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State Examination

1. Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes.

2. Various ways of word-building in Modern English.

3. Modern English phraseology.

4. Lexico-semantic grouping in Modern English Lexicon.

5. The Latin borrowing of different periods and their historical background.

6. French as the most important foreign influence of the English language (at 2 historical period).

7. The Noun. The category of Case.

8. The Verb. The category of Voice.

9. The Adjective. The category of Comparison.

10. The category of definiteness-in definiteness.

11. The Theory of Phrase.

12. The Sentence.

13. Categorial structure of the word.

14. The theory of Phoneme.

15. Lexical stylistic devices.

16. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices.

17. The Theory of Intonation.

18. Phonetical and Graphical stylistic devices.

19. Syntactical stylistic devices.

20. Parts of Speech.

21. Types of meaning. Semantic structure of a word.

Глава 1. Morphological structure of a word

Many words (W) in a lang-ge are made up of smaller units,these are called morphemes(M). The M is the smallest unit having both form (sound) and substance (meaning).

The notion of morpheme was introduced by Beaudouin de Courtenay as a generalized expression of the components of the word – the stem and the affixes.

Different linguists understand it differently. Some include in the notion of morpheme form-words, parts of speech, e.g. prepositions, and order of words.

The linguists of the Copenhagen school find several morphemes in one and the same element, e.g. in the word-form лесом the ending -ом contains three morphemes, expressing case, number and gender.

Morpheme is represented in the language by its variants: allomorphs, having special form, and sounding differently. E.g. Dreamed-[d], walked-[t], loaded-[id], sometimes allomorphs sound alike (одинаково). e.g. speaker, actor [ ].

The differences b/n a W and M:

- a W is autonomous unit of a lang-ge in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and is able to form a sentence by itself.

- Like a W,a M is an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound pattern. But unlike a W, a M isn’t autonomous unit & can occur in speech only as a constituent part of a W,not independently.

- M-es can’t be divided into smaller meaningfull unit. That’s why the M may be defined as the smallest meaningfull lang-ge unit.

Classifications of M-es

1.Semantic class-tion of M-es. All M-es are subdivided into 2 large classes according to the role they play in constructing Ws:

1)root M-es. They are lexical centres of the Ws,they are basic constituent parts. Ex: London-er,dark-ness.It should be noted that the root in Eng.is very often homonymous(совпадает)with the W itself.Пр:man,dark.

2)affixation M-es (prefixes, suffixes, inflexions).They have a generalized lexical meaning & the part-of-speech meaning.Пр:-er,-ee,-ist are noun-forming suffixes & have the meaning “doer of an action”. Prefixes and lexical suffixes have word-building functions, together with the root they form the stem of the word; inflexions (окончания) (grammatical suffixes) express different morphological categories. /// The auxiliary (вспомогательное) word – morphemes should be interpreted as ‘semi-bound’ morphemes as they form categorial unities with their notional stem-words. E.g. has come.

The abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word: prefix + root + lexical suffix + grammatical suffix.

2.Structural class-tion:

1)free M-es.A form may stand alone without changing its meaning.Пр:sportive в значении игривый(морфема свободно употр-ся в речи.Because it can occur alone).

2)bound M-es.Пр:elligant(cause it cant occur alone)

3)semy-bound.They can function both as an affix & as a free M.Пр:to do well(free M)-well-known(bound M).

Affixation(derivation) is the formation of new Ws by adding derivational affixes to different types of stems.Affixes(prefixes & suffixes)are derivational M-es.They are used to form new Ws which consists of a root & a prefix or a suffix or both are called derived words. The part of a W consisting of a root & an affix is called a stem.

Degrees of derivation:

1)the zero degree:the stem of such W-s coinsides with a root M. Пр.:stree,black,house.

2)the 1st degree:the stem consists of a root M & an affix. Пр.:helpless,darkness.

3)the 2nd degree:words formed by a root M & 2 affixes. Пр.:helplessness.