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A functional style is a system of interrelated language means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication.

Features of all FS: 1) Specific lexical, grammatical, and phraseological means which are used exclusively for the given style. The choice of these means depends on the aim of communication. 2) The basic language material in all FS is made up of language means common to all of them. Only a smaller part of the FS is made up of specific stylistically colored means. 3) FS are constantly interacting.

2. Functional Styles:

  1. Formal S.

Used in public speech when one addresses many. No feedback, everything must be thought over in advance. Elaborate, exact, rich vocabulary, synonyms and antonyms, special terms. They are: scientific; business/official (commercial, legal, military, diplomatic); publicist (oratory, newspaper, essays); poetic

  • Scientific S.: Very logical, appeals to the mind of the interlocutor. Objective, impersonal.; Terminology; Bookish words; Most of the words are abstract; Scientific phraseology, common to all branches of it (E.g. the field of inquiry); The word building means are borrowed affixes (E.g. logical, correspondence), compound words composed of borrowings; Attributive nouns; The use of connectives – compound conjunctions (E.g. moreover, whereas); Non-finites, passive voice; Special sentence patterns: argumentative, formulative.

Business style.

It shares many features with scientific s. though it is not so elaborate and is governed by traditions. Very long sentences, complicated syntax; Traditional formulas of archaic or foreign origin (E.g. in witness whereof); Abbreviations, figures; Complete enumeration; A very developed paragraphing; No emotionally colored words.

c) Publicist style

Oratory sub-style is probably the most persuasive as it employs the power of human voice and personal appeal. E.g. Political speeches, sermons, orations on solemn public occasions. Essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social or aesthetic subject. Newspaper style includes such varieties as journalistic articles and editorials, news items, reports, advertisements and announcements.

Phonetic features (in oratory)

Standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the subtle shades of meaning, overtones and emotions. Phonetic compression.

Morphological features

1. Frequent use of non-finite verb forms, such as gerund, participle, infinitive.

2. Use of non-perfect verb forms.

3. Omission of articles, link verbs, auxiliaries, pronouns, especially in headlines and news items.

Lexical features

1. Newspaper clichés and set phrases.

2. Terminological variety: scientific, sports, political, technical, etc.

3. Abbreviations and acronyms.

4. Numerous proper names, toponyms, anthroponyms, names of enter­prises, institutions, international words, dates and figures.

5. Abstract notion words, elevated and bookish words.

6. In headlines: frequent use of pun, violated phraseology, vivid stylistic devices.

2) Informal styles

IS are characteristic of personal two-way everyday communication. A dialogue is assisted by the qualities of voice and gestures, The speaker can always see whether he is understood and the listener can always interrupt him. Constant feedback. That’s why linguistic forms are freer; it is rich in emotional words, pronouns and generic terms,

a) literary colloquial

b) familiar colloquial

Lexical peculiarities of informal s:

1. ready-made lexical formulas. The difference between 1 and f col in using them is that fc is more definite, categorical, emotional, while Ic is more reserved and polite.

2. Col st is characterized by a number of intensifiers that is a rather standard set of words which increase expressiveness; terribly sorry,

3. Emotional words are shouldn’t be confused with words naming emotions, though in some context such words can be emotional: I looked a perfect fright yesterday,

4. The presence of empty words, time-fillers, hesitators. They don’t convey any special meaning but are used for the sake of rhythm,

Grammatical peculiarities of IS:

1. The abundance of elliptical, exclamatory, interrogative sentences.

2. Pronouns are more numerous and they can be used a bit differently: Who is there?- it’s me/I/.

a) LC is reserved, polite and spoken by educated people of older generation

  • Abounds in conversational polite formulas

  • Composite verbs are widely used (to put up, to make up etc,)

  • Contracted forms (can’t, won’t)

  • Disjunctive questions

  • Generic terms (get, fix, thing)

  • Asyndetic coordination

  • Elliptical sentences

  • Parenthetic words

b) FC is used among younger generation, only in intimate conversation. It shares many features of literary colloquial, but it has some specific features as well:

  • Vulgar, semi-vulgar words, special slang and dialectisms. E.g. damned, lousy, to be weak in the attic, to go west - die.

  • Colloquial way of calling people.

  • A rich use of interjections fab! - fabulous

  • The use of diminutive suffixes: mummy, daddy

  • Syntactic tautology: You are crazy you are. Sam Brown he is crazy.

  • Double negation

3.

Prof. Galperin differs from many other scholars in his views on functional styles because he includes in his classification only the written variety of the language.

One debatable point in Galperin’s classification is the distinction of the belles-lettres style:

a) poetry; b) emotive prose; c) the language of the drama.

This notion comes under criticism and is not shared by other linguists because it seems rather artificial especially in reference to modern literature. 1) Every writer has his own manner of writing, and there are a lot of trends and genres 2) literature is the model of the world outside us, it reflects our life thus it reflects all f. StylesThe dialogues are very often examples of informal styles.

Some linguists solve the problem of belle-lettres style by opposing the language of literature and non-literature – all uses of the language - oral and written - other than literature.