[e-mail]_2012-06-24_15-33-11 английский язык / 3 grammatical meaning, form, cathegory, paradigm, opposition

3/ Grammatical meaning, form,categories.

There are 3 fundamental notions gr.form,gr.meaning,gr.category. Notional words possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical meanings. They determing the grammatical form of the word. Grammatical form is not confined to an individual meaning of the word because gr.meaning is very abstract & general ex: oats-wheat: The gr.form of oats is clearly plural and gr.form of wheat is singular, but we can’t say that oats are more than one& wheat is one. So here we say that oats is gr.plural & wheat is gr.singular. There is no clear one-to-one correspondence between gr.category of singular & plural and counting them in reality in terms of “one”and “more than one”.

A very vivit example confirming the rightness of this statment is connected with the category of gender with biological sex ex: bull-cow, so the gr.form presents a division of a word of the principle of expressing a certain gr.meaning.Gr.meaning is very abstractive generilized meaning, which is linguistically expressed.ex:Peter’s head-the gr.meaning of the category of case showing the realtions between part and a whole.Gr.meaning is always expressed either explicitly or implicitly.For instance:The book reads well-here the gr.meaning of passivity is expressed implicitly. Gr.meaning is a system of expressing the gr.meaning through the paradigmatic correlation of gr.forms-expressed by gr.opposition, which can be of different types 1.Private 2.Gradual-large-larger-largest 3.Equipollent-am is are

By the number of the opposemes opposition may be binary, ternary,quatonary and so on. Any opposition can be reduced. The most important type of opposition is the binary-private opposition. The other type of opposition may be reduced to this kind of opposition.

Oppositional reductions (binary) 1.Neutralization /weak-strong

2.Transposition:strong-weak

How we express gr.meaning:1.inflexions-pen-pens,2.sound alternation-replacive morpheme-man-men,3.Analitycal means with the help of analytical forms (discontinuous morphemes)

4.Suppletivity-different roots for gr.forms. I-me/go-went