Phonetics

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)

© 2005 IPA

Bilabial

Labiodental

Dental

Alveolar

Post alveolar

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Pharyngeal

Glottal

Plosive

p

b

t

d

†

∂

c

Ô

k

g

q

G

/

Nasal

m

M

n

=

≠

N

–

Trill

ı

r

R

Tap or Flap

|

«

Fricative

F

B

f v

T D

s

z

S Z

ß

Ω

C

J

x

V

X

‰

© ?

h H

Lateral

Ò

L

fricative

Approximant

√

®

’

j

Â

Lateral

l

¥

˚

approximant

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)

Clicks

Voiced implosives

Ejectives

>

Bilabial

∫

Bilabial

'

Examples:

ñ

Dental

Î

Dental/alveolar

p'

Bilabial

<

(Post) alveolar

˙

Palatal

t'

Dental/alveolar

¯

Palato alveolar

ƒ

Velar

k'

Velar

Ñ

Alveolar lateral

Ï

Uvular

s'

Alveolar fricative

(Continued on inside back cover)

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

A Course in Phonetics

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

A Course in

Phonetics

Sixth Edition

PETER LADEFOGED

Late, University of California, Los Angeles

KEITH JOHNSON

University of California, Berkeley

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

A Course in Phonetics, Sixth

Edition

Peter Ladefoged and Keith

Johnson

Publisher: Michael Rosenberg

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Flaherty

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© 2011, 2006, 2001 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

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This book has always been for

Lise

Thegn

Katie

This edition is dedicated to Jenny.

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Contents

Preface x

PART I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS						1
CHAPTER 1
Articulation and Acoustics				2
Speech Production			2
Sound Waves		6
Places of Articulatory Gestures					8
The Oro-Nasal Process				13
Manners of Articulation 14
Stop 14
Oral Stop		14
Nasal Stop		14
Fricative	14
Approximant		15
Lateral (Approximant)				15
Additional Consonantal Gestures						15
The Waveforms of Consonants					17
The Articulation of Vowel Sounds						19
The Sounds of Vowels				21
Suprasegmentals			23
Exercises	29
CHAPTER 2
Phonology and Phonetic Transcription						33
The Transcription of Consonants						35
The Transcription of Vowels 38
Consonant and Vowel Charts					42
Phonology	45
Exercises	48
Performance Exercises				52

vi

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CONTENTS vii

PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS						55
CHAPTER 3
The Consonants of English					56
Stop Consonants				57
Fricatives		65
Affricates		67
Nasals	67
Approximants			68
Overlapping Gestures					69
Rules for English Consonant Allophones							72
Diacritics		77
Exercises		77
Performance Exercises					82
CHAPTER 4
English Vowels	85
Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries							85
Vowel Quality			87
The Auditory Vowel Space						88
American and British Vowels 89
Diphthongs		92
Rhotic Vowels			94
Unstressed Syllables					96
Tense and Lax Vowels					98
Rules for English Vowel Allophones 100
Exercises		102
Performance Exercises					105
CHAPTER 5
English Words and Sentences 107
Words in Connected Speech						107
Stress	111
Degrees of Stress				113
Sentence Rhythm				116
Intonation		118
Target Tones			127
Exercises		131
Performance Exercises					134

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

viii CONTENTS

PART III GENERAL PHONETICS 135

CHAPTER 6

Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 136

Airstream Mechanisms					136
States of the Glottis				148
Voice Onset Time			151
Summary of Actions of the Glottis							156
Exercises	157
Performance Exercises					160
CHAPTER 7
Consonantal Gestures			163
Articulatory Targets				163
Types of Articulatory Gestures 172
Stops	172
Nasals	174
Fricatives		174
Trills, Taps, and Flaps						175
Laterals		178
Summary of Manners of Articulation								180
Exercises	181
Performance Exercises					183
CHAPTER 8
Acoustic Phonetics		187
Source/Filter Theory				187
Tube Models		190
Perturbation Theory				192
Acoustic Analysis			193
Acoustics of Consonants					198
Interpreting Spectrograms						204
Individual Differences					212
Exercises	215
CHAPTER 9
Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations							217
Cardinal Vowels			217
Secondary Cardinal Vowels						222
Vowels in Other Accents of English								224

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.