Grammar_in_tablesA

I. М И Р И ЯЗЫ К • THE WORLD AND THE LANGUAGE

Количество языков на земном шаре ~ 2800

Ю наиболее употребительных языков в мире

Language	Number of first		Language	Number of first
	language speakers			language speakers
Chinese	over one milliard		Arabic	160	million
English	400	million	Portuguese	160	million
Spanish	290	million	Bengali	155 million
Russian	275	million	German	130	million
Hindustani	250	million	Japanese	120	million

4

	Английский язык как государственный
Australia	New	Zealand
The Bahamas	The	United Kingdom	$
Canada	The	United States
Ireland (Eire)	Republic of South Africa

Many Caribbean islands, such as

Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad

Ireland	Wales	Scotland	England
\	1	/	/
Canada

Английский язык как официальный второй язык

Bangladesh	India	Rwanda
Bhutan	Israel	Sarawak
Botswana	Kenya	Sierra	Leone
Brunei	Liberia	South	Africa
Burundi	Malawi	Sri Lanka
Cameroon	Malaysia	Sudan
Ethiopia	Nepal	Tanzania
Gambia	Nigeria	Uganda
Ghana	Pakistan	Zambia
, Hong Kong	The Philippines	Zimbabwe

British English	American English
She doesn’t have a big family.	She doesn’t have a big family.
She hasn’t got a big family.
c) Need’t, don’t need to (нет необхси[имости что-то делать)
You needn’t do it now.
You don’t need to do it now.	You don’t need to do it.

d) You, One (в безличных предложен иях)

You have to know such things. One has to know such things.

You have to know such things.

И. ТРИ СОСТАВНЫЕ ЧАСТИ ЯЗЫКА • THE THREE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE LANGUAGE

Части языка

Фонетический строй	Лексический состав	Грамматический строй'
Phonetics	Lexics	Grammar
(sounds, intonation,	(the word stock	(the	structure
rhythm, etc.)	of the language)	of the	language) " ;

Грамматика

Морфология	Синтаксис
Morphology	Syntax
(части речи)	(предложение, типы предложений)

III. М ОРФ ОЛОГИЯ • MORPHOLOGY

Части речи

Знаменательные

Notional

•имя существительное (the Noun)

•имя прилагательное (the Adjective)

•местоимение (the Pronoun)

•числительное (the Numeral)

•глагол (the Verb)

•наречие (the Adverb)

•модальные слова (the Modal Words)

•слова категории состояния (the Stative)

Служебные

Functional

•предлог (the Preposition)

•союз (the Conjunction)

•частица (the Particle)

•артикль (the Article)

ю

je $

Имя существительное • The Noun

Классификация по значению

	Нарицательные
		Common
Конкретные
Concrete
Существительные, относящиеся к классу предметов Class	Материальные Material	Абстрактные Abstract
a book,	wood,	success,
a disk,	iron,	help,
a computer	water,	progress,
	jam,	advice,
	paper,	freedom
	oil

	Собственные
	Proper
Собирательные Collective	Личные Personal	Географические Geographic
police,	Peter	Moscow,
family,	Nikitin,	Russia, ;
news,	Mary	London;]
clothes,	Brown	EnglamST
team,
company

Классификация существительных по признаку исчисляемости-неисчисляемости

Исчисляемые

Countable

ед.ч. — мн.ч.

(singular — plural)

an apple — apples

an	idea — ideas
a	child — children
a	fish —	fish
a	printer —		printers
is/are
has/have
many, a		lot	of
(a) few,		several
a/the
some

HeMCHHCJiaeMbie

Uncountable

ea.H.

(singular)

money, milk, sugar, yogurt, news, glass*, knowledge, toast,

weather, wool, paper*

Употребляются с:

is has

much, a lot of

(a) little the some

* С р а в н и т е :

glass — uncountable (стекло)

four glasses — countable (четыре стакана) paper — uncountable (бумага)

two papers — countable (две газеты)

12

Собирательные имена существительные:

согласование с глаголом в единственном или во множественном числе

Глагол в единственном или			Глагол	Глагол			Глагол
во множественном числе		во множественном числе		в единственном числе		во множественном числе
is /	are		are		is		are
family	cast	people	clergy	advice	knowledge	clothes	goods	scissors
class	staff	police	militia	information	toast	contents	pyjamas	scales
group	company	cattle	media	hair	success	customs	pants	stairs
team	gang	poultry		money	progress	jeans	tights	wages
crew	clan			news	weather	glasses	trousers
				furniture	work
				linen		Ho: physics	j
						■lexics	I is
						phonetics J-

1.My family is small. (как единое целое)

My family are good eaters. ) (члены семьи)

2.Our staff is well-trained. The staff are very young.

3.Ibis team consists of eleven players.

The team are wearing new shirts today.

1. The people here are very			1. It is timely advice.
	friendly, (но: the peoples,		2.	The news			has come.
	of the world = народы)		3.	His money comes from
2.	The police	are here.		oil	business.
	The police	have come.	4.	His knowledge is deep.
3.	The cattle are in the fields.		5.	It	is	tasty	toast.
4. The clergy		are stationed	6. It		is	fine	weather
	in the Vatikan.			today!
5.	The igedia. ate the Press,		7. What good					is!,
^	the Radio,	T&

1.These clothes cost a lot.

2.Where are the Customs?

3.These scales are not correct.

4.The scissors have become blunt.

5., My glasses	were made in Italy.
6. These stairs	are old.

Образование множественного числа имени существительного

Способ образования

1. -S

-ge '

-се

-» -s

-Z е

-se

a) -s -SS

-sh

-> -es

-tch -ch -X

Ь) -у —> -ies

(после согласной)

с) -f/-fe —> -ves

Примеры

a book — books a desk — desks

a path — paths [pa:9s]

a month — months [rmvnes] a car — cars

a computer — computers a page — pages

a place — places a prize — prizes a case — cases

a bus — buses

a dress — dresses a bush — bushes

a watch — watches a bench — benches a fox — foxes

Примечания

1[s]

:[z]

[iz]

Ho: house — houses [haos] — ['hauziz]

а также:

a potato — potatoes a tomato — tomatoes a hero — heroes

a cry — cries

a party — parties a story — stories

a country — countr/es

a dictionary — dictionaries

a shelf — shelves a half — halves

a life — lives

a knife — knives a wolf — wolves a leaf — leaves an elf — elves

a calf — calves

Ho: photos, pianos, discos, radios, zoos, videos, cuckoos

Ho: -ay	.
-ey	- y s ("осле
-oy	гласной)

boys, toys, days, plays, monkeys, joys, keys

Ho: roofs, chiefs, cuffs, cliffs, handkerchiefs, scarfs (scarves)

14

Способ

образования

2.Чередование

корневой

гласной

3.Совпадаю­ щие формы единствен­ ного и мно­ жественного числа

4. Существи­ тельные латинского и греческого происхож­ дения

5. Составные существи­ тельные

Примеры

a man — men

a woman — women ['wimin] a child — children

a foot — feet

a goose — geese a louse — lice

a mouse — mice a tooth — teeth

Примечания

an ox — oxen ;

a	deer —	two		deer
a	fish—	three		fish
(а также: a carp — three carp;
a	trout —	five		trout)
a sheep— four sheep
a	swine —		many		swine
a	Chinese — many Chinese
a	Swiss — ten			Swiss
a Japanese — five Japanese
a	Portuguese — a lot of Portuguese
a	series — two			series
a	species—		many		species
a	m eans—		a lot		of means
an offspring —				many offspring

a	cactus — cacti (кактусы)
a	genius — genii (духи, джины)
a	curriculum — curricula

a datum — date (,может также ис­ пользоваться как единственное число) a phenomenon — phenomena

a form ula— formulae an antenna — antennae

an index — indices {в математике) an appendix — appendices (в книгах)

a fish — fishes

(различные виды рыб; употребляется ; очень редко)

Ач\

rv*X

■1 i

также могут образо­ вывать множествен­ ное число с помощью»

-s/-es cactuses

geniuses (гениальные'

люди — гении) curriculums

phenomenons formulas antennas

indexes (в книгах) appendixes

(в медицине)

a grown-up — grown-ups	mothers-in-law
an office-block — office-blocks	passers-by
a merry-go-round— merry-go-rounds	women-drivers
a forget-me-not — forget-me-nots	menservants