- •Предисловие
- •What economics is
- •What is Economics?
- •2. Micro- and macroeconomics
- •Microeconomics and macroeconomics
- •Learn the vocabulary:
- •1. Traditional economies
- •Traditional economies
- •2. Command (planned) economies
- •Planned economies
- •3. Market economies
- •Market economies
- •4. Mixed economies
- •Mixed economies
- •Ex. 7. A) Check your grammar:
- •The role of government in the economy
- •The Role of Government in the Economy.
- •Ex. 7. Translate into English:
- •Equilibrium Point
- •Inflation
- •Cost – push inflation
- •Ex. 3. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Ex. 5. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •Ex. 6. Change the conditional sentences (real) into unreal
- •Ex. 8. Read and translate the text: The issue of recession versus inflation
- •Pressures Influencing Ethical Decision Making
- •Encouraging Ethical Behavior
- •Learn the vocabulary:
- •II. Understanding business finance
- •What is Finance?
- •If necessary:
- •Functions of money
- •Bank organization
- •3. Stock exchange
- •Stock Exchange
- •Ex. 2. Read and translate the text: Definition of Management
- •Levels and areas of management
- •1. Levels of Management
- •2. Areas of management
- •Management Skills
- •Learn the vocabulary
- •What is accounting?
- •The accounting systems
- •Accounting Versus Bookkeeping
- •1. Learning about marketing
- •Ex. 2. Read and translate the text: Learning about marketing
- •Ex. 3. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Ex. 5. Number the steps of marketing process:
- •Ex. 6. Form gerunds from the verbs below and put them into the gaps:
- •Ex. 7. Fill in the gaps with the correct modal verbs given below:
- •1. Certain conditions … be met before an exchange … take place.
- •Learn the vocabulary:
- •2. The marketing strategy process Ex. 1. Learn the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •4. Promotional mix
- •Что такое Promotion?
- •5. Check your knowledge of marketing
- •Commerce Ex. 1. Learn the pronunciation:
- •Ex. 2. Read and translate the text Trade
- •III. Some facts of business life
- •Starbucks
- •II. Nike
- •III. The internet sells its soul
- •IV. Tiny machines, giant market
- •Southwest Airlines
- •VII. Brand wars
- •Own-Label Products
- •Lookalike Coke
- •VIII. If the price is right…
- •IX. Looking after the twenty percent
- •X. Bright ideas
- •XI. The lateral thinker
- •XII. Boardroom culture clash
- •XIII. Made in japan
- •4. Total Quality Management means scrapping products which do not come up to the required standard.
- •XIV. She's the boss
- •XV. Managing the planet
- •XVI. Credit out of control
- •Instant access
- •Библиографический список:
- •Contents
Министерство образования Российской Федерации
Хабаровская государственная академия экономики и права
Кафедра иностранных языков
English on economics
АНГЛИЙСКИЙЯЗЫК
Учебное пособие
Хабаровск 2002
ББК Составители: М.Ю. Бакулина,
Ш 143.21 С.П. Сасин,
Х 21 Н.В. Фоменко,
И.Д. Кочетова,
Т.П. Дежина,
Н.В. Назаренко,
О.В. Мартышко,
Д.А. Панин,
Е.А. Петренко
Рецензенты: ст. преподаватель кафедры
иностранных языков ХГМУ
О.Д. Жильникова
Завкафедрой
иностранных языков ХГТУ
Н.Г. Гриневич
Утверждено издательско-библиотечным
советом академии в качестве учебного
пособия для студентов
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
English on economics
Учебное пособие
Редактор Г. С. Одинцова
Подписано к печати ____________ Формат 60*84/16. Бумага писчая.
Печать офсетная. Усл. п. л. 7,44. Уч.-изд. л. 5,33. Тираж 880 экз.
Заказ № _____________.
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© Хабаровская государственная академия экономики и права, 2002
Предисловие
Уважаемые преподаватели, а также наши студенты, поздравляем вас с изданием кафедрой иностранных языков первого (но не последнего) специализированного учебного пособия "Englishoneconomics" для студентов-экономистов.
В пособии представлены материалы различной степени трудности, что дает возможность использовать учебный материал в группах разного уровня подготовки. Пособие можно использовать для практических занятий в аудитории, а также для самостоятельной и индивидуальной работы студентов вне аудитории. Разнообразие учебного материала позволяет использовать данное пособие на занятиях со студентами разных экономических специальностей с IпоIIIкурсы.
Основной целью пособия является введение и закрепление лексики по специализированной тематике, формирование навыков чтения и перевода текстов по специальности, а также развитие навыков устной речи в пределах пройденной тематики.
Пособие состоит из 3-х разделов. Iраздел - "Economicsisascience" - содержит материалы по общеэкономическим темам и может быть широко использован в группах студентов всех специальностей любого курса. Рекомендуется изучение тем в установленном порядке.
IIраздел - "Understandingbusiness" - содержит материалы по разным экономическим аспектам и может быть использован в группах определенных специальностей по усмотрению преподавателей. Рекомендуется для студентовII-IIIкурсов.
IIIраздел - "Somefactsofbusinesslife" - содержит оригинальные статьи и тексты по экономической деятельности.
Рекомендуется для самостоятельной и индивидуальной работы студентов, а также для работы в группах продвинутого уровня.
Структура IиIIразделов стереотипна:
- предтекстовые фонетические упражнения;
- текст по заданной теме;
- дополнительные тексты (упражнения);
- тематический словарь.
IIIраздел содержит дополнительный материал информативного характера, позволяющий расширить и углубить знания об экономической деятельности человека, организации, страны.
Надеемся, что пособие поможет вам лучше понять различные сферы экономической деятельности человека.
I. ECONOMICS IS A SCIENCE
THE STUDY OF ECONOMICS
What economics is
Ex. 1.
a) Read the following words:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
define definition production produce
life live distribution manufacture
describe description institution distribute
mankind activity satisfaction human
unlike primitive education
provide system
try medicine
science
b) Learn the stress in the following words:
economy
economics
economic
economist
Ex. 2. Read and translate the text:
What is Economics?
Economics was defined by Alfred Marshall, one of the great Victorian economists as the study of mankind in the everyday business of life. There are other definitions too. But Marshall's definition draws attention to that unique feature of human society: that unlike other animals, man provides for his everyday needs by means of a complex pattern of production, distribution and exchange. This everyday business of providing the means of life is called by the general term "economy". Economics is the study of economies. We must study primitive economies, but it is the advanced economies that interest us most. How do we produce all the things that we need? How do we distribute the products among thaose various groups in society? What institutions have we developed to promote economic activity and how does each institution play its part in the complex relationships of everyday life?
Economics is a science.
This science is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. Economists study our everyday lives. The economist tries to describe the facts of the economy in which we live. He tries to explain how the system works. His methods should be objective and scientific. We need food, clothes and shelter. If we could get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably would not work. But even when we have these essential things, we may want other things. If we had them, these other things (like radios, books and toys for children) might make life more enjoyable. The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants. It is not just concerned with basic needs like food, clothes and shelter.
Most people work to earn a living, and produce goods and services. Goods are either agricultural (like maize and milk) or manufactured (like cars and paper). Services are such things as education, medicine and commerce. Some people provide goods; some provide services. Other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage a man may buy a car or some services which helps him to maintain his car.
The work people do is called economic activity. All economic activities together make up the economic system of a town, a city, a country, or the world. Such an economic system is the sum-total of what people do and what they want. The work people undertake either they can buy essential commodities. Of course, most people hope to earn enough money to buy commodities and services which are non-essential but which provide some particular personal satisfaction, like toys for children, visits to the cinema and books.
Ex. 3.
a) Study a diagram:
root |
noun |
adj |
adv | ||
ECONOM |
Y ICS IC IST |
IC |
AL |
LY |
b) Fill in the gaps with the words from the diagram:
Marx and Keynes are two famous ______.
These people are studying the science of ______.
We sometimes call a person's work his ______ activity.
People should be very ______ with the money they earn.
The economic system of a country is usually called the national ______.
The people in that town live very ______.
Ex. 4. Underline the subject and predicate in the following sentences.
Analyze the form of the verb:
Economists study our everyday life.
Our lives are affected by the economic system.
The study of this system describes how it works.
He lives in a different economic system.
A man needs food, clothes and shelter.
Economics is based upon the facts of our everyday lives.
Economists have been studying our everyday lives.
Economics is concerned with our material needs.
Ex. 5.
a) Study the table:
Verbs and equivalents |
|
meaning |
|
Ability |
Permission |
Obligation | |
CAN |
general ability or skill |
asking for permission (informal) |
|
COULD |
ability in the past |
asking for permission (neutral) |
|
BE ABLE |
specific ability |
|
|
MAY MIGHT |
|
asking for permission (formal) |
|
BE ALLOWED |
|
asking for permission |
|
MUST |
|
|
personal obligation |
HAVE (GOT) TO |
|
|
obligation due to law or rule |
BE (TO) |
|
|
obligation due to agreement |
SHOULD |
|
|
obligation due to norm |
WOULD |
|
asking for permission (informal) |
|
OUGHT |
|
|
obligation due to norm |
b) Find sentences with modal verbs in the text and analyse their meaning.
c) Give your own examples, using modal verbs.
Ex. 6. Make the following sentences Passive:
People produce goods and services.
Schools, hospitals and shops provide services.
People undertook the work.
They bought essential commodities with money.
A man may buy a car.
Ex. 7. Agree or disagree with the statements:
Economists study only our individual lives.
They try to describe the facts and explain how the system works.
We need only food, shelter and clothes.
The science of economics is concerned only with our basic needs.
Ex. 8. Answer the questions:
What is economics?
What is it based upon?
What two things do economists study?
What do they try to do?
What do they try to explain?
What should the methods of the economists be like?
What three essential things do we need?
What would happen if we could get these essentials without working?
What might make life more enjoyable?
What is economics concerned with?
Learn the vocabulary
to earn one's living - зарабатывать на жизнь
services - услуги
goods - товар, товары
syncommodity, produce
to produce (v) - производить
syn. to manufacture
produce (n) - продукция, продукт
toprovide- обеспечивать
tomaintain- поддерживать, содержать
to make up (v) - составлять
sum-total- общая сумма
to undertake (v) - предпринять
toneed(v) - нуждаться
need(n) - потребность
science - наука
scientific - научный
life - жизнь
to live (v) - жить
lives(n) - жизни, (v) - живет ( 3 л., ед. ч. )
food - пища
clothes - одежда
shelter- кров, жилище
essentialthings- вещи первой необходимости
materialwants- материальные потребности
basicneeds- основные потребности