

, #("7"'"&, (# "##?%

<X5

& &'=F&

'(1&9"'(+

!(& "##?> <X5. 5

'%*=82&(&%

&(! > '%(!$ 3 "7'(*=F&1) #%'(1&9"' +?% !"+/8%!1?. <"

-"1& @%#

!"#%;#"3 &";!

& &'"9(# )

*7?&"! !(& "##"," ((# "##",")

<X5

*(+%#)%&1)

#(

*7?&"! <X5

/'"& 9"/"8"@#"," *(')-(, ;&"

1"/'"9"@-(%&1) *#(; &%82#?+ (>200 +5) 1!(;!"+ /"&%#$ (8(. <"-"7#?+ "7'(*"+ !"#&'"8 '=F& 1"-%'@(# %, #(/' +%', (8! 81=82E(&"9,

(8! 81=82E"#(&"9, (8! 81=82E"1=!$ "#(&"9, '(*8 ;#?> +?8 1+%1 <X5.

87

88

6(78 $( 4.1. 87D ; "!"*%4$ 'FG$:('; ':0=H"IJ$2 )0$3,

I/'%-%8)%+"%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1"%- #%# %

 

 

 

T18"9 )

 

 

 

Y &%'(&='(

I7:%!&

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(#(8 *(

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KLL8K@,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8MNO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KLLMN8P

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NH3 , NH4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<'"7= 9"-? "7'(7(&?9(F& 7=E%'#?+ '(1&9"'"+, 1"-%'@(K + NaOH

 

 

!"+/8%!1""7'(*"9(&%82 MP6X -8) 19)*?9(# ) +%&(88"9,

1"*-(# ) 'A = 12. 5

 

 

K%8";#"3 1'%-% "#? NH4

/'%9'(K(F&1) 9 '(1&9"'%##?3 9 9"-% (++ (!. C,"

 

 

"/'%-%8)F& 1 DJM-NH3, !"&"'?3 9"1/' # +(%& /('$ (82#"% -(98%# % (++ (!(

 

• E'3". C0%0'3!,$

9 '(1&9"'%.

B%&"-

,'(-= '"9";#"3 *(9 1 +"1& . B%&"-

-"7(9"!.

G%*

[1]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

% )('#!,$ ;'3,

'(*7(98%# )

118%-=%+"3

/'"7?

+%&"- /' +%#)%&1)

-8) "/'%-%8%# )

DJI 6778

 

!"#$%#&'($

(++"# 3#"," (*"&( -" C(N) = 50 +,/-+3. <'%-%8 "/'%-%8%# )

 

 

'(9%# 0,2

+,/-+3.

B%0(F&

"/'%-%8%# F (+,/-+3)R

, -'(* #

(4),

 

 

$ !8",%!1 8(+ # (1), +"'E"8 # (10), "!&(-%$ 8(+ # (0,4), +%&(#"8(+ # (3,4),

 

 

+";%9 #( (11).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6(78 $( 4.1 (/'"-"8@%# %)

1

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I/'%-%8)F&

"#? (++"# ) 9 - (/(*"#% !"#$%#&'($ 3 1,5 – 2000 +,/-+3 1

 

• C0%0'3!,$ %

DJM- NH4

. A% +%0(F& "/'%-%8%# F K+

) 20 +,/-+3, Na+

) 230 +,/-+3, Ca2+ )

 

)('#!,$ ;'3,

[8]

2 ,/-+3. <')+() /"&%#$ "+%&' ) ( = 15%).

 

 

 

 

 

!"#$ $#%&'#( ( = 10 %).

 

 

 

 

 

 

• !"#$%& '!(%

)*+!$!,-." &//0&( *+0 +1>11. 2'#$-" *#*+&'(0 3& 4#,!'#5 6#3.

!"#$

 

$#%&'#(.

!"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0.

0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+.

[2]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=3&,0:0+8!/<!

7&:<

*+#*84(&."

9!+!: +&:%&',!33<5 +&4"'#+ H2SO4.

 

• )!*(+, -

+1 >11.

0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+.

!"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0.

 

'.,/!01.2 3%*.

>!(#/!3$8!"4- +&:%&',!30! &3&,0:0+8!/#5 *+#%< *+0 *+!'<?!300 C(N) > 50

[2]

 

 

/7/$/3.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

@,- #*+!$!,!30- &//0&(& '<48?!33<5 0 0:/!,A9!33<5 #%+&:!; *#9'<

 

• 4!5'%

#%+&%&"<'&."

2

HCl

' "!9!30!

9&4&

0 :&"!/

60,A"+8.",

+1>11.

[2]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+. !"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0.

 

 

 

 

 

• 6%*!!7"%*1.2

=$4#+%0+8." 7&:< ' +&:%&',!338. H2SO4, :&"!/ $#'#$-" NaOH $# +1 > 12.

 

!8,!(.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[3]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9:;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

90

B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)

1

 

2

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D+#%< *#9'< E(4"+&70+8." '#$#5. =3&,0:0+8!/<! #%+&:;< +&4"!305

 

 

#:#,-." *+0 550ºF,

#G,&C$&." 0 +&4"'#+-." ' HCl. D#,89!338. %#+38.

 

• D#9'&, "(&30

(04,#"8 *!+!'#$-" '

HBF4 +!&(;0!5 4

HF. D#9'!338. '<"-C(8 0#33</

 

 

[2]

+&4"!305

#%/!3#/ *!+!'#$-" '# 6"#+0$38. 6#+/8 $,- *#,89!30- BF4 .

 

D+0/!3-."

 

 

 

 

HFI- BF4 . 0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+.

!"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9;:<=<>

 

 

 

 

 

 

Br

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J+#/0$< #*+!$!,-." ' *#9'! 0 "(&3-G +&4"!305 4 ;!,A. (#3"+#,- 4"!*!30

 

 

0G :&7+-:3!30- %+#/4#$!+C&K0/0 *!4"0;0$&/0. =3&,0:0+8!/<! #%+&:;<

 

• 4!5'., 8$%1-

*!+!/!?0'&." 30 /03. 4 $04"0,,0+#'&33#5

'#$#5, *#,89!33<! 484*!3:00

 

"%#821-?

60,A"+8.". 2'#$-" ' &3&,0:0+8!/<! 0 4"&3$&+"3<! +&4"'#+< 5

+&4"'#+

[2]

 

 

NaNO3 $,- 4#:$&30- *#4"#-33#5 0#33#5 40,<.

0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+.

 

 

!"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• @8A!#B2"1.2

+1 2-12. HFIBr .

!"#$ *+-/#5 *#"!3;0#/!"+00.

 

 

!#%($-

 

 

 

 

 

[3]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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