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TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

L.V. Nadeina

RADIOECOLOGY

Recommended for publishing as a study aid

by the Editorial Board of Tomsk Polytechnic University

Tomsk Polytechnic University Publishing House

2011

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ТОМСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Л.В. Надеина

РАДИОЭКОЛОГИЯ

Рекомендовано в качестве учебного пособия Редакционно-издательским советом Томского политехнического университета

Издательство Томского политехнического университета

2011

УДК 539.19(075.8) ББК 22.383я73

Н17

Надеина Л.В.

Н17 Радиоэкология: учебное пособие / Л.В. Надеина; Томский политехнический университет. – Томск: Изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2011. – 173 с.

Пособие состоит из 4 глав, содержащих аутентичные материалы, а также комплекс упражнений, которые направлены на совершенствование коммуникативных навыков магистрантов на английском языке. Рассматриваются общие вопросы, связанные с историей изучения радиоактивности, обсуждаются проблемы распространения радионуклидов и проблемы воздействия радиоактивного излучения на человека.

Предназначено для магистрантов ИПР, специализирующихся в области радиоэкологии и освоения месторождений радиоактивного сырья.

УДК 539.19(075.8) ББК 22.383я73

Рецензенты

Кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английской филологии ТГУ

О.В. Нагель

Кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры перевода и переводоведения ТГПУ

Е.А. Крюкова

Доцент кафедры ИЯИК ТПУ

Г.А. Венюкова

© ГОУ ВПО НИ ТПУ, 2011 © Надеина Л.В., 2011

© Обложка. Издательство Томского политехнического университета, 2011

Unit I

Introduction to radioecology

Warming-up

The interest in radioecology increased after the Chernobyl accident in 1986 when large parts of some countries were contaminated with radioactive fallout.

Collecting water for testing in laboratory

Look at the picture and answer the following questions:

a)What is the man doing now?

b)Why is he doing it?

c)How often does he do it?

2.Guess the meaning of the words and remember the pronunciation:

ecology

[ı:ĸɔǀəʤı]

 

radioactive [̗reıdıəu´æĸtıv]

 

 

 

 

 

substance

[´sʌbst əns]

 

migration

[maı´greıʃən]

 

 

 

 

ecosystem [͵ı:kəu´sıstəm]

 

aspect

[´æspekt]

 

 

 

 

 

concept

[´kɔnsept]

 

radiation

[͵reıdı´eıʃən]

 

 

 

 

 

protection

[prə´tekʃən]

 

dose

[dəus]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

human

[´hju:mən]

radionuclide

[ˏreıdıəu´nju:klaıd]

 

 

 

 

ion

[´aıən]

discipline

[´dısəplın]

effect

[ı´fekt]

risk

[rısk]

bomb

[bɔm]

stratosphere

[´strætə͵sfıə]

 

 

 

 

3. Match the numbers with the letters and find out the meaning of the word combinations.

1. key event

a) взаимодействовать с природой

2. to interact with nature

b) перемещение веществ

3. huge amounts of

с) прогнозирующая имитационная мо-

radionuclides

дель

4. substances migration

d) основные, традиционные области

5. the first test of nuclear bombs

е) радиационная защита

6. the predictive simulation

f) основание для оценки доз

model

 

7. to be concerned with

g) последствия радиоактивного

 

загрязнения

8. basic, traditional fields

H )взаимодействие

 

организмов с радионуклидами

9. risk assessment

i) источники ионизирующего

 

излучения

10. radiation protection

j) влияние радиации

11. man-made radioactive

к) радиоактивное загрязнение

pollution

среды, вызванное деятельностью чело-

 

века

12. basis for estimating doses

l) оценка риска

13. impacts of radiation

m) иметь дело с чем-либо

14. the consequences of

n) первое испытание атомных бомб

radioactive pollution

 

15. sources of ionizing radiation

о) огромные количества радионукли-

 

дов

 

 

16. interaction of organisms

p) ключевое событие

with radionuclides

 

6

4. Read the text and do the tasks.

What is radioecology?

Radioecology is a branch of ecology which studies how radioactive substances interact with nature, how different mechanisms affect the substances migration and uptake in food chain and ecosystems.

Investigations in radioecology might include aspects of field sampling, designed field and laboratory experiments and the development of predictive simulation models. This science combines techniques from some of the more basic, traditional fields, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology and ecology, with applied concepts in radiation protection. Radioecological studies form the basis for estimating doses and assessing the consequences of radioactive pollution for human health and the environment.

This particular branch of ecology studies interactions of organisms and ecosystems with radionuclides and ionizing radiation. Such a study focuses on pathways of radionuclides in the environment and it also investigates sources and strength of ionizing radiation in natural ecosystems.

So this scientific discipline includes everything that matters as to environmental and biological impacts of radiation. The fields of application are broad, they range from natural radiation to man-made radioactive pollution. The study of natural processes, such as the incorporation of radionuclides into body mass, community webs and community food chains, and technological applications, such as those that deals with radioprotection and risk assessment are both important for the development of the field.

Radioecology is related to radiobiology. But in radiobiology one studies the biological effects of radiation on organisms.

The ecosystem concept suggests that radioecologists should be concerned with that affect whole ecosystems. Their concern is not only with risks for human health. They are searching for protection in a broader sense, considering whole ecosystems. Radioecology is a science that came up after the first tests of nuclear bombs. One wanted to know how this discharge of huge amounts of radionuclides into the stratosphere would affect ecosystems and their communities and food chains. The Chernobyl Disaster 1986 was another key event that sparked new studies in the field of radioecology.

(Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org/)

4.1Answer the following questions:

1)What does radioecology study?

7

2)What do radioecological studies form?

3)How is radioecology related to radiobiology?

4)What does this particular branch of ecology focus on?

5)What did radioecologists want to know after the first tests of nuclear bombs?

6)What sparked new studies in the field of radioecology?

4.2Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any three word combinations and make up sentences.

1) radioactive substances interact _____ nature ; 2) the consequences ___

radioactive pollution _____ human health; 3) study focuses _____ pathways of radionuclides; 4) sources and strength _____ ionizing radiation ______

natural ecosystems; 5) range ______ natural radiation _____ man-made radioactive pollution; 6) the incorporation ______ radionuclides _____ body mass; 7) deals ______ radioprotection and risk assessment; 8) the biological effects _____ radiation ______ organisms; 9) be concerned ______; 10) important ______ the development _____ the field; 11) this discharge ______

huge amounts _____ radionuclides _____ the stratosphere; 12) new studies

_______ the field _____ radioecology;

4.3 Match the terms with the definition:

1. radioactive wastes

a) is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive ma-

 

terial in a given environment

2. acute radiation ex-

b) is the distribution of radioactive contamination by

posure

a nuclear explosion

3. chronic exposure

c) is a form of damage to organ tissue due to exces-

 

sive exposure to ionizing radiation

4. radioecology

d) is the study of the biological effects of radiation

 

on organisms

5. internal exposure

e) is a unit of absorbed radiation dose defined in

 

terms of the energy actually deposited in the tissue

6. external exposure

f) is exposure which occurs when the radioactive

 

source is outside the organism which is exposed

7. rad

g) is when the radioactive material enters the organ-

 

ism, and the radioactive atoms become incorporated

 

into the organism

8. radiobiology

h) is the study of the pathways of radionuclides in

 

the environment and their impact on biota

 

8

9. radiation poisoning

i) is exposure to ionizing radiation over an extended

 

period of time

10. nuclear fallout

j) is an exposure to ionizing radiation which occurs

 

during a short period of time

11. radioactive con-

k) are waste products containing radioactive

tamination

materials

5. Read the text and fill in the missing words and word combinations.

approximately; global scale; contamination; radioactive isotopes; rotation of radionuclides; radiosensitivity; irradiated populations; agriculture, cardinal principles; natural background; long-lived radionuclides; stock-breeding;

Radiation ecology is a branch from two, independent, scientific discipline, such as general radiobiology and ecology. This is rather young scientific direction, which has gained particular relevance after mass testing of atomic weapon. By then it was become comprehensible, that 1)……… by radionuclides was occurring not on the local level (nuclear test areas, industrial places of atomic industry enterprises), but brings to consequences of 2)…………. . By this, basically, are defined 3)…………… of the given science, which is considered in studying of distribution, migration and 4)…………….. in the biosphere as well as by influence of ionization radiation on ecological systems.

Certainly, in natural conditions organisms are irradiated for the account of natural background of ionization radiation, which is caused by radiation of 5)……………… in lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, and by cosmic radiation. Radiation rate is determined by the 6)……………. in the biosphere, so it is rather small, 7)……………… 0,1 rad an year, and in most cases it does not produce an observable influence upon alive organisms. As a result of appearance additional amount of radionuclides in the biosphere (radiation sources) alive organisms were subjected both to irradiation, caused by the natural radioactive background and to artificial radioactive nuclides (not only external but also internal exposure from incorporated radionuclides).

Because of different 8)…………….. of plant and animal species irradiation of natural biocenoses can bring to change ones species by others, to change of interspecific and intraspecific relations. Radiation and genetic changes appear in 9)………………. , natural mutative rate increases, it is occurring radiostability deviance on population level.

Contamination of extensive territory by artificial radionuclides, both in Ukraine (Chernobyl exclusion zone and zone of the unconditional (obliga-

9

tory) eviction, Kiev, Zhitomir, Rovno region), and abroad (Belorus, Russia, Sweden, Finland etc) has attracted attention of radioecologists to study the ways of radionuclide migration in the biosphere. Radioactive materials, including 10)………………… of strontium and caesium are moving by certain biological chains, for instance soil - plant - animal - person. Study of artificial radioactive nuclide migration in biocenoses and in food chains is required for evaluation of their accumulation in separate sections of biological chains and for possible consequences of additional irradiation created by them in plant, animal and person. Practical interest are presented radioecological studies that were carried out on these territory, which have allowed to realize regularities of radionuclide accumulation in cultural plant and in animal organism, as 11)……………. and 12)………….. products are sources of radionuclide fluxes in organism of person.

Grammar in Use

PASSIVE VOICE

 

Present

 

 

Past

 

 

Future

Simple

Am (is, are)+ Part

 

Was (were)+ Part

Shall (will) be +

(to be + Part II)

II (ed, V3 )

 

II (ed, V3 )

 

Part II (ed, V3 )

 

________________

 

______________

______________

 

{+} Radioecology is

 

{+}

Radioecology

{+}

Radioecology

 

related

to radiobiol-

 

was related to ra-

will

be related to

 

ogy.

 

 

diobiology

many

radiobiology

next

 

{?} Is

radioecology

 

years ago.

 

century.

 

 

related

to radiobiol-

 

{?}

Was

radio-

{?}

Will

radio-

 

ogy?

 

 

ecology related to

ecology be related

 

{–} Radioecology is

 

radiobiology many

to

radiobiology

 

not related to radio-

 

years ago?

 

next century?

 

biology.

 

 

{–}

Radioecology

{–}

Radioecology

 

 

 

 

was not related to

will not be related

 

 

 

 

radiobiology many

to

radiobiology

 

 

 

 

years ago.

 

next century.

 

Continuous

(Am (is, are) being

 

Was

(were) be-

 

 

 

(to be being +

+ Part II (ed, V3 )

 

ing + Part II (ed,

 

–––––

 

Part II)

________________

 

V3 )

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

______________

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

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