англ_практикум

Федеральное агентство связи Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«Сибирский государственный университет телекоммуникаций и информатики» (ГОУ ВПО «СибГУТИ»)

t

H.H. Клещи на

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу

с английского языка

Новосибирск

2008

УДК 42 (076)

H.H. Клещина. Английский язык: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка. / СибТУТИ. - Новосибирск, 2008г. - 96 стр.

Практикум представляет собой сборник упражнений и текстов, составленных на основе разнообразного материала, в том числе и оригинальных источников - журналов: «The Economist. Technology quarterly», «Spectrum», учебников: «Upstream», «FCE Use of English», и книги Dr. Malcolm Plant «Electronics».

При работе с данным учебным материалом студенты должны приобрести знания по грамматике, расширить свой лексический запас, совершенствовать кавыки перевода и устной речи.

Рекомендуется для работы студентов первого и второго курсов технических специальностей как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы.

Кафедра иностранных и русского языков

Список литературы - 17 наим.

Рецензент: кфн Е.И. Мартынова

утверждено редакционно-издательским советом СибТУТИ в качестве практикума

© Сибирский государственный университет телекоммуникаций и информатики, 2008г

Оглавление

Предисловие		°5
Unitl
Глаголы to be, to have		06
Времена глагола группы Indefinite (Active и Passive Voice)		07
Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения		07
Текст «The electronic age»		09
Словообразование глагол-существительное		12
Unit 2
Времена глагола группы Continuous (Active и Passive Voice)		14
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий		15
Конструкции as...as, such...as, not so ...as		17
Текст "Communications electronics"		18
Словообразование существительных, прилагательных и наречий		20
Unit 3
Времена глагола группы Perfect. Active and Passive Voice		23
Относительные местоимения		25
Относительные наречия		25
Текст «The discovery of cathode rays»		25
Словообразование. Префиксы		27
Unit 4
Повторение времен английского языка		31
Модальные глаголы		31
Функции слов it, one и that		32
Текст «The invention of the transistor»		33
Фразовые глаголы: bring и turn		37
Unit5
Инфинитив, формы и функции		38
Наречия too и enough		40
Текст «Electrons in atoms»....		41
Словообразование. Суффиксы -en, -ise, -ify и префикс en-		46
Предлоги in, on, to, from, for, of, with		46
Unit 6
Сложное подлежащее		47
Сложное дополнение		48
Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for		49
Текст «Analogue and digital displays»		52
Значения слов either, neither и их сочетаний		56
Unit 7
Причастие I (The Participle Г)	•	57
Причастие П (The Participle II)		58
Независимый причастный оборот		60
Текст «А new old idea»		61
Значения слова since		65
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2

Unit8
Герундий (The Gerund)	66
Герундиальный оборот (Gerundial constructions)	68
Сравнение герундия и причастия	68
Сравнение инфинитива и герундия	69
Текст «Analogue television basics»	71
Unit 9
Условные предложения	76
Значения слова provide	79
Значения союзов unless, suppose, in case, on condition that, but for	79
Словообразование. Префиксы	80
Текст «The charge-coupled device»	80
Unit 10
Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)	85
Сослагательное наклонение после безличных предложений	86
Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish	88
Конструкции would rather и had better	89
Текст: «Fibre optics communications))	90
Список литературы	95

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Предисловие

Данный практикум предназначен для студентов технических специальностей первого и второго курсов как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы.

Цели практикума - подготовить студентов к чтению специальной научнотехнической литературы для извлечения информации, обучить грамматическим и лексическим явлениям, которые необходимы студентам для профессионального общения на английском языке, а также привить им навыки устной речи по специальной тематике.

Практикум составлен на основе современных учебных пособий по английскому языку для технических специальностей. Тексты практикума взяты из их оригинальных источников с учетом их информативности и соответствия научно-техническим достижениям и изложены по принципу возрастания трудности и постепенного усложнения языка и тематики. Преподаватель может использовать отдельные упражнения выборочно, в зависимости от уровня знаний студентов.

Практикум состоит из 10 уроков. Каждый урок содержит предтекстовые упражнения для преодоления лексических и грамматических трудностей основного текста. Упражнения после текста даны для закрепления грамматического и лексического материала.

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Unît 1

I 1. Глаголы to be, to have

j2. Времена английского глагола группы Indefinite Active, Passive

3.Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения

4.Текст «The electronic age»

5. Словообразование глагол-существительное (суффиксы -ment, -ion, -age)

/. Determine the meaning of the verb forms.

I. The sun shines by day and the moon by night. 2. Many thousand years ago the mainland of Europe stretched much farther west than now. 3. The ionosphere consists of several layers of ions and electrons. 4. His flight arrives at six o'clock tomorrow morning. 5. Janet works on her computer every day. 6. She left university six years ago. 7. Mr. Jones worked in a factory when he was younger. 8. The engineers will install a new equipment in the office tomorrow. 9. I'm sure we will win the competition. 10. Immediately after the First World War, electronics received a push that then gained strength. 11. In the history of mathematics Lobachevsky will always be one of the greatest scientists. 12. Tsiolkovsky devoted his whole life to the development of Russian science.

II. Put the sentences into Past and Future Indefinite adding the words

yesterday, tomorrow, last/next year...

1.There are many technological universities in Novosibirsk.

2.This car uses a new sensor mechanism.

3.After lectures I go to the Internet Cafe.

4.My studies begin at eight o'clock.

5.Every faculty has its own computer center.

IllFill in the verbs to be, to have in the rightform.

1.The Moon ... a natural satellite of the Earth.

2.There .. ..two kinds of electricity, positive and negative.

3.The second half of the 19th century ....a period of rapid growth of electrical engineering.

4.Our university ... old and new buildings.

5.Every faculty ...its own computer center.

6.He .. .a wide experience in his speciality.

7.1.. .greatly interested in modern technology.

8. Mobile phones .. ..a great number of users nowadays.

9.In the past messages to and from Europe .. ..sent by ship.

10.Today the word "electronics" .. .in general usage.

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IV. Explain the functions of the verbs to be, to have in the sentences.

1. The Moon is devoid of atmosphere or water. 2. Electricity and magnetism are closely connected. 3. Our library has a great number of books and magazines in all branches of science and technology. 4. Major developments in the field of communications and control have been the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems. 5. This problem is of great importance. 6. The'speed of an electric car was not high. 7. These laboratories have modem equipment. 8. These laboratories have to buy modern equipment. 9. That part of the country has become a highly industrial one. 10. The quality of these metal parts is to be very high.

V. Compare sentences in active and passive. Translate them.

1. Students asked the lecturer many questions. The lecturer was asked many questions. 2. Students watched the process with great attention. The process was watched with great attention. 3. Practice accompanies theory. Theory is accompanied by practice. 4. Mobile phones brought about great changes in people's daily lives. Great changes in people's daily lives were brought about by mobile phones. 5. In our country the law protects land. In Russia land is protected by the law. 6. Pictures were transmitted over telephone by sound signals. Sound signals transmitted pictures over telephone. 7. Scientists will make a series of experiments. A series of experiments will be made by scientists.

VI. Change the sentences from active to passive.

1. I hope they will complete the repairs soon. 2. We shall describe all the directions thoroughly. 3. The manager sent them the fax last night. 4. Aluminium is a valuable metal. You can use it again and again. Because you can recycle this metal, nobody should throw away aluminium cans. 5. James Watt invented in 1776 the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery. 6. Television and movie production use professional video cameras. 7. Computers help to solve many complex problems. 8. Lomonosov founded Moscow University. 9. The scientist told about the results of his research work at the conference. 10. The answering machine will record our message.

VII. Make questions for the following sentences.

1. He entered the University last year. 2. My sister studies at the University. 3. The study of theory is accompanied by practical training. 4. The diagrams were brought by our monitor. 5. A new laboratory was opened last year. 6. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. 7. We shall discuss this question at the meeting tomorrow. 8. A wide range of facilities is used for this modern personal communication device. 9. Enormous amounts of information are carried by pulses of laser light reflected from the inside wall of the fibre. 10. The development of science is closely connected with the development of higher education.

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• • • • • • ш и п и т

VIII. Put the sentences in negative and interrogative form, using the words in brackets.

1. Amber has the power to attract small pieces of dust and fluff. (What)

2.That problem was discussed at our meeting. (Where)

3.Moscow university was founded by Lomonosov. (Who)

4.The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers. (What)

5.Guglielmo Marconi realized the first long distance transmissions and founded the first commercial organization devoted to the development and use of radio. (What)

6.Fully automatic cellular networks were first introduced in the early to mid1980s (the 1G). (When)

7.Modern communications owes its existence to the evolution in digital electronics. (What)

8.Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for storing and generating the enormous volume of data. (What)

9.Electronic engineers design circuits to perform specific tasks. (Why) lO.Control systems are used extensively in aircraft and ships, in military fire

control systems, in automated manufacturing , and in robotics. (Where)

IX. Read the text. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets.

Computer electronics

Compared with the first computers of the 1940s, today's computers (show/shows) the dramatic advances in electronics. Power-hungry, room-sized and unreliable, these early computers (were replaced/ replaced) by a variety of compact, efficient and versatile microcomputers such as laptops.

Computers (owe/owes) their efficiency and compactness to the development of the silicon chip. Instead of being based on thermionic valves, today's computers (depend/depended) on the processing power of the silicon chip. This is a small piece of silicon on which incredibly complex yet tiny miniaturized circuits (integrate/are integrated) by photographic and chemical processes. Perhaps the best known of these chips (is/are) the Pentium microprocessors made by Intel and the Power PC microprocessors developed by Apple, Motorola, and IBM. The microprocessor (is/was) the most complex silicon chip made today.

X.Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1.This program (run) by very good managers. 2. Many students (use) the Internet.

3. Electronics (be) an essential part of modern control systems. 4. Every day millions - probably billions of e-mails (send) round the world. 5. In modem Earth-based telephone and data transmission systems, hair-thin glass fibers (use) instead of conventional wires. 6. Radar (detect) things at a distance by bouncing-radio waves off them. 7. Electronic engineering (deal) with the research, design, integration, and

application of circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information. 8. This work (finish) in two days. 9. The lecture on chemistry (attend) by many students yesterday. 10. The village (connect) with the town by a railway line.

XI. Fill each gap with one word. The missing words can be: articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, etc. There is an example (0).

Can you remember where you 0) were when the first text message 1)

sent in

the UK? You can't? I'm not surprised. It is an unpredictable world,

and

nothing

2)

less predicted than the rise of text messaging. It came from nowhere to

become 3)

fastest growing phenomenon 4).. ..recent times.

Over 2 million text messages are sent 5)

hour in the UK. The mobile phone

industry

claims

6)

95% of them arrive

within

10

seconds

in

normal

circumstances. Texting has opened up an entirely new area 7)

communication

that didn't exist

before - brief messages for which there

8).... a huge

demand

but

which don't need the fuss of a written letter.

Texting has become a means 9)....parents to maintain contact with

10)

children, for grandparents to bond with grandchildren, for television to interact

with the audience. It

11)....a marketing tool of huge potential for companies which,

for

the

first

time, can build up profiles of individual users and

target them

12)....special

offers.

Texting has not been successful simply because it enables you to communicate

13)....others

14)

phone without speaking,

15)

because it

is brief and no

one

expects any of the usual formalities. Its simplicity may ensure its long life.

XII. Read the text about the electronic age, enumerate the most important inventions in the field of electronics. Express the main idea of the text. Translate it.

The electronic age

Electronics is the art of using electrons in devices such as transistors and silicon chips to make electricity work for us. There is no doubt it has had far-reaching effects on nearly all aspects of life, although its influence often remains unseen. Our modern day dependency on electronics was spurred by the invention of the transistor in the late 1940s. This was followed by the manufacture of silicon chips in the early 1960s that has ultimately led to incredibly complex circuits containing thousands of transistors integrated on a sliver of silicon so small you could lose it under your fingernail. Miniaturizing electronic circuits in this way is called microelectronics and it has come to influence the way we store, process and distribute information; to change the way we design and manufacture industrial goods; to improve the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses; and it shapes the affairs of finance and business as well as a variety of social, educational and political activities. Nowadays, we take

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for granted the way electronics makes our lives more comfortable, enjoyable, creative and exciting.

We are surrounded by products in and round our homes that make use of electronics in one way or another. Washing machines, security systems and toasters are "clever" because of the function of electronic circuits in them, not forgetting that hi-fi systems, radios, DVD (digital versatile disk) players, MP3 players and computers are so obviously "electronic" in what they do. One major advance familiar to all is the storage of recorded information brought about by the compact disk (CD) and the DVD.

One of the most important developments in music technology has been the creation of the MP3 format for recording and playing music in digital form. MP3 is a compression system for music that reduces the amount of memory space required to store a song without impairing the quality of the song's sound. The aim of this format is to compress a CD-quality song by a factor of 10 to 14 without noticeably affecting the CD-quality sound. With MP3 you can compress down to about 3 MB a 32 - megabyte (MB) song. This lets you download a song in minutes rather than hours, and store hundreds of songs on your computer" hard disk without taking up that much space.

Cameras that capture images on a film will be around for a long time yet, but many photographers are finding digital cameras more exciting and convenient to use. The so-called digital revolution has transformed the capture and processing of still and moving pictures. No longer it is necessary to process film to recover the image. In its place, at the focal plane of the camera lens is an electronic sensor called a charge-coupled device (CCD). The CCD converts the image produced by the camera lens into a digital image that is stored in an on-board integrated circuit as a digital file. In this state the image can be viewed at any time and then downloaded for image processing on a computer for manipulating and printing or for use on web pages.

Vocabulary:

device - устройство, приспособление, прибор, механизм circuit - цепь

chip - микросхема

to spur - подстегнуть, побудить dependencyзависимость

ultimately- в конечном счете, в конце концов sliver - лучина, лента, щепка

silicon - кремний

application - применение, приложение to process - обрабатывать

development - развитие, разработка, конструирование, усовершенствование compression - сжатие, уплотнение, сдавливание

versatile - многосторонний

to impair - портить, повреждать, ухудшать, ослаблять download - загрузка, откачивать из оперативной памяти

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to take up - занимать

to capture - захватывать, снимать

a focal plane - фокальная плоскость sensor - датчик, чувствительный элемент

to convert - преобразовывать, перерабатывать storage - хранение

factor - множитель, показатель, коэффициент film - кинопленка, фотопленка, кинофильм

charge-coupled device - устройство с зарядовой связью

XIII. Find in the text sentences with Passive voice and translate them.

XIV. Answer the questions.

1.Name ten domestic appliances or gadgets that make use of electronics.

2.State three ways a computer enhances life at home or at work.

3.	What is the name of the integrated circuit at the heart of a computer?
4.	What is the role of transistors in the development of electronics?
5.	What is the role of chips in the development of electronics?

6.How does microelectronics influence on our lives?

7.What is the difference between DVD and CD?

8.What is the most important development in music technology?

9.What is the advantage of using MP3 over CD?

10.What is the meaning of digital revolution?

XV. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. Electronics greatly improved our lives.

2. The invention of transistors came about after development of silicon chips.

3.MP3 has a worse quality than CD as a result of compression.

4.MP3 allows to store hundreds of songs on your computer hard disk.

5.A charge-coupled device allows to recover the image without processing film.

XVI. Combine words from Box A with words from Box В to make collocations.

A		В
silicon		disk
web		page
security		system
memory		chip
digital		space
electronic		camera
hard		circuit
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XVII. Complete the table with the given words.

Create, storage, distribute, development, reduce, production, dependency, treatment, require, transform, invention

noun	verb
	create
storage

XVIII. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

|	sensor, telecommunication, camera, application, development, formats, storage,
|	capture, inventions, device, electronics, communication, images

1	The	of the mobile phone has been rapid and widespread, enabling
	us to keep in touch with others.
2.	The first commercially available digital				was the 1991 Kodak DCS-
	100. It used 1.3 megapixel			and was priced at $13000.
3.	The move to digital			was helped by the formation of the first SPEG
	and MPEG standards in 1988,			which allowed	image and video	files to be
	compressed for
4.	Digital cameras can		images without the bright light.
5.	There are projects to use lasers for long distance
6.	Video camera is classified as a			whose main purpose is to record
	moving
7.	The transistor is considered by many to be one of the greatest					in
	modern history. It is the key active component in practically all modern
8.	Electronics finds important			in the design of robots such as AIBO
	(Artificial Intelligence roBOt)
9.	Computer	communication	across the Internet,		such as e-mail	and instant
	messaging, is just one of many examples of

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XIX. Match the words with their definitions.
1. Electronics		6.	Device
2.	Circuit	7. Transistor
3.	Application	8.	Sensor
4.	Chip	9.	Storage
5.	Development	10. Invention

a)a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job;

b)a device that can react to light, heat pressure in order to make a machine do something;

c)the branch of science or technology that studies electronic currents in electronic

equipment; *

d) a very small piece of a material that is used to carry a complicated electronic circuit;

e) the process of keeping information on a computer;

f) the complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows;

g)a thing or an idea that has been invented;

h)a small electronic device used in computers, radios, televisions for controlling an electric current as it passes along a circuit;

i) the practical use of something, especially theory, discovery, etc;.

j) the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced and stronger.

XX. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense form.

Transtelecom company

Founded in 1997, Transtelecom company (be) currently one of the leading telecommunications operators in Russia. Originally, it (establish) to build and operate a high-speed telecommunications network to ensure a qualitatively new level of technological telecommunication infrastructure for Russian Railways. Transtelecom (build) Russia's longest (over 5000 kilometres) digital optic fiber communications network. It (cover) 11 time zones, connecting 71 of Russia's 88 regions, with accounts for almost 90 % of population.

XXI. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.

1.What can robots do more easily and safely than humans?

2.Discuss the worries people have about accessing information on the Internet.

3.How do you depend on electronics?

4.How different would everyday life be without electronics?

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Unit 2

1.Времена английского глагола группы Continuous Active, Passive

2.Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

3.Конструкции as...as, such...as, not so ...as

4.Текст "Communications electronics"

5.Словообразование. Суффиксы -ous, -ful, -ly, -ance, -able, -al. Префикс un-

/.Explain the usage of Continuous forms in the following sentences.

Translate them.

1. The demand for Internet access and for other services via the "mobile" is stimulating a wide range of facilities for this modern personal communication device. 2, Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind. 3. Most of us are aware of the fact that every time we use a credit card, phone card, cash card or supermarket card, our personal information is being recorded somewhere. 4. Locating you when you are not at work or at school is becoming easier. 5.1 was working at the important project when the telephone rang. 6. She is filling the case with the papers she has been working on all day. 7. The scientists had been working around the clock, they were trying to raise funds for further research. 8. Microsoft and Intel are now going in separate directions. 9. Computer data is more and more traveling along telephone wire. 10. Rapidly growing project is being financed by the D.E. Shaw group. 11. The telephone network is becoming computer-controlled. 12. Successful candidates will be working closely with a number of the world's leading computational chemists and biologists. 13 Tomorrow we shall be preparing for a test for the whole evening. 14. The sea is becoming more polluted. 15. Janet was working on her computer when the lights went off. 16. He was waiting for the bus when the accident happened. 17. We have been working at this program for three month. 18. I had been walking for about an hour when I realized I was completely lost. 19.1 am sending the e-mail to my friend. 20. She has been working hard all week. 21. A new xerox is being installed in the office.

II. Use the verb in brackets in Present lindefinite or Present Continuous and comment on the difference in the meaning of the forms.

1.We (to translate) a technical text now.

2.We usually (not to translate) stories.

3.He (to promise) always to mend the computer but he never (to do) it.

4.Steve (to look) for a new car at the moment.

5.Our office (to sell) power equipment, mining equipment, and other goods.

6.He (to work) at an important project at the moment.

7.The vast majority of children now regularly (to play) games ranging from ND Mario to Mortal Kombat.

8.Water (to freeze) at 0°C.

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9.The air (to become) more and more polluted.

10.She (to look) through all newspapers every evening.

11.Your plan (to sound) great.

12.The new computer system (to install) at the moment.

13.Web giant Google (to plan) a massive online storage facility to encompass all users' files, it is reported.

14.Some scientists and engineers (to work) at improving traditional production processes, others (to develop) new technologies.

15.The apparatus (to work) when you come.

16.When the ball (to touch) the surface of the rod, some of the static electricity passed to it.

17.Every material (to offer) some resistance to the flow of an electric current

through it. *

18.1 (to work) in the library the whole day yesterday.

19.We (to discuss) a very important question when he entered the room.

20.The use of this two - circuits system (to protect) the turbine and the workers from radioactive radiation.

III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A.Sarah (graduate) from the university two years ago and for the last year she (look) for a decent job. She (hope) to find work as an engineer. I think she (have) no difficulties in finding such a job.

B.Peter (drive) to work yesterday when a dog (run) into the middle of the road. Peter (manage) to stop in time but the car which (follow) behind him (crash) into the back of his car. Then the two cars (collide) with a police car which (travel) in the opposite direction.

C.eBAY, the world's biggest online auctioneer, (hire) Daniel Lee from a rival to head its development center in Shanghai as the company (seek) to increase share in the world's second-biggest Internet market. Lee, who was most recently chief technology officer for Yahoo's North Asiz unit, (lead) the center's expansion as well as research and development of products designed for eBay's online platform.

IV. Give degrees of comparison for the following adjectives.

Good, longest, narrower, (tire) worst, difficult, less, thinner, great, more, powerful, denser, bulkier, hottest, adaptable, newest, easy.

V. Use the right degree of comparison of the adjectives in brackets.

1. We use our silicon expertise to make everything (small), (fast), (cheap), (good) than it was before.

2.He is (good) student in the group.

3.Of the new personal digital assistants, the Compaq iPAQ is the (powerful) and offers the (good) view for surfing the Web wirelessly.

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4.Life is getting (hard) and (complicated) with every passing day,

5.That was indeed (bad) experience in his career.

6.The (much) original a discovery, the (much) obvious it seems afterwards.

7.Computer technology is the (fast)-growing industry in the world.

8.The (significant) invention during the Second World War was radar, developed in Britain to locate enemy aircraft and ships.

9.The portion of international calls in rural areas is (little) than 10 percent. lO.The Morse code became the most widely used code because it was (easy) to understand and (fast) to transmit.

VI. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the conjunction the...the.

1.The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is.

2.The more computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker technological progress will be.

3.The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities.

4.The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country.

5.The quicker we joint our efforts in protecting the environment, the quicker the ecological problems are solved.

6.The more books I read the more I know.

7.The more we work at this problem the more results we get.

8.The nearer the earth is the denser the atmosphere is.

9.The stronger the wind, the harder the conditions of work for weather observers.

10.The simpler material, the easier to use it for various purposes.

VII. Complete the sentences	using the comparative or the superlative forms of
the adjectives given in	brackets.
	The PDA Class

The (last) class of personal digital assistants (PDAs) has recently arrived. Among its numbers are the (new) products using the Palm operating system and some new offerings based on Microsoft's Windows operating system. The options fit a variety of pocketbooks, literally and figuratively. PDAs still work as did their predecessors for everyday applications such as organizing contacts, scheduling, and tracking expenses. Handspring and Palm are introducing their (splender), (powerful) products, the Visor Edge and m500/m505. The iPAQ 3650 from Compaq boasts (fast) processing and a (bright) screen, though in a (bulky) package than the Visor Edge. At 10.7 mm thick, the Edge is noticeably (thin) than the 17.8 mm-thick Visor Platinum, previously the (thin) PDA on the market. Like the Platinum, the Edge also uses a 33MHz processor. The slightly (fast) application handling in the Edge made image reproduction slightly (easy), and browsing (easy) and (sharp), than with the Palm VII or Visor Delux.

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VIII. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap (an, to, us, whose, that, all, realize, his, was, down, than, on, what, were).

		The Microwave mishap
Did you know that microwaves were first used 0) by the British Army in World
War II 1)		identify enemy warplanes? In fact it was 2)			accident that made
people aware that microwaves could also cook food.
In	1945,	Percy LeBaron Spencer,	3)	work involved	the testing	of radar
waves, became the first person to 4)			this	connection. 5)	day	at work,
Spencer was		standing near a machine which 6)		emitting	radar waves. Later
7)	, when he wanted to have a snack, he reached 8)				the chocolate bar he

had in his pocket-book to find that it had melted! When he thought about it, he

realized 9)	had happened. The radar waves coming from the machine he had
been standing next to had melted 10)		chocolate.	Later,	experiments showed
11)	radar waves contain microwaves that could heat food faster 12)
traditional ovens.
First microwaves ovens were produced in 1954. They 13)				huge, bulky and
expensive, but then microwaves have become smaller, giving 14)				the compact
models we see in our kitchens today.
IX. Fill in the gaps with as...as, like,		such...as, not	so...as, than.

1.In winter days are ... long ... in summer.

2.Chemistry is ... difficult ... physics.

3.This machine is ... old ... that one.

4. ... much ... I admire his work, I don't think he deserves to be known ... the greatest novelist of the century.

5.The service isn't... good ... it used to be.

6.There are more ... thousand books in our library.

7.They use twice ... much electricity ... compressor machines.

8.It is not.. .a long way ...we thought.

9.With a quantum computer you require not.. .many steps ... with a conventional one.

10.Organic molecular crystals have a simple fabrication. Metallic or ceramic superconductors have not... an advantage ... organic materials.

X. Put the adjectives in their comparative or superlative forms.

If you want to own 1)	(fast), 2)	(powerful) car on the road,
you can't go wrong with a Tornado. You will not only have 3)
(comfortable) ride you have ever experienced, you will also be 4)			(safe)
than in any other car on the market. No other manufacture is 5)			(careful)
than we are to ensure that safety features are of 6)		(high) possible	standard.
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So if you want to be 7)	(proud) car owner in your neighbourhood, come and
test the Tornado today!

XI. Read the text about the electronic age, enumerate the most important inventions in the field of electronics. Express the main idea of the text Translate it.

Communication electronics

It is difficult to ignore the ubiquitous mobile phone that has brought about such remarkable changes in people's daily lives, although when used carelessly in public places it is often associated with annoyance to others. Energized by people's need to communicate with others whether for business or pleasure, the development of the mobile phone has been rapid and widespread, enabling us to keep in touch with others while on the move almost anywhere on the planet. Moreover, the demand for Internet access and for other services via the "mobile" is stimulating a wide range of facilities for this modern personal communication device that progressively gets "smarter".

While we are using a mobile phone to make an international call, our message is being received by a communications satellite in orbit round the Earth. Countries that can afford to make the powerful rockets necessary to launch communications satellites are launching satellites for other nations. Europe has such a launch rocket, called Ariane. For example, in 2001 an Ariane rocket was launched from the European Space Agency launch centre in Kourou, French Guiana carrying a Direct TV-4S television satellite able to provide the Direct TV network in the US with 300 TV channels. Many of these communications satellites are being placed nowadays in what is termed a geostationary orbit. This is an orbit approximately 36 thousand kilometers above the Earth's surface and taking 24 hours to orbit the Earth. Three such satellites, spaced at equal intervals of 120 degrees apart, provide coverage of the entire globe.

There is also GPS (Global Positioning Systems) technology which can find out, via satellite, exactly where you are. Some car rental companies are already using this technology to keep track of their vehicles. Mobile phone companies are even planning to use this technology in all their phones. This means that when someone makes a call on their mobile phone, or if they have their phone turned on, they can easily be located.

If astronomers are to keep in touch with an interplanetary spacecraft as it explores the Solar System, complex electronic receiving and transmission equipment is needed on board the spacecraft. A milestone was reached in a long distance interplanetary communication when the Voyager 2 spacecraft, launched from the Earth in 1977, was switched on by radio waves from the Earth to send back intriguing information about the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and it reached Neptune in 1989. This spacecraft is now in the remote regions of the Solar System and contact with it will continue for some time yet. However, communication with this highly successful spacecraft will be lost well before it reaches another star in about 350000 years! Unmanned spacecraft such as Voyager, Galileo, and Cassini accomplish feats

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of complex navigation that are hard to believe. But it is not just planets that are being explored, there has been a growing interest in examining comets.

In modern Earth-based telephone and data transmission systems, hair-thin glass fibers are being used instead of conventional wires. Enormous amounts of information are being carried down not by electricity, but by pulses of laser light, reflected repeatedly from the inside wall of the fibre. The combined use of optics and electronics in this way is called optoelectronics. When you make a phone call outside your local area you are almost certain to be using an optical fibre link with a laser sending the message down the fibre, and a detector receiving it at the other end. Optical fibre can carry far more information than copper wire and is the best way to link computers, outside broadcast TV cameras, banks, stock exchange dealing rooms, etc. There are other advantages, too. Strong magnetic fields from lightning and electrical machinery, do not interfere with the messages carried on the laser beam, and broken fibres are not a fire hazard since any laser light that escapes is unlikely to cause fire. Moreover, glass fibres are cheaper and lighter than copper wires so there are weight-saving advantages in, for example, aircraft and ships.

Vocabulary:

ubiquitous - вездесущий to bring about - вызывать

to keep in touch - контактировать, поддерживать связь facility - возможность, сооружение

satellite - спутник

to launch - запускать, выпускать, начинать geostationary - геостационарный approximatelyприблизительно

equipment - оборудование

milestone - прорыв, важная стадия в развитии чего-либо to accomplish - завершить

fibre - волокно

enormous - громадный, огромный to reflect - отражать

vehicle - транспортное средство

to keep track of - следить за кем-либо

XII. Find sentences with Continuous forms in the text and translate them.

XIII. Answer the questions.

1. What is the development of mobile phones connected with?

2. What is the role of communication satellites for users of mobile phones?

3.Why are many communications satellites placed in a geostationary orbit?

4.What helped astronomers to explore the Solar System?

5.Which material is used in transmission system instead of conventional wires?

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