НЕМТИНОВА_МП (СГИ)
.PDF2.occasional – случайный, редкий
3.emotional value – эмоциональное значение
4.ally oneself – соединиться, иметь общие черты
5.celebrity – знаменитость
6.cryptics (зд.) – шифровальщики
7.unintelligible – неясный, неразборчивый
8.random – выбранный наугад, случайный, беспорядочный
9.security-conscious – осознающий (понимающий) проблему безопасности, надежности
10.on the spot – спонтанно, без промедления
11.tap into – пользоваться
12.below the surface of consciousness – за пределами сознания
13.stick in one’s mind – запомниться, засесть в памяти
Text 2
Families Have a Great-Great Future
Twenty years ago, the typical extended family was «wide». It usually consisted of two or three generations, with many children in each «nuclear family». People had lots of aunts and uncles but often didn’t know their grandparents. However, according to a new study by the British research group Mintel, the family is changing shape. The family groups of the future will be «long and thin», with three or four small generations.
Here are some of their predictions:
1.Most children will know their great-grandparents (and even great-great- parents) because people are living longer
2.Very few children will have brothers and sisters, and it will be common to be an only child. As a result, future generations will not have many cousins either.
3.Many children will grow up isolated from other children and young adults. This will make them more selfish and introverted.
4.More couples will divorce and re-marry, some more than once. They may have children with their new partners, so many children will have a stepmother or stepfather and half-brothers or sisters.
5.There will be many «boomerang children». These are the children who leave home to get married, but then divorce and return to live with their parents.
6.There will be more single-parent families.
7.Because houses are now so expensive, different generations may decide to live together, so parents, grandparents, and adult children may co-own their houses, and many couples will have to live with their in-laws.
Vocabulary Notes:
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1.extended family – семья, состоящая не только из родителей и детей, но также из других близких родственников (бабушек, дедушек, двоюродных сестер, братьев и т.п.)
2.nuclear family – семья, состоящая только из мужа, жены и их детей
3.prediction – предсказание, прогноз
4.introverted – сосредоточенный на самом себе
5.co-own – владеть совместно с кем-либо
Text 3
Modern British Family
Father leaves for work in the morning after breakfast. The two children take the bus to school, and mother stays at home cooking and cleaning until father and kids return home in the evening. This is the traditional picture of a happy family living in Britain. But is it true today? The answer is – no! The past twenty years have seen enormous changes in the lives and structures of families in Britain, and the traditional model is no longer true in many cases.
The biggest change has been caused by divorce. As many as two out of three marriages now end in divorce, leading to a situation where many children live with one parent and only see the other at weekend or holidays. There has also been a huge rise in the number of mothers who work. The large rise in divorces has meant many women need to work to support themselves and their children. Even when there is no divorce, many families need both parents to work in order to survive. This caused an increase in children facilities, though they are very expensive and can be difficult to find in many areas. In addition women are no longer happy to stay at home raising children and many have careers earning as much as or even more than men, the traditional breadwinners.
There has also been a sharp increase in the number of single mothers, particularly among teenagers.
In the past, people got married and stayed married. Divorce was very difficult, expensive and took a long time. Today, people's views on marriage are changing. Many couples, mostly in their twenties or thirties, live together (cohabit) without getting married. Only about 60% of these couples will eventually get married.
In the past, people married before they had children, but now about 40 % of children in Britain are born to unmarried (cohabiting) parents. In 2000, around a quarter of unmarried people between the ages of 16 and 59 were cohabiting in Great Britain.
People are generally getting married at a later age now and many women do not want to have children immediately. They prefer to concentrate on their jobs and put off having a baby until late thirties.
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By the year 2020, it is estimated that there will be more single people than married people. Fifty years ago this would have been socially unacceptable in Britain.
However, these changes have not had a totally negative effect. For women it is now much easier to have a career and good salary. Although it is difficult to be a working mother, it has become normal and it’s no longer seen as a bad thing for the children. As for children themselves, some argue that modern children grow up to be more independent and mature than in the past. From an early age they have to go to childminders or nurseries and so they are used to dealing with strangers and mixing with other children. So while the traditional model of a family may no longer be true in modern Britain, the modern family continues to raise happy successful children.
Vocabulary Notes:
1.survive – пережить, выдержать, уцелеть
2.children facilities – детские учреждения
3.earnзарабатывать
4.breadwinner – кормилец (семьи)
5.salary – зарплата
6.mature – зрелый
7.childminder (Br.E.) – няня; человек, присматривающий за детьми, когда родители отсутствуют или заняты
8.nursery – ясли
Text 4
Family Forms and Trends in the USA
Saralee Jamieson, Human Environmental Sciences Specialist, and
Lisa Wallace, Human Development Specialist University of Missouri Extension
Families are crucial in the development of human competence and character. Recent research tells us that the family's influence is even greater than we have imagined. Families play a major role in how well children do in school, how well they perform on the job as adults and how well they contribute to society in general. Families have the first and foremost influence on our development.
Family units take a variety of forms, all of which involve individuals living under one roof.
Married nuclear families: in these families, both adults are the biological or adoptive parents of children. There are three types of married nuclear families depending on employment status of the woman and man. In the first type, the man works outside the home while the woman works inside the home caring for the children. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 28 percent of all households fit this description.
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In the second type of married nuclear family, the woman works outside the home and the man cares for the children. This constitutes 2 percent of the families in the USA.
In the third kind of married nuclear family, both the husband and the wife work outside the home or are income providers. In some situations, the woman might have a home-based business, such as a day care center. Nearly 60 percent of women with children under the age of six were in the workforce during the past decade.
Single-parent families: in this family there is only one parent in the home. Due to high divorce rates and adults choosing not to marry, this is currently the fastest growing family form in America. More than half of all children will spend some of their lives in a single-parent family. Currently, 88 percent of these families are headed by women.
Step families: these families are generally created by divorce and remarriage rather than by the death of the mother or father. In step families, biologically unrelated children often live in the same household. There are 9,000 new step families being created each week in the United States..
Cohabitation families: two unmarried adults who are committed to a long-term relationship and, sometimes, children from this union or from previous relationships are included. This can include heterosexual or homosexual partners.
Cross-generational families: two or more adults from different generations of a family, who intend to share a household during the foreseeable future. This family type may include children. Sometimes children are raised by their grandparents when their biological parents have died or no longer can take care of them. The number of these families has increased by 40 percent in the past ten years. In addition, many grandparents take some primary responsibility for child care, particularly when both parents work.
Joint/shared-custody families: in these families, children are legally raised by both parents who are not living together. Generally, the children move back and forth between the residences of each parent, depending on the legal agreement between the parents.
Foster and group-home families: foster parents and institutional childcare workers often provide a substitute family for children referred by the courts or government agencies. While problems with their parents or guardians are being resolved, the children may live in these families.
These changes in family forms in recent decades did not take place in a vacuum. They were a product of our society's complex industrial, technological, and social changes. These changes forged new prevailing attitudes about women working outside of the home, about divorce, and about single adults.
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Vocabulary Notes:
1.adoptive – приемный
2.provide income (зд.) – обеспечивать семью
3.household. – семья
4.cohabitation – совместное проживание
5.commit – брать на себя обязательство
6.joint/shared-custody – совместная опека
7.substitute – замена
8.court – суд
9.guardian – опекун
10.forge – постепенно выдвигать на первое место
Text 5
The Royal Family
When British people talk about the royal family they usually mean the present Queen and her family: her husband Prince Phillip, and their children Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward together with their wives or husbands and their children, including Princes William and Henry. The Queen Mother, and the Queen’s sister, Princess Margaret and her children used to be included. The wider family, who gather on ceremonial occasions, includes the Queen’s cousins and their children.
The present royal house is the House of Windsor, popularly known as the Windsors. Elizabeth II is descended from William I (1066-87), and before that from Egbert, King of Wessex 802-39. The ruling house has changed several times over the centuries.
The Queen was born on the 21st of April 1926. As a child she studied constitutional history and law as well as art and music. In addition she learned to ride and acquired her enthusiasm for horses. As she grew older she began to take part in public life, making her first broadcast at the age of 14. In 1947 she married Prince Phillip of Greece, who had just been made the Duke of Edinburgh, in Westminster Abbey. In February 1952 they were visiting Kenya when the news came of the death of her father. Elizabeth was crowned on 2 June 1953.
The main role of the Queen is as a representative of Britain and the British people. She is a symbol of the unity of the nation beyond party politics. She is also head of the Commonwealth and works to strengthen the links between member countries. Other members of the royal family assist the Queen in her duties, often in less formal way. They act as patrons of British cultural organizations and support the work of charities and good causes.
The Queen's husband, Duke of Edinburgh, was born in 1921. He was educated in Britan and was in the Royal Navy in World War II. Among his
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many interests are British industry, projects for young people (he founded Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in 1956) saving wild animals from extinction and various sports.
The Queen's heir is Charles, Prince of Wales (born in 1948). In 1981 he married Lady Diana Spencer. They had two children, William and Henry, but the marriage failed and they separated in 1992. The Prince of Wales is well known for his interests in architecture and his concern for the environment. He is also a keen painter, and has written a successful children’s book, The Old Man of Lochnagar (1980). His wife Diana, Princess of Wales (often called in mass media Princess Di), won the affection of many people by her modesty, shyness and beauty. She was the most popular member of the royal family. Unfortunately, she died in a car accident in August, 1997.
Prince William (born in 1982), the first son of the Prince and Princess of Wales. Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather he was in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. In September 2013 it was announced that his active service as an operational pilot of a search and rescue helicopter ended so that he can concentrate on his royal and public service duties in support of his grandmother the Queen. His interests include sport and he is president of England Football Association and Vice Royal Patron of the Welsh Rugby Union. On 29 April 2011 he married Catherine (Kate) Middleton in Westminster Abbey. They are now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. On 22 July 2013 their first child Prince George was born. He is now 3rd in Line of Succession to the thone after his father, Prince William, and his grandfather Prince Charles.
Prince Henry (born in 1984), commonly known as Prince Harry, is the younger son of Charles and his first wife Diana. Prince Harry is currently Patron of a number of charities and organisations and he holds two honorary military appointments (in the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force).
Princess Anne (born in 1950), is the only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip. She has a strong interest in horse-riding and represented Britain at the 1976 Olympic Games. She is also known for her work as the President of the Save the Children Fund. She has two children, Peter (1977) and Zara (1981).
Prince Andrew, Duke of York, (born in 1960) is the third child of Queen Elizabeth II. He became a helicopter pilot in the Royal Navy and took part in the Falklands War. In 1986 he married Miss Sarah Ferguson. The royal couple had two daughters, Beatrice (1988) and Eugenie (1990), but separated in 1992.
Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex (born in 1964) is the fourth child of Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated in Cambridge where he studied history. He joined the Royal Marines in 1986, but left the next year to begin a career
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producing plays for the theatre and films for television. In 1999 he married Sophie Rhys-Jones. They have a daughter Louise (2003).
The Queen Mother, the widow of the late King George VI, died in 2002 at the age of 102. The Queen's only sister, Princess Margaret (1930-2002), Countess of Snowdon, was well-known for her charity work. She had two children, David, Viscount Linley (1961) and Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (1964).
Vocabulary Notes:
1.royal house – королевская династия
2.descend (from) – происходить (из)
3.broadcast (зд.) – выступление по радио
4.Duke of Edinburgh – герцог Эдинбургский
5.the Commonwealth – Содружество (государственное объединение Великобритании и большинства ее бывших доминионов и колоний)
6.charity – благотворительная организация
7.the Royal Navy – военно-морской флот Великобритании
8.extinction – вымирание
9.heir – наследник
10.affection – любовь, привязанность
11.line of succession – очередность престолонаследия
12.the Royal Marines –морская пехота Великобритании
13.earl – граф
14.countess – графиня
15.viscount – виконт
Text 6
Differences Between British and American Universities
The exact same percentage, 70, of citizens of higher education age enrolled in higher education in both the United States and the United Kingdom, according to UNESCO. The U.S. and Britain account for all but two of the top 20 universities in the world, according to The World University Rankings.
British and American universities have some similarities – hardly surprising, considering that many of the founders of the US's earliest colleges were graduates of the British system. Over the centuries, however, the two systems have diverged considerably. Modern British and American universities have many differences, not only in their organization and funding but in the typical student experience.
Public and private
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One of the most important differences between the British and American higher education systems is the role of the state. In the UK, as in most of the world, universities are founded, funded and run by the state, with private education making up only a small percentage of the total number of students. In the US, the system is much more evenly divided between private and public universities. Many leading American universities, such as Harvard, Stanford and Yale, are private.
Time To Earn Degree
In Britain, undergraduate degrees take three years to complete, while master's degrees are finished in one or two years. A doctoral degree can be finished in three years, according to the British Council. In the U.S., undergraduate degrees are completed in two to four years, with associate degrees earned in two and bachelor's degrees in four. In the U.S., many master's degrees are earned in two years, while doctoral degrees can take anywhere between one to eight years to be completed.
Specialization
The British undergraduate system is much more highly specialized than its American counterpart. British undergraduates typically apply to study a particular subject and spend their three-year courses working on that one topic. American undergraduates, on the other hand, do not have to choose a subject until well into their university careers. They usually spend the early part of their four-year courses taking a wide variety of classes. This both helps them choose a specialization – or «major» in American terminology – and gives them a well-rounded basic education.
Classroom Experience
Much like the U.S., British universities offer lectures, or formal presentations, to large groups of students. British universities also feature seminars for smaller groups of students. However, British universities focus more on tutorial education than U.S. schools. British schools emphasize lectures rather than interactive learning, a focus of the U.S. In Britain, undergraduates are expected to motivate themselves outside of the classroom. Much like the U.S., however, British universities feature continuous assessment, where coursework, exams and projects are expected throughout the year for each degree field. Final exams and dissertations are a prominent feature in both countries.
Culture
Cultural differences between British and American universities are highly subjective, and the high variation between universities in both countries means that one American university may be as different from another American university as it is from any overseas institution. Still, many who have experienced both nations' universities say that American universities are
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more structured institutions, while British universities tend to give students the tools they need to do their research but expect them to show a great deal of initiative.
Cost
Undergraduates from Britain and the rest of the European Union (EU) pay tuition fees of up to $4,500 (3,290 in Euros) a year, according to the «Economist.» The cost is higher for those coming from outside the U.K. In the U.S., the cost of attendance and tuition varies greatly. However, nearly half of all full-time undergraduate students attend four-year institutions that charge less than $9,000 per year for tuition and fees, according to College Board.
Vocabulary Notes:
1.diverge – расходиться, разниться
2.associate degree – квалификация младшего специалиста (присваивается по окончании двухгодичного колледжа низшей ступени – Junior colledge)
3.counterpart – двойник
4.well-rounded – полный и разнообразный
5.feature – рекламировать, делать «гвоздем программы»
6.continuous assessment – непрерывная оценка
7.coursework – курсовая работа
8.overseas – зарубежный
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БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
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2.Власова, Е.Л. Teens' Guide to the USA / Е.Л. Власова. – СПб. :
Книжный мир, 2001.
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4.Жислин, А.Я. Real American. Frankly Speaking. Говорим откровенно
/ А.Я. Жислин. – М. : РЕПЕТИТОР Мультимедиа, 2004.
5.Петрухина, М.А. Новейший англо-русский лингвострановедческий справочник. Американцы – такие разные и такие похожие / М.А. Петрухина. – М .: Астрель: АСТ; Владимир: ВКТ, 2010.
6.Токарева, Н.Д. What is it like in the USA. Америка. Какая она? /
Н.Д. Токарева, В. Пеппард. – М. : Высшая школа, 1998.
7.Crowther, Jonathan. Oxford Guide to British and American Culture: for learners of English / Jonathan Crowther, Cathryn Cavanagh. – Oxford University Press, 2000.
8.Greenall, Simon. Reward. Intermediate: Student's book / Simon Greenall. – Heinemann English Language Teaching, 1995.
9.Oxenden, Cleve New English File. Pre-Intermediate. Student’s Book / Cleve Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligtson. – Oxford University Press, 2005.
10.Oxenden, Cleve New English File. Pre-Intermediate. Workbook / Cleve Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligtson. – Oxford University Press, 2005.
11.Oxenden, Cleve New English File. Intermediate. Student’s Book / Cleve Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligtson. – Oxford University Press, 2006.
12.Oxenden, Cleve New English File. Intermediate. Workbook / Cleve Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligtson. – Oxford University Press, 2006.
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