- •Oxford Practice Grammar
- •1 What kind of word? (b)
- •2 What kind of word? (b)
- •3 Words in sentences (c)
- •1 Subject Verb
- •1 Parts of the sentence (a)
- •2 Sentence structure (a)
- •3 Word order (a)
- •4 Adverbials (b)
- •Indirect object or to? (a)
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Form (b)
- •2 Forms (b-c)
- •3 Forms (b-c)
- •1 Present continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •2 Present continuous or simple? (a-c)
- •3 Always (d)
- •I like/I'm liking etc
- •1 States and actions (a)
- •3 The verb be (b)
- •1 Positive forms (b)
- •2 Positive forms (b)
- •3 Negatives and questions (c)
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Form (b)
- •1 Past continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •2 Past continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •3 Past continuous or simple? (a-c)
- •B Form
- •C Irregular forms
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Irregular forms (c)
- •3 Review (a-d)
- •1 Just (a)
- •2 Just, already and yet (a)
- •3 For and since (b)
- •4 For and since (b)
- •B Ever and never
- •C First time, second time, etc
- •1 Gone to or been to? (a)
- •6 I've done it. I did it yesterday.
- •2 I've done it. I did it yesterday. (b)
- •3 Structures with for, since and last (c)
- •It hasn't rained today.
- •1 I've been or I was? (a)
- •4 Present perfect or past simple? (Units 14 and 15)
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •1 Will have done (a)
- •2 Will have done (a)
- •3 Was going to (b)
- •4 Was going to (b)
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •1 What or which? (a)
- •2 What or which? (a)
- •3 Who, what or which? (b)
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •3 I think so, etc (b)
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •1 I was given ... (a)
- •2 It is said that... (b)
- •3 He is said to... (c)
- •58 Have something done
- •1 Have something done (a-b)
- •2 Have something done (a-b)
- •3 Get something done (c)
- •59 To be done and being done
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •1 It is easy to drive the car (b)
- •2 The car is easy to drive (c)
- •3 Certain, sure and likely (d)
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •1 Afraid (a)
- •2 Afraid (a)
- •3 Afraid, anxious, ashamed and interested (a-b)
- •4 Sorry (c)
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •1 See it happen (b)
- •2 See it happening (c)
- •3 See it happen or see it happening? (d)
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •1 A carton of milk (a)
- •2 A man/he and the man/someone (c)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •4 Some (d)
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •1 Prison or the prison? (a)
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •2 So and such (c)
- •4 What (d)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •3 Each other (b)
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •Interesting.
- •1 Less (a)
- •2 Much faster (b)
- •3 Faster and faster (c)
- •4 The faster, the better (d)
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •3 Very cold, really hurting, etc (b-d)
- •116 Quite and rather
- •3 Quite or rather? (c)
- •117 Too and enough
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •122 During or while? By or until? As or like?
- •1 During or while? (a)
- •2 By or until? (b)
- •3 As or like? (c)
- •71 Afraid, anxious, ashamed, interested, sorry 72 Used to
- •2 Good, bad, etc (c)
- •1 Tell/ask someone to do something (a)
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •1 If or when? (b)
- •2 If and unless (c)
- •3 If and unless (c)
- •4 In case (d)
- •5 If, when, unless and in case (b-d)
- •149 Wish and if only
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •2 Although (b)
- •3 In spite of and although (e)
- •4 But, although, even though, in spite of and despite (a-e)
- •5 Although, even though, in spite of and despite (a-e)
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •Verbs with prepositions and adverbs
121 For, since, ago and before
FOR SINCE AGO
Mark has spent three hours It was two o'clock when Mark Three hours have passed since
playing a computer game. started the game. He's been Mark and Sarah got up from
He's been sitting there for playing since two o'clock. the lunch table. They finished
three hours. their lunch three hours ago.
B For and since with the present perfect
We often use for and since with the present perfect to talk about something continuing up to the present.
FOR SINCE
We use for to say how long something has We use since to say when something began, continued.
I've been waiting for forty minutes. I've been waiting since ten past six.
We've known about it for two days. We've known about it since Monday.
Melanie has been living here for a year now. Melanie has been living here since last year.
We can also use for with other tenses.
I'm staying in England for a year. We swam for quite a long time. We can often leave out for (but not from some negative sentences).
We've had this car (for) six months. I haven't seen Vicky for a day or two.
C Ago with the past
We can use the adverb ago to talk about a past time measured from the present.
Six months ago means six months before now.
I
passed my driving test six
months ago. NOT
since
six
months
Vicky wrote to the company weeks ago. David first met Melanie a long time ago.
Have you seen Emma? ~ Yes, just a few minutes ago.
We
put ago
after
the phrase of time, not
ago-six
months
D Before with the past perfect
We use before (not ago) with the past perfect, e.g. had done.
I bought a car in August. I'd passed my driving test three months before.
(= in May, three months before August)
Vicky finally received a reply to the letter she had written weeks before.
121 Exercises
1 For and since (A-B)
Put in for or since.
Daniel: How long have you been learning English?
Ilona: Well, I studied it ->for five years at school, and I've been having evening
classes (1) ………………last summer. That's when I left school.
Daniel: And you're staying here (2) three months?
Ilona: That's right. I've been here (3)…………… the end of April. I'm going to
London (4) a week before I go home.
2 For and since (A-B)
Look at the pictures and say how long people have been there.
Use these phrases: at his desk, in bed, in the garden, in the shop, on the road
► She's been in the shop for half an hour.
1 …
2 …………………………………………………………………………………..
3 For, since or ago? (A-C)
Put in a phrase with for, since or ago.
► I got here an hour ago. ~ What! You mean you've been waiting for an hour ?
The phone last rang at four o'clock. ~ So you've had no calls ………………... ..?
I haven't been to the dentist for ten years. ~ You last went to the dentist…………………......?
I last saw Rachel on Monday. ~ Haven't you seen her ……………. ...?
We've had six weeks without rain. ~ Yes, it hasn't rained ……………….
It's three years since Laura got married. ~ Really? Has she been married…………………………?
It's eight months since my brother had any work. ~ He lost his job …………………...?
Mrs Miles was taken ill three weeks ago. ~ You mean she's been ill……………………………, and nobody's told me!
4 Ago or before? (C-D)
Put in ago or before.
► This film looks familiar. Didn't we see it at the cinema about two years ago ?
The road was wet when the accident happened. It had stopped raining only half an hour………….
My telephone is working now. They repaired it a week .…………………..
A young man threw himself off this bridge last year. His girlfriend had left him two days .………….