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GRAMMA

ГЛАГОЛА

Л

UNIT

75

ГЕРУНДИЙ (1)

Формы герундия

Герундий является неличной формой глагола, которая обладает свойствами существительного и глагола.

Active

writing

having written

 

 

 

Passive

being done

having been done

 

 

 

 

Выражает действие,

Выражает действие, которое

 

происходящее одновременно с

произошло раньше действия

 

действием глагола-сказуемого

глагола-сказуемого

 

She likes interviewing people.

Не regretted having told them

 

She likes being interviewed.

the truth.

 

 

He regretted having been told

 

 

the truth.

 

 

 

Функции герундия в предложении

Подлежащее Reading is useful. Дополнение

I like singing.

Обстоятельство

On arriving in London he went to the hotel.

Определение

I had the pleasure of reading the book by this author.

Часть сказуемого

His hobby is reading adventure books.

Чтение полезно. Читать полезно.

Я люблю пение. Я люблю петь.

Приехав в Лондон, он отправилсяв гостиницу. (Когда он приехал в Лондон, он отправился в гостиницу.)

Я с удовольствием прочел книгу этого автора.

Его хобби - чтение приключенческих романов.

После глаголов forget, remember, deny, excuse, thank, regret для выражения прошлого часто употребляется Indefinite Gerund:

They regret going to the party.

После глаголов need, want, require, deserve и прилагательного worth употребляется Active Gerund, хотя значение пассивное:

My shoes need repairing. This film is worth seeing.

Употребление притяжательных местоимений с формами герундия для указа-

ния на субъект действия

 

I don't mind opening the window.

Яне возражаю против того, чтобы от-

 

крытьокно.

I don't mind his (him) opening the

Я не возражаю против того, чтобы он

window.

открыл окно.

Why do you insist on leaving?

Почему вы настаиваете на отъезде?

Why do you insist on her leaving?

Почему вы настаиваете на ее отъезде?

200

 

 

 

UNIT

 

Exercises

 

 

 

 

 

75

 

 

 

 

 

 

Употребите герундий в функции подлежащего.

75.1

 

+ It's very convenient to go there by car => Going there by car is very convenient.

 

 

 

1.It'ssouncomfortabletosleeponthefloor

2.It's great to meet old friends

3.It's impolite to speak in a loud voice

4.It's always useful to think

5.It'sboringtocleantheflat

6.It's interesting to teach

7.It's exciting to travel to other countries

8.It's simple to give advice

9.It's not always clever to take other people's advice 10. It's inconvenient to have much luggage

11. It wasn't easy to follow the man

12. It made him nervous to speak before a large audience

Употребите герундий в форме страдательного залога.

75.2

4- I like visiting other people. => I like being visited by otherpeople.

 

1. He always prefers telling the truth

2.I don't mind sending him there

3. I avoid visiting strangers

4.I remember asking him for help

5. I'm tired of asking questions '.

6. I'm looking forward to showing them the place

7.I object to doing this work now

8.They insist on letting him in

9.I avoid asking for help

10.Do you mind telling us how to do it?

11.Why are you afraid of asking him questions?

12.Why do you object to showing them the letter?

13.I don't mind leaving him alone

14.I object to forcing me to do it

Постройте предложения по образцу, употребляя герундий.

I canphonehim.Idon'tmindit.>=>Idon'tmindphoninghim.

+You can phone him. I don't mind. <=>Idon'tmindyourphoninghim.

1.She can come later. We don't mind

2.I will help him . I don't mind

3.They can visit me. I don't mind

4.You can turn on the volume. I don't mind

5.Can I turn on the TV set? Do you mind?

6.Can you switch off the light? Do you mind?

7.Can she talk to him? Do you mind?

8.Can I tell them about the plan? Do you mind?

9.She can take the papers. I don't mind

10.They can play together. I don't mind.

201

ГЕРУНДИЙ (2)

Герундийупотребляетсяпослеследующихглаголовивыражений.

to mind doing

Do you mind opening the door?

 

 

to keep doing

She kept laughing.

 

 

to avoid doing

Avoid walking alone in the dark

 

 

to deny doing

He denies robbing the bank.

 

 

to imagine doing

Just imagine spending a holiday there.

 

 

need doing

The floor needs washing.

 

 

can't help doing

I couldn't help laughing.

 

 

to be worth doing

The exhibition is worth visiting.

 

 

to feel / not to feel like doing

I don't feel like talking.

 

 

It's no use doing

It was no use speaking with him.

 

 

what's the use of?

What's the use of arguing?

 

 

to be used to doing

He is used to getting up late.

 

 

to be fond of

I'm fond of swimming.

 

 

 

to be tired of

 

 

 

 

 

I'm tired of waiting.

 

to be (in)capable of

He is capable of doing the work.

 

 

 

to be interested in

He is interested in talking to you.

 

 

 

there are a lot of ways of doing

There are a lot of ways of doing it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

his manner (way, habit) of doing

I hate his manner of speaking.

 

 

 

 

Герундийупотребляетсяпослеследующихпредлогов.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

before

Please phone me before coming.

 

 

 

 

 

after

After talking to him let me know.

 

on

On arriving in the city he went to the hotel.

 

without

He sat down without saying anything.

 

Герундийупотребляется послеследующихглаголов с предлогами.

to go on

He went on speaking

to dream of

I'm dreaming of spending a week at the sea.

to look forward to

I'm looking forward to seeing them.

to give up

She gave up smoking

 

to object to

I object to your coming late.

 

to insist on

He insists on leaving.

 

202

 

 

Exercises

 

UNIT

 

 

 

 

76

 

 

 

 

 

 

Перефразируйте предложения, используя данные глаголы и выражения

 

 

 

76.1

 

Don't drive in rainy weather. =>Avoid driving in rainy

 

to avoid

 

 

 

weather.

 

 

 

 

 

1.I think it's great to swim in cold water

 

to be fond of

 

 

 

2. It's useless to speak to him

 

it's no use

 

 

 

3. He always interrupts people

 

to have a habit

 

 

 

4. He says he didn't see Jack on Friday

I

to deny

 

 

 

5. I can't live without music

 

to imagine

 

 

 

6. He is still talking

 

to keep

 

 

 

1. Just suppose that you live in a big house

 

to imagine

 

 

 

8. The man says he didn't steal anything

 

to deny

 

 

 

9. She repeats the same thing all the time

 

to keep

 

 

 

10. It's useless to phone him

 

it's no use

 

 

 

11. I always play tennis on Sunday with pleasure

 

to enjoy

 

 

 

12. I try not to meet him

 

to avoid

 

 

 

13. You can learn a foreign language in different ways

 

there are many ways

 

 

 

14. He always listens to loud music

1

to have a habit

 

 

 

Переделайте предложения, употребляя герундий с предлогом.

 

 

76.2

 

4.Не read the letter and hid it. => On reading the letter he hid it.

\

on

 

 

 

1. She said it and turned red

 

on

 

 

 

2. First read the instruction and then open the box

 

before

 

 

 

3. When I came to London I decided to call on my friend at once.

 

on

 

 

 

4. He took a decision and felt better

 

after

 

 

 

5. He entered the room and greeted everybody

 

on

 

 

 

6. First read the book then see the film

 

before

 

 

 

1. He left the house and took a taxi

I

on

 

 

 

8. He did his morning exercises and then took a shower.

 

after

 

 

 

9. He arrived at the airport and registered

 

on

 

 

 

10. He took a ticket and got on the train

 

on

 

 

 

Постройте предложения при помощи can't help doing.

 

 

76.3

 

+The story was sad. He (to laugh). =>He couldn't help laughing.

1.She was so irritated that she (to shout)

2.Jack's behaviour was so awful that I (to be angry)

3.He is my friend so I (to tell him the truth)

4.The man was so pleasant that she (to smile )

5.The letter was so nasty that she (tear it)

6.The dress was so nice that the girl (to put it on at once )

7.The bag is so cheap that I (to buy it)

Постройте предложения, употребляя need doing.

76.4

The dishes are dirty, (to wash) => They need washing.

 

1. The car has broken down, (to repair)

 

2. The question is difficult, (to discuss)

 

3. The suit is dirty, (to dry-clean)

 

4.

The clothes are wet. (to dry)

 

5.

The work is urgent, (to do)

 

6. The story has no end. (to finish)

UNIT

76 Exercises

76.5Постройте предложения, употребляя worth doing.

theexhibition/tovisit=>Theexhibitionisworthvisiting.

1.the book / to read

2.the film / to see

3.the question / to discuss

4.the subject / to study

5.the country / to visit

76.6Постройте предложения, употребляя without doing.

You can't do this work and not get your clothes dirty. => You can't do this work without getting your clothes dirty.

1.He didn't say anything when he was leaving

2.She didn't greet anybody when she entered

3.He didn't ask permission but just sat down

4.When she was speaking she didn't even turn her head

5.He listened carefully and didn't interrupt me

6.The man sat down and didn't take off his hat

7.It's difficult to sit for a long time if you can't move

8.The child was playing with his toys and didn't pay attention

to what was going on

76.7

Соедините предложения, употребляя герундий.

I want to get this information. I'm interested in it. =>I'm interested in getting this information.

1.Steve has a dream. He wants to have a house in the country

2.Let's phone him at once. I insist on it

3.Why must we go there? What's the use of it?

4.I often eat at restaurants. I'm fond of it

5.We'll meet him soon and we are looking forward to it

6.Mark couldn't hurt the child. He is incapable of it

7.I don't ride my bike in the park any more. I've given it up

8.Let's go by plane. I don't object

9.Susan can't stay here any more. She is tired

76.810. Barbara likes to play tennis. She is fond of it

Переделайте предложения, употребляя go on doing.

4 Let him read further. =>Let him go on reading.

1.He greeted us and translated the text further

2.Though a police car was following him he drove on

3.Nobody was listening but he spoke and spoke

4.I wouldn't like to argue any more

5.Though he was tired and cold he swam and swam

76.9

Переделайте предложения, употребляя to be used to doing.

4 I always jog in the morning. => I'm used to jogging in the morning.

1.He always reads in bed

2.They always eat late

3.Jack always enters the room without knocking

4.He always looks up all words in a dictionary

5.Winifred always tells lies

UNIT

Exercises 76

Переведите.

76.1

1

1.Хорошо быть счастливым.

2.Я не против того, чтобы меня критиковали.

3.Он занят. Он разговаривает по телефону.

4.Она избегает встречаться со мной.

5.Ребенок с нетерпением ждет похода в зоопарк.

6.Почему вы настаиваете на том, чтобы она вернулась?

7.Он продолжил писать, не глядя на нас.

8.Мне нравится играть в теннис.

9.Эту информацию нужно проверить.

10.Есть разные способы, чтобы объяснить ему, что он не прав.

2

1.Мне не хочется выходить из дома.

2.Придя домой, он сразу позвонил родителям.

3.К сожалению, он не способен запомнить сразу столько слов.

4.Неужели она бросила танцевать?

5.Он взял эти бумаги, не спросив разрешения.

6.Поговорить с ним очень интересно.

7.Я возражаю против того, чтобы со мной так разговаривали.

8.Какой смысл обсуждать это сейчас?

9.Я с нетерпением жду, когда меня представят этому человеку.

10.Эту передачу стоит посмотреть.

3

1.Я не привык к тому, чтобы мне говорили, что делать.

2.Его манера есть раздражает всех.

3.Я не против того, чтобы он позвонил мне.

4.Я устал от того, что она всем недовольна.

5.Он отрицает, что ходил туда.

6.Он вышел из зала, не дожидаясь окончания спектакля.

7.Он достиг многого упорным трудом.

8.Я люблю слушать музыку.

9.Он бросил искать работу в этом городе.

10.Траву надо подстричь.

4-

1.Вы заинтересованы в том, чтобы получить эту работу?

2.Прежде чем пользоваться этим феном, прочти инструкцию.

3.Грабители забрались в дом, разбив окно.

4.Я привык жить в большом городе.

5.Я боюсь, что она сделает это в любом случае.

6.Вы возражаете против того, чтобы мы присоединились к вам.

7.Она настояла на том, чтобы заплатить за покупки.

8.Тебе не хочется переехать в другое место?

9.Нет смысла волноваться сейчас.

10.Не стоит брать такси.

205

ИНФИНИТИВ

Инфинитив - неопределенная форма глагола, отвечающая на вопрос «Что делать?» или «Что сделать?».

Формальным признакоминфинитиваявляетсячастицаto, котораяв некоторыхслучаях не употребляется (после модальных глаголов, вспомогательных глаголов и др.).

Не likes to read. - Не can read. - He doesn't read well.

 

Active

Passive

 

 

 

Indefinite

to do

to be done

Continuous

to be doing

 

Perfect

to have done

to have been done

Perfect Continuous

to have been doing

 

 

 

 

Временные формы инфинитива выражают действие, происходящее одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого, либо предшествуют ему.

Не wanted to ask somebody about it.

Не wanted to be asked about it.

He pretended to be reading a newspaper.

He pretended to have been reading a book for some time.

He is happy to have been invited to the party.

Он хотел спросить кого-нибудь об этом. (одновременность)

Он хотел, чтобы его спросили об этом, (одновременность)

Он притворился, что читает газету. (продолжительность одновременного действия)

Он притворялся, что некоторое время читал газету, (продолжительность предшествующего действия)

Он рад, что его пригласили на вечер. (предшествие)

Если глаголы to make, to let употреблены в действительном залоге, то за ними следует инфинитив без частицы to.

Если глаголы to make и to let употреблены в страдательном залоге, то за ними следует инфинитив с частицей to.

They made me say it. I was made to say it.

После выражений I would rather, I (You) had better употребляется инфинитив без частицы to.

I'd rather go skating. You'd better do it now.

Запомните ряд глаголов, после которых употребляется инфинитив: to promise, to agree, to refuse, to advise, to force, to offer, to decide, to plan, to forbid, to teach, to arrange, to hope, to learn, to order, to afford, to manage, to fail, to get, to claim, to appear, to seem, tend, pretend.

He seems to have plenty of money. They claim to have solved the problem.

206

Exercises

Постройте предложения, употребляя необходимые формы инфинитива.

1It seems to me he is reading. => He seems to be reading now.

1.It seems she has done everything

2.It appears that they know nothing

3.She claims that she saw him yesterday

4.The child pretends that he is sleeping

5.Jack pretends that he understood the task very well

6.It appears that he is very clever

7.He claims that he can speak English

8.It seems to me you have had your hair cut

9.She claims she has lost the papers

10.It seems to me that they are listening to music

2

1.He pretends that he is working hard

2.It seems to me that she is a good manager

3.It appeared it was a funny story

4.It seems to me he is telling the truth

5.She claims that she has sold it for fifty pounds

6.It seems to me that the letters have been signed

7.It appeared that everybody was ready

8.The boy pretended that he was crying

9.It seems to me that the book is translated into almost all languages

10.They claim that they don't understand anything

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в форме инфинитива с частицей to или без нее.

\

 

 

 

1. I can't afford

(stay) at such an expensive hotel.

2. I think I'll manage

(do) the work tomorrow.

3. You'd better

(spend) the evening at home.

4. Who taught you

 

(skate)?

5.

I can't make the child

(go) to bed.

6.

They agreed

(help) us.

7. I'd rather

(go) to the cinema.

8.

I was let

(visit) the sick man.

9.

Tell him

(come) at once.

10.

Let him

(have a look) at the photo.

2

 

 

 

1. The doctor forbade him

(smoke).

2. You'd better

(help) them now.

3.

Make him

(clean) the flat.

4.

He failed

(get) Sam on the phone.

5.

I can't let you

(go) there alone.

6. The child was made

(learn) the poem.

7.

He refused

(work) with us.

8.

I advise you

(visit) this exhibition.

9. Jack decided

(not/answer) the letter.

10.

The man was made

(pay) the fine.

UNI1IT

77

77.

77.2

UNIT

ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ

 

78

 

 

 

 

Инфинитивные обороты часто употребляются вместо придаточных

 

предложенийсконструкциями:

 

 

there is / there are

 

 

 

There are a lot of books to read.

 

 

There are a lot of book

for уou to read.

 

 

There is a lot of place for you to walk.

 

 

... have ...

 

 

 

He has a lot of books to read.

 

 

He has a lot of books for you to read.

 

 

We have some pictures for you to see.

 

 

this is/ these are

 

 

 

This is a good film to see.

 

 

This is a good film for you to see.

 

 

These are nice stories for you to read.

 

 

... too

adjective

infinitive

He is too week to walk.

The book is too dull for me to read.

Обратите внимание на отсутствие it в конце предложения

Adjective

enough

infinitive

This subject is interesting enough to study.

These books are easy enough for the child to read.

Обратите внимание на отсутствие it в конце предложения.

... the first (second, last,...)

infinitive

He was the first to notice it.

 

She was the last to come.

 

To have something done

 

I want to have my hair cut.

 

I must have my suit cleaned.

 

I must cut my hair.

I must have my hair cut.

Мне нужно подстричься.

Мне нужно подстричься.

(Я сделаю это сама.)

(кто-то другой сделает это для меня)

208