Shevtsova_second_year

"That you're no longer a member ... this union. Now I can say nothing ...

your defence or ... your favour, either." "What are the charges they made ... me?" "Belonging ... the Communist Party."

"Why didn't you tell me sooner? You've let me ... . And I've put all my trust

... you. I might have had a chance to defend myself." Dave's voice betrayed his excitement.

"They wouldn't have given you the chance, boy."

(after "The Great Midland" by A. Saxton)

Ex. 8. Give the English for the following phrases, using the preposition "under" in its different meanings. Use the phrases in sentences of your own.

I. а) под домом, под полом, под крышей, под мостом, под деревом, под зонтом; уволить

б) под водой, под землей; в) книга подмышкой, песок под ногами.

II. под командой, под руководством, под управлением.

III. при (данных, таких) обстоятельствах, при обстановке (условиях). IV. согласно договоренности, по условиям договора, по соглашению,

согласно закону.

V. на рассмотрении, на обсуждении, на ремонте.

VI. под впечатлением, под подозрением, под наблюдением.

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES

статья под заголовком; писать под псевдонимом; жить под чужим именем; родиться под счастливой звездой; несовершеннолетний; дети, моложе 16 лет; находиться под чьим-л влиянием; под покровом ночи.

EXERCISES IN LEXICOLOGY

Ex. 9. Read and translate the following. Give the meaning of the prefix "pre".

1. In the course of the pre-war five-year plans, as a result of socialist industrialization, Moscow was transformed into a great industrial centre. 2. The local museum is reported to have received an impressive collection of exhibits belonging to pre-historic times. 3. The pre-view of a film is always a very important event. 4. Their course of action seemed to be predetermined. 5. He suspected that there was a prearranged plot on hand. 6. It looks as if you had a prejudged opinion of the man.

Ex. 10. Recast the following using verbs with the suffix "-ize(ise)" instead of the words in bold type. Make other necessary changes.

1. Following the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution industrialization of the country's economy became one of the most important tasks of the Soviet people. 2. Productivity of labour largely depends on mechanization and automation. 3. Computers seem to have made a revolution in technology. 4. What are the characteristic features of the economy of developing countries? 5. In order to sell their goods sellers will place advertisements in newspapers and magazines. 6. Realization of their plan turned out to be no easy thing under the circumstances. 7. Recognition came late in his literary career. 8. He didn't object to criticism provided it was fair.

Ex. 11. Recast the following using adjectives with the suffix "-ous" instead of the words in bold type. Make other necessary changes:

1. The seriousness of the situation couldn't be denied. 2. The tourists were aware that the mountain climb was full of danger. 3. Her trembling hands betrayed her anxiety. 4. A person who is filled with ambition always works hard. 5. His sudden disappearance from town was a mystery. 6. The rain which continued for days on end delayed the construction of the bridge. 7. The book "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812) brought Byron immediate fame.

Ex. 12. Paraphrase the following using verbs instead of the nouns in bold type.

1. You may put your trust in the man, he won't let you down. 2. He thought he'd better make a move for the door before the bus stopped. 3. Two counts were necessary before he was certain of the figures. 4. What are the charges against the man? 5. In his efforts to win he depended on his friends' support and help. 6. Don't waste time. You'd better make a start. 7. It was a remarkable jump. The sportsman set a new record. 8. The man had a keen sense of danger. 9. She greeted me with a cheerful smile.

Ex. 13. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Make sentences with the phrases in bold type.

1.Mechanization in agriculture went hand in hand with its modernization.

2.It was a step by step progress towards the aim he had set himself. 3. They reminded him about his promise time after time but he always had an excuse.

4.They were seen to walk along the street arm in arm. 5. The items on the agenda were taken up one by one. 6. Once she started on her favourite subject there was no stopping her. She would talk on and on. 7. Little by little he was coming to realize the importance of his professor's words.

Ex. 14. Give words of the same root in Russian. Compare the meaning.

pension, individual, emphatic, serious, atmosphere, crisis, lactic, nervous, start, programme, repression, imperialist, adventure, democracy, democratical,

assembly, public, figure, basis, attack, ignore, contribution, position, compromise, concentrate, initiative, ambition.

Ex. 15. Replace the words in bold type by a suitable phrasal verb from the list.

look smb up, let smb down, get on with smth, give smb away, get through with smth, stand up for smth, put off.

1. He is a good fighter the kind of man who will defend his principles to the last. 2. Her disappointment was obvious; it was her trembling lips that betrayed her. 3. Though the task was far from pleasant, there was no other way but to start with it. In fact, the sooner he finished it, the better. 4. That he should have failed a friend was unthinkable. 5. We hoped that our friend would visit us some time later in the evening. 6. The matter was all-important and could not be postponed.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Ex 16. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word in the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian:

to avoid, aware, to betray, confidence, confident, defeat, to elect, to escape, favour, to influence, keen, to owe, selfish, sincere, sincerity, to struggle, to support, support, to trust, trust, to vote.

1. All the committee members ... in favour of the proposal. 2. There was no reason to doubt the girl's ... in wishing to help. 3. The words were out before he could check them. Now there was no way of ... embarrassment. 4. His ... at the championship was something he still had to get over. He remembered his trainer saying that it would never do to be too ... of one's success. 5. As it was, the man could produce no evidence in ... of his accusation and agreed to withdraw it. 6. If you wish for my true opinion, I'm not very ... on detective stories, they never seem to amount to much. 7. From long years of experience he had learned to ...

nobody's judgement in such matters but his own. 8. The young scientist ... much of his success to the professor who had always ... him whole-heartedly in whatever he did. 9. He had certainly been most ... in his intentions, but what actually came of his efforts is quite a different matter. 10. The students had met to ... someone as their representative on the committee. 11.1 made another effort but it was hopeless. It looked as if the name had ... my memory completely. 12. The doctor walked on, lost in thought, and it was several minutes before he became ... of what was happening around. 13. My friend explained that the information had been given him in ... and he just couldn't see himself betraying the ... put in him. 14. The young man's manner clearly ... his emotion. He was asking no ..., he said, he was demanding his rights. 15. ... people seldom have friends. 16. The boat was ... against a heavy wind. 17. It was useless trying to ...

the girl. Her mind was made up.

Ex. 17. Paraphrase the following, using words and word combinations from the text. Make all other necessary changes.

to escape smb's notice, a narrow escape, to be keen on smth (2), to defeat, to influence, to play for smth, to give way to, to avoid.

1. First she laughed and then she cried, as it often happens with people who are overexcited. 2. He was all but killed in the accident. 3. Her words had no effect on me, as I had made my choice and would stick to it whatever happened. 4. It seemed funny that in all my walks about the city I had never noticed the house before. 5. There was no getting away from the truth; it was staring him in the face. 6. The speaker was obviously trying to win the support of the audience. 7. The man had always been ambitious for success. 8. He had lost the game, but he was not beaten yet. There was still plenty of fight in him. 9. He was a man of broad interests, fond of many things and especially music.

Ex. 18. Speak on the following topics. Use the words and phrases given below.

1. John Byrne, Labour MP, Arrives In Marshfield

to get a message; to request smb's presence; to hurry down; to let oneself in; to take a look around; an election poster; to advertise smb; to intend to do smth; to interview constituents; housing problems; individual problems; to come to the conclusion that; to deal with smth by letter; no point in doing smth; to make excuses; to ignore one's duties; to wonder about the message; to make a guess; to win back one's constituents; not to afford to lose one's seat in Parliament;

2. The Committee Members Show Their Attitude

Jimmy March: the Party Secretary; to carry a pile of agendas; avoid smb obviously; to be hostile in one's attitude to smb; to show one's hostility; to make sarcastic remarks;

Charlie Drake: the chairman; anxious; nervous; to be faced with an unpleasant task; to have no reassurance to offer smb; to express the general attitude; to go with the will of the meeting; not to promise support; to wonder about the best way to handle the matter; not to be keen on smth; to find smth embarrassing;

Committee members: to smile and to nod to smb; to avoid smb intentionally; to avoid catching smb's eye; the younger members; to be behind the plot; the older members; to sense the atmosphere; to be unaware of the details;

3. Byrne Senses Danger

an experienced politician; to take in the situation at a glance; to realise smth; a prearranged plot on hand; to give way to; to fight down panic; to play for smb's support; to play the game carefully; to watch one's step; to deny everything;

4. The Heart of the Matter

Ted Collins: to take the floor; to express the general opinion of the meeting; to make a statement concerning a vital matter; to be eager to get on with smth; to be supported by the meeting; to make an accusation; to ask smb to account for' his line of action; to be involved in a series of incidents; to amount to direct betrayal of the cause; to support a program of repressions; a wicked imperialist adventure; to support a reactionary regime in suppressing a democratically elected assembly; to be expected to safeguard democracy; to betray smb; to have no confidence in smb; not to stand up for one's principles; to call smb a turncoat; to refuse to put one's trust in smb; to let smb down; to expose smb fully; to move a proposal;

Sarah Robson: to support the charges; to have more proofs; to wish to clear up the matter with smb; to ignore the needs of the constituents; serious complaints; to second the motion;

Alderman Raymond Glen: blunt speaking; to be one's motto; to say smth to a man's face; to get too big for one's boots; to owe smth to smb; to remind smb of his duties;

5. Byrne Decides It is Time to Act

to rise firmly; not to dare allow another speech against himself; to think feverishly; to look for a reasonable explanation; to talk smoothly; to account for the incident; an imaginary meeting with the Prime Minister; to invent smth on the spot; to take smb into one's confidence; to give firm promises; to realise that one is sticking his neck out too far; to think of all the possibilities; to make smb responsible for smth; to accuse smb of smth; to deceive smb; to go back on one's word; to invent further explanations; to answer the charge about ignoring the constituency; to make one's words sound emphatic, almost sincere; to address public meetings; to make one's contribution to the defeat of the Tories; to invent the figures; to learn from experience; to be effective; to be in no position to check the figures; not to sound convincing; to have a sense of defeat; to deceive no one;

6. The Matter is Put to the Vote

to be on the agenda; to move a proposal; to second the motion; to refuse to withdraw one's motion; a vote of no confidence; to vote by a show of hands; to count the votes; to vote in favour of (against); an abstention; the chairman; to

sum up the general opinion; to put smb on trial;

7. Byrne Draws His Own Conclusions

a narrow escape; to suffer shock, to be overconfident, selfish, ambi tious; to have no principles; to aim at a successful political career; to be prepared to pay any price; to betray the interests of the constituents; to ignore the needs of the constituency; to promote one's selfish aim; one's true ambition; one's step-by- step progress in Parliament; not to change; not to be influenced by smth; to take the warning; to be more careful in the future.

SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES

Ex. 19. Fill in the blanks with "avoid" or "escape" according to tin sense. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The best way to ... influenza during a flu epidemic is to ... crowd* 2. He wondered how that particular detail could have ... his attention.

1.

3. She usually walked home from the office to ... the rush hour crowds in the underground. 4. She's a very observant person, nothing ever seems to ... her notice. 5. As usual the boy had got away with his tricks and ... punishment. 6. The title of the book ... my memory. 7. Only when the car had passed did he realise how close he had been to danger and how lucky he was in ... it. 8. Several times the Gadfly had narrowly ... being caught by the police. 9. He didn't ask any personal questions ... embarrassing his visitor. 10. For some time now he had been ... our company. 11. There could be no mistake about the hissing sound, it was gas ... from the container. 12. They say that the only way to get the best of an argument is to ... it.

Ex. 20. Translate the following sentences using the verbs "to choose" or "to elect" according to the sense.

1. Собрание единодушно выбрало тов. Иванова председателем студенческого научного общества. 2. Из всех предложенных тем он выбрал именно эту, т. к. проблема развития жизни на земле его всегда очень интересовала. 3. Не так-то легко выбрать в подарок подходящую книгу. Здесь надо учесть и вкус, и интерес, и, даже, возраст. 4. Кого выбрали делегатом на профсоюзную конференцию от вашей группы? 5. Если бы ей предложили начать сначала, она бы выбрала ту же самую профессию — профессию учителя. 6. Нашего профессора выбрали депутатом в местный совет.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Verbals (Revision)

Ex. 21. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of a verbal (gerund, participle or infinitive).

A. 1. (a) I heard the door behind me ... (b) The gates were ... only twice a day. (c) I waited for the door ... (to open). 2. (a) She didn't answer him, suddenly

...of her brother's warnings, (b) I don't like ... him of his duties, (to remind) 3. (a) The town has changed to a ... degree. (b) The first moment he was so much ...

that he couldn't speak, (to surprise). 4. (a) Nobody noticed the ... look on her face. (b) I don't want you ... her by any word or action, (c) Her ... remarks were not left unnoticed. (to hurt). 5. (a) Nobody would listen to the stories ... by him so many times, (b) Michael was amusing Kate by ... her little stories about some of the guests, (to tell). 6. (a) I don't mind ... I am hungry. (b) All the students ...

to the sports society were expected to take part in the competition, (c) ... his mistake he felt much easier, (to admit). 7. (a) She spoke in an ... voice, (b) She definitely looked ... (to annoy).

B. 1. I felt the weight ... from my shoulders, (to lift). 2. It was not the sort of thing ... over the telephone, (to say). 3. He watched passengers ... and ... the train, (to enter, to leave). 4. They watched the ship ... (to load). 5. He didn't give her time to answer questions ... to her. (to put). 6. I won't waste time in ... to the point, (to come). 7. He looked around the room with a ... eye. (to practise). 8. After ... a few words with the stranger she understood that he was a foreigner, (to exchange). 9. He heard the sound of the dinner table ... (to set). 10. I was not sorry ... the interview with the visitor, (to spare). 11. She didn't like ... direct questions and on such occasions she usually lied. (to ask). 12. He moved steadily ... neither left nor night, (to look). 13. His arms were beginning to feel the strain of ... two heavy bags. (to carry). 14. He took the decision without ,.. me. (to consult). 15. He showed no surprise as though he were used to ... like that. (to treat). 16. "Can you remember ... terribly happy?" (to be). 17. You have been really kind. It makes me ... ashamed for what I said to you earlier this evening, (to feel). 18. He denied ... in the matter, (to concern). 19. They were very angry at ... to leave. (to tell). 20. He was keen on ... the prize, (to win). 21. He is coming. There is no ... trouble, (to avoid). 22. He avoids ... money, (to borrow). 23. Would you mind ... me a favour? (to do).

Ex. 22. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to make them simple.

1. I suggest that we should exchange opinions on the matter. 2. Everybody expected that the meeting would be cancelled on account of the chairman's illness. 3. He looked at her for some minutes and didn't speak. 4. If we put our heads together, we might solve the problem. 5. I wouldn't say such a thing if I weren't sure. 6. He looked as if he were a professor. 7. I remember that he confirmed the arrangement. 8. Before she said anything she hesitated for just a minute as though she were choosing her words. 9. She took his arm and insisted that he should dance with her. 10. She could feel

how her heart was beating fast. 11. There was a period of silence which was broken only by coughs.

Ex. 23. Complete the following.

1. Closing his eyes, he ... 2. While listening to the report, the people in the hall ... 3. Having walked about two hours we ... 4. When asked, the boy ... 5. Having been in the country for only a course of weeks, we ... 6. If properly used, the machine ... 7. Taking the floor, the chairman...

Ex. 24. Translate the following sentences into English. Make use of the suggestions in brackets.

1. Он изложил свою точку зрения настолько ясно и логично, что мы не могли не поддержать его (couldn't help). 2. Нам очень хотелось бы встретиться с этим художником (to be keen on). 3. Его сильная рука схватила меня и не дала мне упасть (to save from). 4. Избегая встречи со мной, он тем самым показал, что чувствует себя виноватым (to avoid). 5. Мы с нетерпением ждали встречи с этим замечательные ученым (to look forward to). 6. Он очень хорошо улаживает такие дела (to be good at). 7. Никто не возражал против включения этого вопроса в повестку дня (to be against). 8. Собрание не могло обвинить председателя в том, что он нарушил процедуру голосования (to accuse of). 9. Они уговорили его дать два концерта в нашем городе (to talk into). 10. Его можно простить за то, что он не узнал вас (to excuse for). 11. Он не сознавал, что был болен (to be unaware).

Ex. 25. Test translation.

1. Школьный выпускной бал всегда является торжественным событием. 2. На собрании нам предстояло выбрать новый состав комитета. Никаких возражений не было, и все проголосовали за это предложение. 3. На все вопросы докладчик отвечал очень уверенно. Было очевидно, что он хорошо осведомлен по данному предмету. 4. Она сознавала всю серьезность создавшегося положения. Надо было принимать срочные меры. 5. Если бы не поддержка товарищей, ему бы не добиться таких хороших результатов. Своим успехом он во многом обязан им. 6. Она хорошо знала, что в трудную минуту всегда может рассчитывать на поддержку друзей. 7. Мне кажется, что нельзя полностью доверяться человеку, который избегает трудностей и боится ответственности. 8. Напрасно вы сомневаетесь в ее искренности. Она всегда говорит то, что думает. 9. С ним можно быть вполне откровенным. Он уже не раз доказал, что ему можно доверять. 10. Ей доверили очень ответственное задание, и можно быть уверенным, что сна с честью с ним справится. 11. Очень жаль, что такая важная деталь ускользнула от вашего внимания. 12. Как

случилось, что команда, за которую вы болеете (которую вы поддерживаете), потерпела поражение? Может быть, члены команды были слишком уверены в успехе? 13. Выступления товарищей были явно не в его пользу. Они подвергли его поведение резкой критике. 14. Она старалась говорить спокойно, чтобы ке выдавать своего волнения. 15. Он не раз подводил нас своими пустыми обещаниями. Теперь его слова уже никого не могли ввести в заблуждение. 16. Ей было обидно, что она ошиблась в своих надеждах.

PRECIS WRITING

Ex. 26. a) Read the passage, b) write 3-5 questions covering the basic points of the passage, c) give a title to the passage and write a precis.

The British State is a capitalist state. Not only is economic power firmly in the hands of the capitalist trusts, the entire constitutional and state apparatus remains firmly in their hands no matter which government rules. The British constituticnal system is one which has developed over the years as an expression of the rule of capitalism and for the protection of the capitalist social order.

Traditionally the Tory Party is the business men's party. In fact, however, the Labour Government also administered the country in the interest of big business. It functioned as the second party of capitalism in the so-called traditional British two-party system.

Despite the democratic rights won by the struggles of the people the real power in Britain is concentrated in the hands of the great trusts and banks and the tiny section of rich property owners. They control the land, industry, finance and trade. The State is their state, the judges, the higher civil servants, the diplomats, the generals and the police chiefs are drawn from their social circles. They own the newspapers, dominate the broadcasting system. Democracy under present conditions is restricted for the majority of the people by the power and the privilege of the wealthy few.

The trusts and the state apparatus become one at all imporlant and commanding points. The directors of the trusts, landowners and bankers, staff the Cabinet, Parliament* and Lords,** and sit in the key positions of the State. Men of their social class staff the state apparatus, the armed forces, the police and the judiciary. And when the top-ranking men in these positions reach retiring age they formally join the trusts as directors of highly-paid servants. Their political instrument for controlling the state is the Tory Party.

(after "The British Political System" by J. Gollan)

*Parliament (here) the House of Commons

**Lords = the House of Lords

SPEECH EXERCISES

Ex. 27. Answer the following questions using the active vocabulary. Sum up your answers.

1.A Meeting

1.How often are meetings held in your group? What does it depend on? 2. What kind of arrangements are made? 3. How do you let people know of the day and time of the meeting? What is done in case a meeting is postponed or

cancelled? 4. What can the reason for a postponement be? 5. What are the duties of a chairman? 6. Who usually takes the minutes* at your meetings? Why is it necessary that minutes should be taken? 7. How many points (items) are there on the agenda as a rule? 8. What do you do if you want to take the floor? 9. How long are you allowed to speak in debate? 10. In what case is a vote taken? 11. What happens if there is an equal number of votes for and against a motion?

2.The General Election

1. What is the voting age set by the Constitution? 2. What are the purposes of the election campaign? 3. How often are elections to the Supreme Soviet held in our country? 4. What is a constituency? 5. How are candidates chosen to the local Soviet (the Supreme Soviet)?

3.The Day of the Election (Polling Day)

1.Why is it necessary that voters should be registered before Polling Day?

2.How long are Polling stations open on Polling Day? 3. What does the inside of a Polling station look like? 4. How does a Polling Clerk check the names of the voters? 5. What does he hand to the voters? 6. What is a ballot box for?

Ex. 28. Read the article from the "Morning Star", answer the questions, using the vocabulary of the lesson, and discuss it.

I'VE JOINED THE PARTY WTOCH FIGHTS FOR SOCIALISM

by Norman Munnery

The struggle of the miners and the Upper Clyde workers has shown that by determination and working-class solidarity, the actions of those whose only concern is personal greed**, can be effectively checked.

During the past 11 years of Labour Party membership, I have seen the disappointment of the few true Socialists who struggle to change its bourgeois ideology to one of Marxism Leninism. Their efforts, I am sure, could be better spent organising within the Communist Party.

*протокол

**личное обогащение