Бабик Т.М. Анатомия внутренних органов
.pdfɌ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɛɢɤ
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ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇɂɏ ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ
2024
ɍȾɄ 611.01 ȻȻɄ 28.706 Ȼ 12
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɍɪɚɥȽɍɎɄ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɷɦɛɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɘɠɧɨ-ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ» Ɇɢɧɡɞɪɚɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɞ.ɦ.ɧ. Ɇ. Ʌ. ɋɢɡɨɧɟɧɤɨ
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ», ɞ.ɛ.ɧ. ə. ȼ. Ʌɚɬɸɲɢɧ
Ȼɚɛɢɤ, Ɍ. Ɇ.
Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɍ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɛɢɤ. – ɑɟɥɹ-
ɛɢɧɫɤ, 2024. – 115 ɫ.
ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (2003 ɝ.) ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦ ɩɨ ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (2009 ɝ.).
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ «Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» ɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɍȾɄ 611.01 ȻȻɄ 28.706
© ɍɪɚɥȽɍɎɄ, 2024 © Ȼɚɛɢɤ Ɍ. Ɇ., 2024
2
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ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ |
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1 ɈȻɓɂȿ ȾȺɇɇɕȿ .................................................................................................. |
5 |
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2 ɉɂɓȿȼȺɊɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ .................................................................... |
7 |
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2.1 |
Ɋɨɬ .......................................................................................................................... |
8 |
2.1.1 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ....................................................................................................... |
8 |
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2.1.1.1 ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ .............................................................................................. |
8 |
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2.1.1.2 Ⱦɟɫɧɚ ............................................................................................................. |
10 |
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2.1.1.3 Ɂɭɛɵ............................................................................................................... |
11 |
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2.1.1.4 ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ …………………………………………………. 21 |
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2.1.1.5 əɡɵɤ .............................................................................................................. |
24 |
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2.1.2 ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɬɚ ...................................................................................................... |
28 |
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2.2 |
Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ................................................................................................................. |
29 |
2.3 |
ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞ ............................................................................................................. |
33 |
2.4 |
ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ .............................................................................................................. |
35 |
2.5 |
Ɍɨɧɤɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ..................................................................................................... |
37 |
2.6 |
Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ .................................................................................................... |
39 |
2.7 |
ɉɟɱɟɧɶ.................................................................................................................. |
42 |
2.8 |
ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ............................................................... |
45 |
2.9 |
ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ..................................................................................... |
46 |
3 ȾɕɏȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ .............................................................................. |
48 |
|
3.1 |
ɇɨɫ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ............................................................................................... |
48 |
3.2 |
Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ................................................................................................................ |
50 |
3.2.1 ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ................................................................................................ |
51 |
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3.2.2 ɋɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ....................................................................................... |
52 |
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3.2.3 Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ .............................................................................................. |
53 |
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3.2.4 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ............................................................................................. |
55 |
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3.3 |
Ɍɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ .................................................................................... |
56 |
3.4 |
Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ .................................................................................................................. |
57 |
3
4 |
ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ȽɊɍȾɂ. ɉɅȿȼɊȺ .............................................................................. |
61 |
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4.1 |
ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ........................................................................................................ |
62 |
|
5 |
ɆɈɑȿȼȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ........................................................................................ |
63 |
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5.1 |
ɉɨɱɤɚ ................................................................................................................... |
63 |
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5.2 |
Ɇɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ ........................................................................................................ |
69 |
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5.3 |
Ɇɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ................................................................................................. |
69 |
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5.4 |
ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ .............................................................. |
71 |
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6 |
ɉɈɅɈȼɕȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ....................................................................................... |
72 |
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6.1 |
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ............................................................ |
72 |
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6.1.1 əɢɱɤɨ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ ................................................................................... |
73 |
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6.1.2 ɋɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤ ................................................ |
76 |
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6.1.3 ɋɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ............................................................................................. |
77 |
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6.1.4 ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ........................................................... |
78 |
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6.2 |
ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ .............................................................. |
80 |
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6.3 |
Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ............................................................. |
83 |
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6.4 |
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ .............................................................. |
85 |
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6.4.1 əɢɱɧɢɤ .............................................................................................................. |
85 |
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6.4.2 Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ................................................................................................ |
90 |
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6.4.3 Ɇɚɬɤɚ ................................................................................................................ |
91 |
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6.4.4 ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ........................................................................................................ |
96 |
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6.5 |
ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ................................................................ |
98 |
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7 |
ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ɀɂȼɈɌȺ ɂ ɌȺɁȺ. ȻɊɘɒɂɇȺ ................................................... |
102 |
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8 |
ɉɊɈɆȿɀɇɈɋɌɖ ................................................................................................ |
112 |
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ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ .................................................................. |
115 |
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4
1 ɈȻɓɂȿ ȾȺɇɇɕȿ
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ, ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ, ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ,
ɝɨɥɨɜɵ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ) ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɩɢɳɟ-
ɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɦɨɱɟɜɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ).
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɨɬ ɢ ɧɨɫ (ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚ-
ɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ (ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɞɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɬɚɡɚ.
ɉɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɵɟ (ɬɪɭɛɱɚ-
ɬɵɟ) ɢ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ
(ɹɡɵɤ), ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɡɭɛɵ), ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ (ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ).
ɉɨɥɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ,
ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɦɚɬɤɚ, ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ.
ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ (ɦɵ-
ɲɟɱɧɨɣ), ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ (ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ) ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɢɡɢ-
ɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ – ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ) ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ (ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ), ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ – ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ.
5
ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ (ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɶɸ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ,
ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɥɨɺɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢ-
ɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ).
ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɭɸ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ, ɫɟɤɪɟ-
ɬɨɪɧɭɸ, ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ-
ɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɵɯɥɭɸ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɫɟɬɹɦɢ ɤɪɨɜɟ-
ɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɚɯ, ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (1-3 ɫɥɨɹ,
ɱɚɳɟ 2), ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɟɺ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ,
ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ȼɥɚ-
ɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ.
Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɡ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱ-
ɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ: ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ) ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ). ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ.
Ⱥɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɧɚɪɭ-
ɠɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ (ɪɵɯɥɚɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ). ɋɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɟɡɨɬɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɧɤɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨ-
6
ɤɨɧ). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ
– ɩɥɟɜɪɨɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ (ɬɪɚɧɫɫɭɞɢ-
ɪɭɸɬ) ɢɥɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ (ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬ) ɫɟɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ.
ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟ-
ɬɨɤ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ), ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ – ɫɬɪɨɦɵ. ɋɬɪɨɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɚ-
ɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ
(ɞɨɥɹ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ, ɞɨɥɶɤɚ). ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ (ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ, ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ) ɢɥɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ. ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ-
ɬɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ (ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɹɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤ) ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ (ɥɺɝɤɢɟ, ɩɨɱɤɚ).
2 ɉɂɓȿȼȺɊɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ
ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ-
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɢɳɢ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɢɳɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚ-
ɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɪɨɬ, ɝɥɨɬɤɭ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ,
ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɠɟ-
ɥɭɞɨɤ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 8-10 ɦ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ).
7
2.1 Ɋɨɬ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ-
ɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ.
2.1.1 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ
ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨ-
ɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ (ɛɟɡ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ). Ʉɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
(ɬɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ) ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɟɬ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ (ɫ ɩɪɢ-
ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɧɢɹ) ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ (ɝɭɛɵ, ɳɺɤɢ, ɦɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ) ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɢ-
ɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ-
ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ. ɀɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɟ
(ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ). ȼɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢ-
ɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ.
ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ) ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ (ɡɚɞɧɟɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ).
2.1.1.1 ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ
ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɳɟɤɚɦɢ, ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ – ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ, ɚ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɬɚ (ɩɪɢ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɡɭɛɚɯ) – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ-
8
ɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɡɭɛɨɜ,
ɩɨɡɚɞɢɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɨ-
ɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɵɥɨɧɢɠ-
ɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ).
Ƚɭɛɵ ɪɬɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɭɛɚ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɨɫɚ,
ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɳɺɤ ɧɨɫɨɝɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɭɛɚ ɨɬɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ. ȼ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɪɬɚ (ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ) ɝɭ-
ɛɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɚɟɤ.
ȼ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɝɭɛ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ 3 ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɤɨɠɧɭɸ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ.
Ʉɨɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɨɠɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ, ɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨ-
ɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɤ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɥɢɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɨɡɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɤɚɣɦɚ ɝɭɛ) ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɢɫ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢ-
ɬɭɸ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ. ȼ ɤɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ) ɝɭɛ ɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ – ɭɡɞɟɱɤɚɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ.
ɓɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ – ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɤɭɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ (ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ), ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ (ɫɡɚɞɢ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɳɟɤɢ
(Ȼɢɲɚ), ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ.
ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɢ-
ɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɏɢɜɢɰɚ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸ-
ɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 1-1,5 ɫɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1-
9
2 ɦɦ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɹɠɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɚɤɫɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ), ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ (ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɫɥɨɹɦɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɳɟɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɡɨɧɵ: ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟ-
ɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ), ɧɢɠɧɸɸ (ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ, ɲɢ-
ɪɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɫɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɳɺɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɡɢ-
ɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɳɟɤɢ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨ-
ɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ.
2.1.1.2 Ⱦɟɫɧɚ
ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟ-
ɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɭɛɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɧɨɣ. ɍ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɭɸ (ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɫɧɚ) ɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ (ɤɪɚɟɜɚɹ ɞɟɫɧɚ), ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɠɟ-
ɥɨɛɨɤ. ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɪɬɚ ɜɨɥɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɥɶɜɟɨ-
ɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ (ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ). ȼ ɦɟ-
ɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɜ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɪɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨ-ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ).
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɫɧɵ (ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 0,8-2,5 ɦɦ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɟɺ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɡɭɛɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɞɟɫɧɟɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɞɧɨ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɤɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɚ-
ɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ
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