PROBLEMS_OF_GROWTH_amp_amp_DEVELOPMENT

certain “triggers” responsible for their migraine attacks. Often it will be a certain food, like cheese, chocolate or red wine. It is thought that the actual pain is due to alternate contraction and expansion of blood vessels in the brain, caused by the action of chemicals in the blood. If you are prone to migraines, it is advisable to consult your doctor who may be able to prescribe a medicine to help prevent attacks developing beyond the early stages.

Sinus Headaches are usually easy to recognize but can be extremely painful. They occur when our sinuses are congested, for example, during a bad cold, and are often accompanied by a feeling of pressure on either side of the nose or below the eyes. Using a decongestant spray or vaporiser to unblock the sinuses is helpful in the relief of this type of headache.

Hangovers are famous for their association with the headache. Excessive alcohol can cause low blood sugar levels and dehydration, both of which contribute to the problem. In addition some alcoholic drinks, particularly highly coloured ones like red wine, contain substances called ‘congeners’ which also cause headaches. Naturally the best way to avoid hangovers is to drink only in moderation. If not try and stick to the clearer drinks like vodka and white wine, and drink a pint or two of water before bed.

STRAINS AND SPRAINS

There can be any one of a number of causes for muscle strain or injury. It may be an one-off accident caused by sudden twisting or turning on the sport field. It may be over-use, for example after a long walk if you are not used to taking regular exercise.

Strains and sprains should be treated using the RICE principle:

R – rest the injured area to aid healing and prevent further damage.

I – ice or freeze spray to cool inflammation and reduce swelling (heat treatments should never be used until 2 or 3 days after the injury has been sustained).

C – compress by bandaging. This provides support for the injured area. E - elevate the damaged limb to lessen swelling and bruising.

Analgesics containing ibuprofen or aspirin are ideal for such problems as they treat the inflammation as well as the pain. These are also appropriate for the more general aches and pains common after over exertion. But as always, prevention is better than cure, so always take the time to warm up properly any sports activity and ensure you are wearing clothing, especially shoes, that won’t restrict movement and lead to damage.

Sportsmen and women, the elderly young children are particularly susceptible to more serious muscular or soft tissue injuries. In general a doctor’s advice should be sought when swelling has not subsided after 72 hours, the injury cannot bear any weight, or there is extensive or persistent bruising.

WATCH YOUR BACK

Back problems vary in severity. For some people a bad back means the odd twinge while for others it can be completely disabling and agonisingly painful.

There are many causes of back pain, including things like pregnancy, kidney infections and obesity. The majority of problems however, result from damage to the mechanical structure of the back which is put under constant stress as we go about our daily activities.

The following points provide simple self-help measures to help protect your back from everyday stresses: - Posture – always keep the back straight when seated or standing; A well-sprung bed will support the spine during sleep. A firm board under the mattress provides additional support; Work surfaces should be adjusted to a height which does not require bending; If overweight, losing a few pounds will ease the strain on the back; When carrying heavy objects, keep them close to the body and the spine straight. Bend the knees not the back when picking things up and putting them down. When carrying heavy shopping, distribute the load evenly between both hands – better still use a rucksack; The elderly should try and take regular, gentle exercise to maintain flexibility and strength of muscles and ligaments.

Pain resulting from back injuries can be treated in a similar way to muscular strains, as outlined above. Anti-inflammatory analgesics are now available in a gel form at your UniChem Pharmacy. These can be applied directly to the area causing discomfort for immediate relief. However if pain should persist beyond three days it is advisable to see your doctor who may recommend further treatment. Always ask your doctor to suggest a reputable osteopath, chiropractor or physiotherapist, if you want to try alternative approaches.

CROUP

Spasmodic croup without fever. Croup is the word commonly used for various kinds of laryngitis in children. There is usually a hoarse, ringing, barking cough (croupy cough) and some tightness in the breathing.

The commonest and mildest type, spasmodic croup without fever, comes on suddenly during the evening. The child may have been perfectly healthy during the day or have had the mildest kind of cold without cough. Suddenly he wakes up with a violent fit of croupy coughing, is quite hoarse and is having difficulty breathing. He struggles and heaves to get his breath in. It’s quite a scary picture when you see it the first time, but it’s not so serious as it looks. You should call the doctor promptly for any kind of croup.

The emergency treatment of croup, until the doctor can be reached, is moist air. Use a cold mist humidifier if you have one, or other ways to humidify. Carry the child into the bathroom and turn on the hot water in the bathtub or shower – to make steam, not to put the child into. If there is a shower, that will work best of all.

When the child breathes the moist air, the croup usually begins to improve rapidly. Meanwhile, the air in the room where he will go back to be should be moistened. An adult should stay awake as long as there are any symptoms of croup, sleep in the same room with the child for 3 nights, and wake herself 2 or 3 hours after the croup is over to make sure that the child is breathing comfortably.

Spasmodic croup without fever sometimes comes back the next night or two. To avoid this, have the child sleep in a room in which the air has been moistened

for 3 nights. This form of croup is apparently caused by the combination of a cold infection, a child with a sensitive larynx, and dry air.

Severe croup with fever (laryngobronchitis). This is a more severe form of croup which is usually accompanied by a real chest cold. The croupy cough and the tight breathing may come on gradually or suddenly at any time of the day or night. Steaming only partly relieves it. If your child has hoarseness with fever or tightness of breathing with fever, he must be put under the close, continuous supervision of a doctor without delay. If you cannot reach your doctor right away, find another doctor. If a doctor cannot reach you, you should take the child to a hospital.

Diphtheria of the larynx is still another cause of croup. There is a gradually increasing hoarseness, cough, difficulty in breathing and moderate fever. There is practically no danger of this form of croup developing if a child has received diphtheria inoculations.

However with any form of croup, a child should be seen promptly by a doctor. The urgency is greatest when hoarseness and tight breathing are persistent.

(B.Spock. Baby and Child Care.)

COMMON INFECTIONS

Children with HIV infection have an increased frequency of minor bacterial infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, impetigo, cellulites, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia. More serious infections reported include meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, deep tissue abscesses, and bacteremia. Although the majority of children have hypergammaglobulimia, some present with hypogammaglobulinemia and these children are particularly susceptible to infection. In children, the development of two or more serious bacterial infections within a 2-year period of time is an AIDS-defining condition. The causative organisms are usually common childhood pathogens, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Salmonella species. In children in terminal stages of illnesses and with frequent hospitalizations, Staphylococcus aureus and Gramnegative pathogens, including Pseudomonas spp., take on increased importance.

This increased susceptibility to infection occurs as a result of B cell dysfunction induced by the virus, which leads to a decreased or absent antibody response to specific antigens. This dysfunction affects children to a greater extent than adults, probably because children are infected at a time when the immune response is immature and they do not have preexisting memory cells. The ability to produce antibody to a vaccine antigen can be used as a method to determine the response to other antigens in vivo and as an assessment of B cell function.

Children with HIV infection and recurrent infection may given from intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) given monthly or bimonthly. A multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study comparing intravenous gamma globulin with an albumin placebo given to children with HIV infection showed that there was an increased time to development of a serious infection in those children with a CD4+ lymphocyte count greater than 200 mm3.

Tuberculosis continues to be public health problem in the USA. Since 1985, the number of cases have increased over the expected rate, and this is thought to

be due to the increased number of cases among patients with HIV. Fourteen children with HIV infection with concomitant infection with tuberculosis have been reported. Of nine children reported from Miami, Florida, eight had pulmonary tuberculosis and four had extrapulmonary disease. Cough, fever, and anorexia were the most common symptoms at presentation. Only one child had a positive skin test reaction to purified protein derivative, and four had no known exposure to tuberculosis. In children with HIV infection, a tuberculin skin test reaction of 5 mm or greater is considered positive. In the severely immunodeficient child, the skin test for tuberculosis may not be reliable, and a control skin test using diphtheria toxoid or Candida antigen should be applied as a control to detect anergy. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the HIVinfected child should be suspected in the presence of perihilar or paratracheal nodes with a chronic lung infiltrate and in those children with pneumonia who are unresponsive to the usual antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis should be confirmed by culture of gastric aspirates in the young infant and child and sputum in older children. Initial therapy should include at least three drugs and these should be continued for at least a 1-year period. Short-course therapy or other abbreviated treatment schedules should not be used for therapy in this population. If multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis organisms are prevalent in the community, the fourdrug therapy should be instituted pending results of culture and sensitivity. This epidemic has necessitated a reevaluation of the use of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine for those parts of the USA with a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or with a high incidence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

D. Ориентирование в тексте.

QUITTING SMOKING

Many people who are addicted to tobacco believe that smoking has no effect on the heart, but the evidence is loaded against them. The nicotine in tobacco smoke increases your heart rate and raises your blood pressure, while the carbon monoxide cuts down the amount of oxygen that can be carried by your blood. The heart must work harder but has less oxygen supplied to it. If you smoke, the best way to reduce your risk of heart disease is to quit.

Everybody knows that smoking can cause cancer, but not everyone realizes how bad it is for the heart. Overall, cigarette smokers have a death rate from coronary heart disease that is 70% higher that that of nonsmokers. The more heavily you smoke 40 or more cigarettes a day, you are between two and three times more likely to die of heart disease than a nonsmoker.

Smoking also increases the likelihood of cerebrovascular disease (disorders of blood vessels in the brain) and thus increases the risk of stroke. It is also directly related to diseases of the arteries in the legs. Smokers make up at least 95 % of patients suffering from these diseases – which can result in gangrene and amputation of the leg.

Stop now.

A strong motivation to quit smoking is the most important factor in being successful. Some people find it easiest to go “cold turkey”, quitting all smoking at once. Many people benefit from behavior modification programs.

If you give up smoking, your risk of heart disease declines rapidly. For example, if you consume less than one pack of cigarettes a day and give up now, after about 3 years of not smoking your risk of heart disease is almost identical to that of a lifelong nonsmoker. As the years without tobacco pass, the risk diminishes for other diseases as well. Every day spent without smoking is an investment in your future health.

WHY DO YOU SMOKE?

Find the answer to the given questions:

1.Do you smoke out of sheer habit or whenever you are unoccupied?

2.Do you smoke because you need something to do with your hands or mouth? 3.Do you smoke only when you are with other smokers?

4.Do you smoke because you are truly addicted to nicotine? 5.Do you reach for your cigarettes as a way of relieving tension?

6.Do you smoke to help with tasks requiring mental concentration?

To help you stop smoking it is useful to think about your reasons for smoking and to decide what type of smoker you are. Answer these questions after careful consideration. Be honest in your assessment of your smoking habits. And remember – your desire to quit smoking is the most important and effective means of becoming an ex-smoker.

1.If so, you probably begin to feel restless and crave another cigarette a few minutes after finishing the previous one. You will do best with the “cold turkey” approach. Nicotine chewing gum, available by prescription, helps relieve withdrawal symptoms.

2.You must break your habit pattern. Delay your first cigarette by an hour each day, smoke less of each cigarette, don’t carry cigarettes, and sit in the “nosmoking” areas in restaurants and on airplanes. Also, try using your other hand to hold the cigarette.

3.If so, you probably have a problem with mental discipline. Physical exercise increases mental alertness and stamina and relieves depression, which will help you concentrate without cigarettes. In addition, it is difficult to smoke and exercise at the same time.

4.Many smokers reach for a cigarette to alleviate boredom. You may need a hobby that keeps your hands occupied and is mentally stimulating in a nonstressful way. To keep your mouth occupied, try chewing on coffee stirrers, toothpicks, or gum.

5.You may need to avoid socializing for a while with friends who smoke. This may seem to be a drastic measure, but consider it a short-term sacrifice that will add to the quality of your life. Once you have built up your resistance to the temptation to smoke, you can join them again.

6.In the long term, smoking can add to personal stress by impairing your health and thus your ability to cope with stress effectively. Learn some other ways of dealing with stressful situations. Smoking doesn’t solve any problems.

ASK YOUR DOCTOR QUITTING SMOKING

1.Q I’ve smoked for more than 30 years. Is stopping really going to help my heart now?

AIt’s never too late. Studies show that ex-smokers are much less likely to have a heart attack than people who smoke. The risks associated with smoking decrease quickly in the first year of giving up.

2.Q My mother smoked 20 cigarettes a day all her life, and she died in her sleep when she was 92. Might I not be like her?

AThere are always exceptions. In any case, your mother probably would have felt a lot healthier had she not smoked.

3.Q Is there any danger of becoming addicted to the nicotine chewing gum my doctor prescribed?

AYes, but it’s not as bad for you as smoking because you are not inhaling carbon particles and carbon monoxide from the cigarettes.

1.Q I’d like to quit smoking, but I worry about gaining weight. Isn’t obesity just as bad for the heart?

APeople do tend to put on weight when they quit smoking, but being overweight is not as bad for your heart as smoking. The average person gains only

5 to 10 pounds and some people don’t gain any weight.

2.Q A friend of mine underwent hypnosis to help him stop smoking. Does hypnosis work?

A Some smokers find it helpful, but it works only if you are motivated to quit.

NOTE: Тексты Quitting Smoking, Why do you smoke?, Ask your doctor quitting smoke могут быть использованы для ролевой игры “Round table talk: Quitting Smoking”.

DON’T PUSH YOUR KIDS TOO HARD

Dr.B.Spock on bringing up today’s children.

Find the answers to the questions:

1.Are children raised in single-parent homes more stressed than other kids?

2.How do working mothers affect kids?

3.Do parents harm kids by pushing them to achieve?

4.Dr. Spock, why are today’s children under stress?

5.Is watching television harmful to kids?

6.Are there specific things to avoid?

7.What kind of parents will today’s children make?

8.Do the new stresses on kids make them better equipped to deal with adult stresses?

9.Is it harder to be a parent today?

A. Partly because we’ve given up so many of the comforts and sources of security of the past, such as the extended family and the small, tightly knit community and the comfort and guidance that people used to get from religion.

B.It is stressful to children to have to cope with groups, with strangers, with people outside the family. That has emotional effects, and, if the deprivation of security is at all marked, it will have intellectual effects, too.

We know now that if there’s good day care it can substitute pretty well for parental care. But, though we’re the richest country the world has ever known, we have nowhere near the amount of subsidized day care we need. We’re harming our children emotionally and intellectually to the degree that they’re in substandard day care.

C.It’s not that a single parent can’t raise a child well but that it’s harder to raise a child in most cases with one parent than it is with two parents. The parents can comfort and consult and back up each other.

D.Our emphasis on fierce competition and getting ahead minimizes the importance of cooperation, helpfulness, kindness, lovingness. These latter qualities are the thing that we need much more than competitiveness. I’m bothered, for instance, at the way we coach young children in athletics and, even more ludicrous, the interest we focus on superkids. It hasn’t gone very far, but there are parents who, when they hear that other children are learning to read at the age of 2, think, “My God, we should be providing reading instruction, too,” without ever asking the most significant question: “Does it make the child a better reader or is there any other advantage to learning to read at 2 rather than waiting until age 6?” It imposes strains on children.

E.Absolutely no violence on television. Don’t give war toys. These are poisonous to children. This whole Rambo spirit is a distressing thing, especially in the most violent country in the world.

F.A lot of what they see brutalizes sexuality. In simpler societies, you don’t see people smashing each other in the face or killing each other. The average American child on reaching the age of 18 has watched 18,000 murders on TV. Yet we know that every time a child or an adult watches brutality, it desensitizes and brutalizes them to a slight degree. We have by far the highest crime rates in the world in such areas as murders within the family, rape, wife abuse, child abuse. And yet we’re turning out more children this way, with this horrible profusion of violence that children watch on TV. It’s a terrible thing.

G.No, human beings do make some adjustment to stresses, but that doesn’t mean that they’re doing better by being brought up with stresses. It’s going to make them more tense, more harsh, more intensely competitive and more greedy.

I don’t think people can live by that. It is a spiritual malnutrition, just like a lack of vitamins or a lack of calories.

H.If they’re brought up with tension and harshness, then they’ll do the same with their children. Everybody acquires his attitude and behavior toward his children by how he was treated in his own childhood. What was done to you in childhood, you are given permission to do. To put it more positively, good parental standards are what make for a better society and poor parental standards are what make for a deteriorating society.

I.Yes. When I started pediatric practice in ’33, parents worried about polio and pneumonia. Now they have to worry about drugs and teenage pregnancy and nuclear annihilation.

NOTE: Text “Don’t push your kids too hard” may be used for the role game “Round table talk: On bringing up today’s children”.

LIVING OUT LOUD

Timothy Stevens has lived most of his life in a silent world. Until six months ago, he had never heard his mother’s voice, never listened to music and never heard the sound of birds singing or the laughter of his playmates.

#0- His mother, Sandra, knew that something was wrong with her baby son, because he did not have the same reactions as other babies. “If I didn’t look into Tim’s eyes, he didn’t seem to know I was there,” she says. When he was eight months old, Sandra took Timothy to the hospital and explained why she was worried. The doctors carried out hearing tests and decided that Timothy must be a little backward. #1-

Sandra insisted that the hospital should send Timothy to a specialist for more tests. Unfortunately, it was a long time before a specialist would see him. Finally, when he was almost two years old, Timothy and his mother went to a children’s hospital in Manchester where the staff had plenty of experience in dealing with deaf children.

#2- At last, someone believed her when she told them that her son was deaf.

“Doctors often think that others worry too much about their children and that they always think the worst,” she smiles. “I knew I was right about Tim, but it took almost two years before the doctors would agree with me.” However, even Sandra had not imagined that Timothy’s condition could be as serious as it was.

#3- Doctors told Sandra that there was no chance that his hearing would ever improve. Sandra was shocked to learn that the only hope for Timothy was to have a bionic implant.

#4- The electrodes would send electric signals to his brain, which would allow him to hear them as sounds. The implant would not allow Timothy to hear perfectly, but it would be the only way for him to ever have a chance of overcoming his deafness. After checking that there was no serious risk involved,

Sandra put Timothy’s name on the waiting list for the operation. Because he was so young, the doctors decided that Timothy should be given the implant as soon as possible.

#5- “I have to admit, I was very worried,” says Sandra, “but only hours after he came out of theatre, he was playing with the other children on the ward and I knew he was going to be fine! I couldn’t wait to find out whether or not the operation had been successful.” The moment of truth came on Timothy’s third birthday, when the doctors switched on the implant for the very first time.

Timothy played with toys in the doctor’s surgery while a speech therapist played different sounds and checked his reactions. When Sandra said, “Hello Timothy,” and he looked into her eyes, she cried tears of happiness.

Timothy is now enjoying a life full of sound. #6- He is also attending the local nursery school where he likes nothing more than to make as much noise as possible as he plays with his friends.

Timothy celebrated his fourth birthday last week.

#7- “He is driving me mad with the noise he makes,” laughs Sandra, “and that’s something I never imagined I would complain about! For me, though, the greatest gift of all is to hear my son talking and to know that he can hear me when

I speak to him.”

Find the right comment to each part of the text:

A – He has already learnt several words and phrases which allow him to communicate with his mother.

B - His presents included a variety of musical instruments which he loves to play with.

C - Sandra was relieved to find people who would listen to her.

D - A full examination showed that Timothy was completely deaf.

E - However, Sandra knew that the problem was more serious than that. F - Timothy is only able to communicate by using sign language.

G - Three months before his third birthday, he went into hospital to have the operation that would change his life.

H - Timothy was born deaf.

I - This would mean having an operation to put a special receiver in

Timothy’s head, with electrodes connected to the nerves in his ears.

E. Лексические тесты.
SLEEPING (1)
Every baby is different and has very 1.....			needs. Your 2	..... baby may need
more than twenty hours of sleep a day or she may only 3.....				twelve. You’ll find
that your baby’s sleep 4.....	is as individual as her fingerprint. We give you some
information and practical hints to help you 5.....			a sound sleep routine with your
child.

After nine months of secure, warm comfort, your baby emerges into a strange

world of daylight and darkness. For the first few months she’ll 6.....					to make any
distinction between the two and will 7.....			and 8	..... whenever it seems right to do
so!
At the outset sleep is closely related to 9.....				and most babies wake when they
are 10..... .	You’ll soon begin to recognize her own timetable and rhythms, which
will 11.....	when she wakes and for how long she remains 12..... at any one time.
As she grows 13.....		she will need 14.....	sleep as she becomes more and more

interested in her surroundings. So by the time she’s about four months old, she 15..... to be wide awake for two or three periods each day. By establishing a pattern for her and by associating night with sleep you will help your baby to settle into a routine pattern of 16..... sleeping.

____________________________

1. be unable; 2. awake; 3. older; 4. require; 5. less; 6. night-time; 7. individual; 8. hungry; 9. newborn; 10. establish; 11. pattern; 12. newborn; 13. feeding; 14. determine; 15. sleep; 16. wake.

	SLEEPING (2)
Your child may wake at night for a variety of 1				..... . She may be hungry or
thirsty, too 2.....	or uncomfortably hot. She may just want a reassuring cuddle or
she may be telling you that she is 3.....			. She may wake 4..... because she’s poorly
or teething. Most of these simply need practical 5.....				or are situations that will
resolve themselves in time.
Some children seem 6.....		for no apparent reason. She may have had a vivid
dream or have heard an 7.....		noise outside. If she 8.....		, go to her and pacify her,

but try not to bring her out of her room. Check that her room is cosy and quiet and

9	..... that the curtains are thick enough to keep out the light. You may 10.....				to
keep a night light on.
	Look at what has happened during the day. Is she getting 11.....			enough or is
she getting 12.....		tired during the day? Can you 13.....	anything which may be

upsetting or frightening her? Try to avoid wild rough and tumbles just before bed too.

You could 14..... reading to her, rocking her to sleep, singing or playing gentle music. While it may be temping 15..... her into bed with you this habit can be very hard to break so it’s usually 16..... to leave her in her cot and let her settle there.

____________________________

1. at night; 2. unusual; 3. need; 4. better; 5. identify; 6. to take; 7. reasons; 8. action; 9. to wake; 10. cold; 11. tired; 12. wet; 13. make sure; 14. cries; 15. try; 16. too.

				BLOOD
	Blood is a fluid which 1.....			though the arteries, capillaries and veins
exchanging fluids and gases with the bodily 2.....					. The latter receive the products
3	..... from the food and oxygen taken up by the blood in its passage through the
lungs, while the blood 4.....		from the tissues carbonic acid gas and various waste
products.
	Composition. The blood 5.....		of corpuscles in addition to the fluid is well-
known. They are of the		three	6	..... : red	corpuscles (erythrocytes), white

corpuscles (leucocytes) and blood platelets (thrombocytes). In the fluid are

dissolved the various salts and 7..... .		We know the red corpuscles acting as the
8.....	of oxygen, which acts as a medium of interchange between the 9.....		of the air

in the lungs, and the tissues requiring it. There are over 5000000 red corpuscles in

every cubic millimeter of 10..... .
The white corpuscles are of 11.....		different kinds, they have many functions to
perform, of which the chief are repair of 12.....				, the absorption of foreign bodies,
and the 13.....	of bacteria; their 14.....		bodies being in large numbers form the
matter or pus of abscesses.
Blood groups. People are 15.....		, in respect of certain reaction of the blood,
into four groups. Their being divided into these groups 16.....					upon the capacity of
the serum of one person’s blood to 17			..... the red blood corpuscles of another’s.
The reaction depends on antigens in the red corpuscles and 18.....						in the serum.

There are two of each, the antigens being known as A and B. Anyone’s blood

19.....	may have (I) no antigens, (II) antigen A, (III) antigen B. (IV) antigens A
and B: these are the four groups. The practical 20.....				is that, in blood transfusion,
the person giving and the person 21.....			the blood should belong to the same blood
group, or a 22.....		reaction will take place from the agglutination.

____________________________

1. proteins; 2. several; 3. kinds; 4. dead; 5. receiving; 6. corpuscles; 7. circulates; 8. consisting; 9. removes; 10. dangerous; 11. destruction; 12. problem; 13. absorbed; 14. wounds; 15. divided; 16. blood; 17. antibodies; 18. agglutinate; 19. depends; 20. tissues; 21.carriers; 22. oxygen.

HYGIENE